diff --git a/src/content/index.ts b/src/content/index.ts index ac53d81..9129f38 100644 --- a/src/content/index.ts +++ b/src/content/index.ts @@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ import * as directionalPronouns from "./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx"; import * as inflectionIntro from "./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx"; // @ts-ignore import * as inflectionPatterns from "./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx"; +// @ts-ignore +import * as vocative from "./inflection/vocative.mdx"; // @ts-ignore import * as sandwiches from "./sandwiches/sandwiches.mdx"; @@ -185,6 +187,10 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] = { "import": inflectionPatterns, "slug": "inflection-patterns" + }, + { + "import": vocative, + "slug": "vocative" } ] }, diff --git a/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx b/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx index bcc756d..e70ba7c 100644 --- a/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx +++ b/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx @@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ If we think of a word as a little button , then we can {[ [ - { p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" }, - { p: "سړي", f: "saRee", e: "men" }, + { p: "سړی", f: "saRáy", e: "man" }, + { p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" }, ], [ - { p: "ښځه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, - { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }, + { p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" }, + { p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women" }, ], ]}
diff --git a/src/content/inflection/vocative.mdx b/src/content/inflection/vocative.mdx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2259e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/inflection/vocative.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,370 @@ +--- +title: Vocative 🗣️ +--- + +import { + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, +} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import Table from "../../components/Table"; +import Link from "../../components/Link"; +import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; + +The [vocative case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case) is _another_ type of inflection that we use when we want to to call out to a noun. We don't use it in sentences, but rather we use it to address someone (or something), or call their attention. + +For instance: + + + {[ + [ + { p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" }, + { p: "ای سړیه!", f: "ay saRúya!", e: "hey man!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" }, + { p: "ای ښځې", f: "ay xúdze", e: "hey woman!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ډاکټر", f: "DakTár", e: "doctor (m.)" }, + { p: "ای ډاکټره", f: "ay DakTára", e: "hey doctor! (m.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" }, + { p: "ای ډاکټرې", f: "ay DakTáre", e: "hey doctor! (f.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +## Patterns for Vocatives + +Just like the inflections that followed five patterns, the **vocative also follows the five patterns**. + +### Vocatives with Pattern #1 Words + +#### Masculine + +For the basic, pattern #1 words and names that are masculine (words ending in a consonant or a shwa sound ) we add a ending. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" }, + { p: "وروره", f: "wróra", e: "Hey brother!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ادم خان", f: "adam kháan", e: "Adam Khan (name)" }, + { p: "ادم خانه", f: "adam kháana", e: "Hey Adam Khan!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaz", e: "teacher (m.)" }, + { p: "استاذه", f: "Ustáaza", e: "Hey teacher (m.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ګران", f: "graan", e: "dear (m.)" }, + { p: "ګرانه", f: "gráana", e: "dear! (m.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +#### Feminine + +For the basic, pattern #1 words and names that are feminine (words ending in a ) we do the same thing as we did for the inflections we saw earlier and change the to a . + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ښځه", f: "xúdza", e: "woman" }, + { p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "Hey woman!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "پلوشه", f: "palwasha", e: "Palwasha (name)" }, + { p: "پلوشې", f: "palwashe", e: "Hey Palwasha!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ګل مینه", f: "gUl meena", e: "Gul Meena (name)" }, + { p: "ګل مینې", f: "gUl meene", e: "Hey Gul Meena!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" }, + { p: "نرسې", f: "núrse", e: "Hey nurse (f.)!" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +This includes feminine nouns that lost their : + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ستن", f: "stun", e: "needle" }, + { p: "ای ستنې", f: "stúne", e: "Oh needle!" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +### Vocatives with Pattern #2 Nouns + +#### Masculine + +For masculine words ending in an unstressed , we use a ending. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ملګری", f: "malgúray", e: "friend (m.)" }, + { p: "ملګریه", f: "malgúriya", e: "Hey friend! (m.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "زده کوونکی", f: "zda kawóonkay", e: "student (m.)" }, + { p: "زده کوونکیه", f: "zda kawóonkiya", e: "Hey student! (m.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښوونکی", f: "xUwóonkay", e: "teacher (m.)" }, + { p: "ښوونکیه", f: "xUwóonkiya", e: "Hey teacher! (m.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +#### Feminine + +Feminine words ending in an don't change at all with the vocative. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teacher (f.)" }, + { p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "Hey teacher (f.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +### Vocatives with Pattern #3 Nouns + +#### Masculine + +For masculine words ending in an stressed , we use a ending. