|
|
|
|
@ -1,370 +0,0 @@
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
title: Vocative 🗣️
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import {
|
|
|
|
|
defaultTextOptions as opts,
|
|
|
|
|
Examples,
|
|
|
|
|
InlinePs,
|
|
|
|
|
} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
|
|
|
|
|
import Table from "../../components/Table";
|
|
|
|
|
import Link from "../../components/Link";
|
|
|
|
|
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The [vocative case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case) is _another_ type of inflection that we use when we want to to call out to a noun. We don't use it in sentences, but rather we use it to address someone (or something), or call their attention.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For instance:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای سړیه!", f: "ay saRúya!", e: "hey man!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای ښځې", f: "ay xúdze", e: "hey woman!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ډاکټر", f: "DakTár", e: "doctor (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای ډاکټره", f: "ay DakTára", e: "hey doctor! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای ډاکټرې", f: "ay DakTáre", e: "hey doctor! (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Patterns for Vocatives
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Just like the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns">inflections</Link> that followed five patterns, the **vocative also follows the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns">five patterns</Link>**.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Vocatives with Pattern #1 Words
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Masculine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the basic, pattern #1 words and names that are masculine (words ending in a consonant or a shwa sound <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "u" }} />) we add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> ending.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "وروره", f: "wróra", e: "Hey brother!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ادم خان", f: "adam kháan", e: "Adam Khan (name)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ادم خانه", f: "adam kháana", e: "Hey Adam Khan!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaz", e: "teacher (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "استاذه", f: "Ustáaza", e: "Hey teacher (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ګران", f: "graan", e: "dear (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ګرانه", f: "gráana", e: "dear! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Feminine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the basic, pattern #1 words and names that are feminine (words ending in a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} />) we do the same thing as we did for the inflections we saw earlier and change the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> to a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـې", f: "e" }} />.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "Hey woman!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پلوشه", f: "palwasha", e: "Palwasha (name)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پلوشې", f: "palwashe", e: "Hey Palwasha!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ګل مینه", f: "gUl meena", e: "Gul Meena (name)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ګل مینې", f: "gUl meene", e: "Hey Gul Meena!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "نرسې", f: "núrse", e: "Hey nurse (f.)!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This includes feminine nouns <Link to="nouns/nouns-gender/#feminine-words-that-lost-their-ـه---a">that lost their <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /></Link>:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ستن", f: "stun", e: "needle" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای ستنې", f: "stúne", e: "Oh needle!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Vocatives with Pattern #2 Nouns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Masculine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For masculine words ending in an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـی", f: "ay" }} />, we use a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـیه", f: "iya" }} /> ending.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ملګری", f: "malgúray", e: "friend (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ملګریه", f: "malgúriya", e: "Hey friend! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "زده کوونکی", f: "zda kawóonkay", e: "student (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "زده کوونکیه", f: "zda kawóonkiya", e: "Hey student! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښوونکی", f: "xUwóonkay", e: "teacher (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښوونکیه", f: "xUwóonkiya", e: "Hey teacher! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Feminine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Feminine words ending in an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـې", f: "e" }} /> don't change at all with the vocative.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teacher (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "Hey teacher (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Vocatives with Pattern #3 Nouns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Masculine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For masculine words ending in an stressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـی", f: "áy" }} />, we use a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـیه", f: "uya" }} /> ending.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "بریالی", f: "baryaaláy", e: "Baryaalay (name)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "بریالیه", f: "baryaalúya", e: "Hey Baryaalay!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "زلمی", f: "zalmáy", e: "young lad" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "زلمیه", f: "zalmúya", e: "Hey young land!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "لمسی", f: "lmasáy", e: "grandson" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "لمسیه", f: "lmasúya", e: "Hey grandson!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Feminine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Feminine words ending in an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـۍ", f: "úy" }} /> don't change at all with the vocative.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "سپوږمۍ", f: "spoGmúy", e: "Spogmai (name) / moon (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "سپوږمۍ", f: "spoGmúy", e: "Hey Spogmai!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Vocatives with Pattern #4 Nouns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Masculine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For masculine words following the "Pashtun" pattern, we also just add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> like we did with the pattern #1 words above.