add vocative page
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adueck
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@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ import * as directionalPronouns from "./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx";
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import * as inflectionIntro from "./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as inflectionPatterns from "./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as vocative from "./inflection/vocative.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as sandwiches from "./sandwiches/sandwiches.mdx";
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@ -185,6 +187,10 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] =
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{
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"import": inflectionPatterns,
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"slug": "inflection-patterns"
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},
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{
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"import": vocative,
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"slug": "vocative"
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}
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]
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},
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@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ If we think of a word as a little button <InlineInflectionButton />, then we can
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<Table headRow={singleInflectionHeadRow} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" },
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{ p: "سړي", f: "saRee", e: "men" },
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{ p: "سړی", f: "saRáy", e: "man" },
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{ p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ښځه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" },
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{ p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" },
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{ p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" },
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{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
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---
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title: Vocative 🗣️
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---
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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import Table from "../../components/Table";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
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The [vocative case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case) is _another_ type of inflection that we use when we want to to call out to a noun. We don't use it in sentences, but rather we use it to address someone (or something), or call their attention.
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For instance:
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" },
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{ p: "ای سړیه!", f: "ay saRúya!", e: "hey man!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" },
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{ p: "ای ښځې", f: "ay xúdze", e: "hey woman!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ډاکټر", f: "DakTár", e: "doctor (m.)" },
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{ p: "ای ډاکټره", f: "ay DakTára", e: "hey doctor! (m.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
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{ p: "ای ډاکټرې", f: "ay DakTáre", e: "hey doctor! (f.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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## Patterns for Vocatives
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Just like the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns">inflections</Link> that followed five patterns, the **vocative also follows the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns">five patterns</Link>**.
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### Vocatives with Pattern #1 Words
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#### Masculine
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For the basic, pattern #1 words and names that are masculine (words ending in a consonant or a shwa sound <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "u" }} />) we add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> ending.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" },
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{ p: "وروره", f: "wróra", e: "Hey brother!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ادم خان", f: "adam kháan", e: "Adam Khan (name)" },
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{ p: "ادم خانه", f: "adam kháana", e: "Hey Adam Khan!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaz", e: "teacher (m.)" },
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{ p: "استاذه", f: "Ustáaza", e: "Hey teacher (m.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ګران", f: "graan", e: "dear (m.)" },
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{ p: "ګرانه", f: "gráana", e: "dear! (m.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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#### Feminine
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For the basic, pattern #1 words and names that are feminine (words ending in a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} />) we do the same thing as we did for the inflections we saw earlier and change the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> to a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـې", f: "e" }} />.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" },
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{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "Hey woman!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "پلوشه", f: "palwasha", e: "Palwasha (name)" },
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{ p: "پلوشې", f: "palwashe", e: "Hey Palwasha!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ګل مینه", f: "gUl meena", e: "Gul Meena (name)" },
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{ p: "ګل مینې", f: "gUl meene", e: "Hey Gul Meena!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" },
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{ p: "نرسې", f: "núrse", e: "Hey nurse (f.)!" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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This includes feminine nouns <Link to="nouns/nouns-gender/#feminine-words-that-lost-their-ـه---a">that lost their <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /></Link>:
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "ستن", f: "stun", e: "needle" },
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{ p: "ای ستنې", f: "stúne", e: "Oh needle!" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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### Vocatives with Pattern #2 Nouns
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#### Masculine
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For masculine words ending in an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـی", f: "ay" }} />, we use a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـیه", f: "iya" }} /> ending.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "ملګری", f: "malgúray", e: "friend (m.)" },
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{ p: "ملګریه", f: "malgúriya", e: "Hey friend! (m.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "زده کوونکی", f: "zda kawóonkay", e: "student (m.)" },
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{ p: "زده کوونکیه", f: "zda kawóonkiya", e: "Hey student! (m.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ښوونکی", f: "xUwóonkay", e: "teacher (m.)" },
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{ p: "ښوونکیه", f: "xUwóonkiya", e: "Hey teacher! (m.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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#### Feminine
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Feminine words ending in an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـې", f: "e" }} /> don't change at all with the vocative.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teacher (f.)" },
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{ p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "Hey teacher (f.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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### Vocatives with Pattern #3 Nouns
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#### Masculine
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For masculine words ending in an stressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـی", f: "áy" }} />, we use a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـیه", f: "uya" }} /> ending.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "بریالی", f: "baryaaláy", e: "Baryaalay (name)" },
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{ p: "بریالیه", f: "baryaalúya", e: "Hey Baryaalay!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "زلمی", f: "zalmáy", e: "young lad" },
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{ p: "زلمیه", f: "zalmúya", e: "Hey young land!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "لمسی", f: "lmasáy", e: "grandson" },
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{ p: "لمسیه", f: "lmasúya", e: "Hey grandson!" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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#### Feminine
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Feminine words ending in an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـۍ", f: "úy" }} /> don't change at all with the vocative.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "سپوږمۍ", f: "spoGmúy", e: "Spogmai (name) / moon (f.)" },
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{ p: "سپوږمۍ", f: "spoGmúy", e: "Hey Spogmai!" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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### Vocatives with Pattern #4 Nouns
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#### Masculine
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For masculine words following the "Pashtun" pattern, we also just add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> like we did with the pattern #1 words above.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun (m.)" },
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{ p: "پښتونه", f: "puxtóona", e: "Hey Pashtun! (m.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "شپون", f: "shpoon", e: "shepherd (m.)" },
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{ p: "شپونه", f: "shpóona", e: "Hey shepherd! (m.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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#### Feminine
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For feminine words following the "Pashtun" pattern, we do the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">same thing we do with the inflection pattern</Link>.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtaná", e: "Pashtun (f.)" },
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{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Hey Pashtun! (f.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "شپنه", f: "shpaná", e: "shepherd (f.)" },
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{ p: "شپنې", f: "shpané", e: "Hey shepherd! (f.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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### Vocatives with Pattern #5 Nouns
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#### Masculine
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For masculine words following the short squish pattern, we squish the word and add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> ending.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief (m.)" },
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{ p: "غله", f: "ghla", e: "Hey thief! (m.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "خر", f: "khur", e: "donkey (m.)" },
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{ p: "خره", f: "khra", e: "Hey donkey! (m.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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#### Feminine
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For masculine words following the short squish pattern, we do the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">same thing we did with the inflection pattern</Link>.