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "بریالی", f: "baryaaláy", e: "Baryaalay (name)" }, + { p: "بریالیه", f: "baryaalúya", e: "Hey Baryaalay!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "زلمی", f: "zalmáy", e: "young lad" }, + { p: "زلمیه", f: "zalmúya", e: "Hey young land!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "لمسی", f: "lmasáy", e: "grandson" }, + { p: "لمسیه", f: "lmasúya", e: "Hey grandson!" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +#### Feminine + +Feminine words ending in an don't change at all with the vocative. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "سپوږمۍ", f: "spoGmúy", e: "Spogmai (name) / moon (f.)" }, + { p: "سپوږمۍ", f: "spoGmúy", e: "Hey Spogmai!" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +### Vocatives with Pattern #4 Nouns + +#### Masculine + +For masculine words following the "Pashtun" pattern, we also just add a like we did with the pattern #1 words above. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun (m.)" }, + { p: "پښتونه", f: "puxtóona", e: "Hey Pashtun! (m.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "شپون", f: "shpoon", e: "shepherd (m.)" }, + { p: "شپونه", f: "shpóona", e: "Hey shepherd! (m.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +#### Feminine + +For feminine words following the "Pashtun" pattern, we do the same thing we do with the inflection pattern. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtaná", e: "Pashtun (f.)" }, + { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Hey Pashtun! (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "شپنه", f: "shpaná", e: "shepherd (f.)" }, + { p: "شپنې", f: "shpané", e: "Hey shepherd! (f.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +### Vocatives with Pattern #5 Nouns + +#### Masculine + +For masculine words following the short squish pattern, we squish the word and add a ending. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief (m.)" }, + { p: "غله", f: "ghla", e: "Hey thief! (m.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "خر", f: "khur", e: "donkey (m.)" }, + { p: "خره", f: "khra", e: "Hey donkey! (m.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +#### Feminine + +For masculine words following the short squish pattern, we do the same thing we did with the inflection pattern. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "غله", f: "ghla", e: "thief (f.)" }, + { p: "غلې", f: "ghle", e: "Hey thief! (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "خره", f: "khra", e: "donkey (f.)" }, + { p: "خرې", f: "khre", e: "Hey donkey! (f.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +## With Feminine Animate Exception Nouns + +There are many animate feminine nouns used for relational terms like and . These are feminine, they end in a consonant, and they don't inflect for the normal three reasons. But for the vocative, we do add a to them! + + + {[ + [ + { p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" }, + { p: "مورې", f: "móre", e: "Hey mom!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" }, + { p: "خورې", f: "khóre", e: "Hey sister! (f.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +## Vocatives with Plural + +Calling out to a plural noun is easy! The plural vocative is always just the **second inflection** or **inflected plural** form. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" }, + { p: "وروڼو", f: "wróoNo", e: "Hey brothers!" }, + ], + [ + { p: "استاذان", f: "Ustaazáan", e: "teachers" }, + { p: "استاذانو", f: "Ustaazáano", e: "Hey teachers" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ملګري", f: "malgúree", e: "friends (m. pl.)" }, + { p: "ملګریو", f: "malgúriyo", e: "Hey friends! (m. pl.)" }, + ], + [ + undefined, + { p: "ملګریو", f: "malgúro", e: "Hey friends! (m. pl.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women (f. pl.)" }, + { p: "ښځو", f: "xúdzo", e: "Hey women! (f. pl.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "خویندې او وروڼه", f: "khwáynde aw wrooNa", e: "brothers and sisters" }, + { p: "سلام خویندو او وروڼو", f: "salam khwáyndo aw wróoNo", e: "Greetings brothers and sisters" }, + ], + [ + { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanú", e: "Pashtuns (m. pl.)" }, + { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Hey Pashtuns! (m. pl.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f. pl.)" }, + { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Hey Pashtuns! (f. pl.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "مېلمنې", f: "melmané", e: "guests (f. pl.)" }, + { p: "مېلمنو", f: "melmanó", e: "Hey guests! (f. pl.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves (m. pl.)" }, + { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "Hey thieves! (m. pl.)" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +## Vocatives with Adjectives + +Vocatives also work with adjectives, meaning you can call out to some one or some thing by describing them. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ستړی", f: "stúRay", e: "tired" }, + { p: "ای ستړیه", f: "ay stúRiya", e: "Oh tired one!" }, + ], + [ + undefined, + { p: "ای له جنګه ستړیه", f: "ay la jánga stúRiya", e: "Oh you who are tired of war!" }, + ], + ]} +
+ +And **when you are attaching adjectives to nouns in the vocative case you need to inflect them as well**. Each adjective you inflect will follow it's own pattern. For example: + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "زما خوږه ملګریه", + f: "zmaa khóGa malgúriya", + e: "hey my sweet friend (m.)", + }, + ])} + + +In this example follows pattern #4 and follows pattern #5. + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "ای زما مهربانې مورې", + f: "ay zmaa mihrabáane móre", + e: "Oh my kind mother! (f.)", + }, + { + p: "سلام ګرانو دوستانو", + f: "saláam gráano dostáano", + e: "Greetings dear friends!", + }, + { + p: "ای اوږدې بدې ورځې", + f: "ay ooGdé báde wrádze", + e: "Oh long, terrible day!", + }, + { + p: "ای اوږدو بدو ورځو", + f: "ay ooGdó bádo wrádzo", + e: "Oh long, terrible days!", + }, + ])} + \ No newline at end of file