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتونه", f: "puxtóona", e: "Hey Pashtun! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "شپون", f: "shpoon", e: "shepherd (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "شپونه", f: "shpóona", e: "Hey shepherd! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Feminine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For feminine words following the "Pashtun" pattern, we do the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">same thing we do with the inflection pattern</Link>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtaná", e: "Pashtun (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Hey Pashtun! (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "شپنه", f: "shpaná", e: "shepherd (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "شپنې", f: "shpané", e: "Hey shepherd! (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Vocatives with Pattern #5 Nouns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Masculine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For masculine words following the short squish pattern, we squish the word and add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> ending.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "غله", f: "ghla", e: "Hey thief! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خر", f: "khur", e: "donkey (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خره", f: "khra", e: "Hey donkey! (m.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### Feminine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For masculine words following the short squish pattern, we do the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">same thing we did with the inflection pattern</Link>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "غله", f: "ghla", e: "thief (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "غلې", f: "ghle", e: "Hey thief! (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خره", f: "khra", e: "donkey (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خرې", f: "khre", e: "Hey donkey! (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## With Feminine Animate Exception Nouns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There are many animate feminine nouns used for relational terms like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" }} /> and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" }} />. These are feminine, they end in a consonant, and they don't inflect <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">for the normal three reasons</Link>. But for the vocative, we do add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـې", f: "e" }} /> to them!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "مورې", f: "móre", e: "Hey mom!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خورې", f: "khóre", e: "Hey sister! (f.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Vocatives with Plural
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Calling out to a plural noun is easy! The plural vocative is always just the **second inflection** or **inflected plural** form.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Plural", "Vocative Plural 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "وروڼو", f: "wróoNo", e: "Hey brothers!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "استاذان", f: "Ustaazáan", e: "teachers" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "استاذانو", f: "Ustaazáano", e: "Hey teachers" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ملګري", f: "malgúree", e: "friends (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ملګریو", f: "malgúriyo", e: "Hey friends! (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
undefined,
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ملګریو", f: "malgúro", e: "Hey friends! (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women (f. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ښځو", f: "xúdzo", e: "Hey women! (f. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "خویندې او وروڼه", f: "khwáynde aw wrooNa", e: "brothers and sisters" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "سلام خویندو او وروڼو", f: "salam khwáyndo aw wróoNo", e: "Greetings brothers and sisters" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanú", e: "Pashtuns (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Hey Pashtuns! (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Hey Pashtuns! (f. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "مېلمنې", f: "melmané", e: "guests (f. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "مېلمنو", f: "melmanó", e: "Hey guests! (f. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "Hey thieves! (m. pl.)" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Vocatives with Adjectives
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vocatives also work with adjectives, meaning you can call out to some one or some thing by describing them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table headRow={["Adjective", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{[
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ستړی", f: "stúRay", e: "tired" },
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای ستړیه", f: "ay stúRiya", e: "Oh tired one!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
|
|
|
undefined,
|
|
|
|
|
{ p: "ای له جنګه ستړیه", f: "ay la jánga stúRiya", e: "Oh you who are tired of war!" },
|
|
|
|
|
],
|
|
|
|
|
]}
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
And **when you are attaching adjectives to nouns in the vocative case you need to inflect them as well**. Each adjective you inflect will follow it's own pattern. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{psmd([
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
p: "زما خوږه ملګریه",
|
|
|
|
|
f: "zmaa khóGa malgúriya",
|
|
|
|
|
e: "hey my sweet friend (m.)",
|
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
|
])}
|
|
|
|
|
</Examples>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In this example <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خوږ", f: "khoG", e: "sweet" }} /> follows pattern #4 and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ملګری", f: "malgúray", e: "friend (m.)" }} /> follows pattern #5.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
|
|
|
{psmd([
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
p: "ای زما مهربانې مورې",
|
|
|
|
|
f: "ay zmaa mihrabáane móre",
|
|
|
|
|
e: "Oh my kind mother! (f.)",
|
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
p: "سلام ګرانو دوستانو",
|
|
|
|
|
f: "saláam gráano dostáano",
|
|
|
|
|
e: "Greetings dear friends!",
|
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
p: "ای اوږدې بدې ورځې",
|
|
|
|
|
f: "ay ooGdé báde wrádze",
|
|
|
|
|
e: "Oh long, terrible day!",
|
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
p: "ای اوږدو بدو ورځو",
|
|
|
|
|
f: "ay ooGdó bádo wrádzo",
|
|
|
|
|
e: "Oh long, terrible days!",
|
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
|
])}
|
|
|
|
|
</Examples>
|