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "غله", f: "ghla", e: "thief (f.)" },
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{ p: "غلې", f: "ghle", e: "Hey thief! (f.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "خره", f: "khra", e: "donkey (f.)" },
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{ p: "خرې", f: "khre", e: "Hey donkey! (f.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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## With Feminine Animate Exception Nouns
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There are many animate feminine nouns used for relational terms like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" }} /> and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" }} />. These are feminine, they end in a consonant, and they don't inflect <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">for the normal three reasons</Link>. But for the vocative, we do add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـې", f: "e" }} /> to them!
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<Table headRow={["Plain", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" },
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{ p: "مورې", f: "móre", e: "Hey mom!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" },
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{ p: "خورې", f: "khóre", e: "Hey sister! (f.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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## Vocatives with Plural
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Calling out to a plural noun is easy! The plural vocative is always just the **second inflection** or **inflected plural** form.
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<Table headRow={["Plural", "Vocative Plural 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" },
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{ p: "وروڼو", f: "wróoNo", e: "Hey brothers!" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "استاذان", f: "Ustaazáan", e: "teachers" },
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{ p: "استاذانو", f: "Ustaazáano", e: "Hey teachers" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ملګري", f: "malgúree", e: "friends (m. pl.)" },
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{ p: "ملګریو", f: "malgúriyo", e: "Hey friends! (m. pl.)" },
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],
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[
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undefined,
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{ p: "ملګریو", f: "malgúro", e: "Hey friends! (m. pl.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women (f. pl.)" },
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{ p: "ښځو", f: "xúdzo", e: "Hey women! (f. pl.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "خویندې او وروڼه", f: "khwáynde aw wrooNa", e: "brothers and sisters" },
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{ p: "سلام خویندو او وروڼو", f: "salam khwáyndo aw wróoNo", e: "Greetings brothers and sisters" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanú", e: "Pashtuns (m. pl.)" },
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{ p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Hey Pashtuns! (m. pl.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f. pl.)" },
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{ p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Hey Pashtuns! (f. pl.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "مېلمنې", f: "melmané", e: "guests (f. pl.)" },
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{ p: "مېلمنو", f: "melmanó", e: "Hey guests! (f. pl.)" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves (m. pl.)" },
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{ p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "Hey thieves! (m. pl.)" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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## Vocatives with Adjectives
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Vocatives also work with adjectives, meaning you can call out to some one or some thing by describing them.
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<Table headRow={["Adjective", "Vocative 🗣️"]} opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "ستړی", f: "stúRay", e: "tired" },
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{ p: "ای ستړیه", f: "ay stúRiya", e: "Oh tired one!" },
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],
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[
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undefined,
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{ p: "ای له جنګه ستړیه", f: "ay la jánga stúRiya", e: "Oh you who are tired of war!" },
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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And **when you are attaching adjectives to nouns in the vocative case you need to inflect them as well**. Each adjective you inflect will follow it's own pattern. For example:
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<Examples opts={opts}>
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{psmd([
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{
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p: "زما خوږه ملګریه",
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f: "zmaa khóGa malgúriya",
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e: "hey my sweet friend (m.)",
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},
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])}
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</Examples>
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In this example <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خوږ", f: "khoG", e: "sweet" }} /> follows pattern #4 and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ملګری", f: "malgúray", e: "friend (m.)" }} /> follows pattern #5.
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "ای زما مهربانې مورې",
|
||||
f: "ay zmaa mihrabáane móre",
|
||||
e: "Oh my kind mother! (f.)",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "سلام ګرانو دوستانو",
|
||||
f: "saláam gráano dostáano",
|
||||
e: "Greetings dear friends!",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "ای اوږدې بدې ورځې",
|
||||
f: "ay ooGdé báde wrádze",
|
||||
e: "Oh long, terrible day!",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "ای اوږدو بدو ورځو",
|
||||
f: "ay ooGdó bádo wrádzo",
|
||||
e: "Oh long, terrible days!",
|
||||
},
|
||||
])}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue