add section on 3rd pers masc sing past endings
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parent
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
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"@formkit/auto-animate": "^1.0.0-beta.6",
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"@formkit/auto-animate": "^1.0.0-beta.6",
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"@fortawesome/fontawesome-free": "5.15.4",
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"@fortawesome/fontawesome-free": "5.15.4",
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"@lingdocs/lingdocs-main": "^0.3.3",
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"@lingdocs/lingdocs-main": "^0.3.3",
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"@lingdocs/ps-react": "^6.0.2",
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"@lingdocs/ps-react": "^6.0.6",
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"@mdx-js/rollup": "^2.2.1",
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"@mdx-js/rollup": "^2.2.1",
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"@stefanprobst/rehype-extract-toc": "^2.2.0",
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"@stefanprobst/rehype-extract-toc": "^2.2.0",
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"@types/mdx": "^2.0.3",
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"@types/mdx": "^2.0.3",
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@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
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VerbFormDisplay,
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VerbFormDisplay,
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InlinePs,
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InlinePs,
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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import Table from "../../components/Table";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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export function addTail(form) {
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export function addTail(form) {
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@ -42,10 +43,203 @@ These endings are added on to the ends <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/">verb r
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textOptions={opts}
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textOptions={opts}
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/>
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/>
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### Notes about past verb endings
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### 3rd Person Masc. Sing. Past Endings
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With all of the verb endings above, you simply attach them to the ends of the roots or stems. But the **third person masculine singural** (he / it) forms of the past tense are a little tricky! You may see alot of surprising and idiosyncratic forms of verbs in the 3rd pers. masc. sing.
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Here are a few **rules for 3rd pers masc. singular past endings**, although you will find that there will be a lot of variations around these depending on the dialect.
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##### With the _long form of the roots_ (with the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ل", f: "ul" }} /> on the end):
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- you can only use the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} /> ending.
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<Table opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "وتل", f: "watúl", e: "to go out" },
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{
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p: "وتلو",
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f: "watúlo",
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e: "he was going out",
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sub: "imperfective root وتل - watúl",
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},
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],
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[
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{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" },
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{
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p: "ولیدلو",
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f: "óoleedulo",
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e: "... saw him",
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sub: "perfective root ولیدل - óoleedul",
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},
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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##### With the _short form of the roots_:
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- you can use the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} /> ending
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<Table opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "وتل", f: "watúl", e: "to go out" },
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{
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p: "وتو",
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f: "wató",
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e: "he was going out",
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sub: "imperfective root وتـ - wat-",
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},
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],
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[
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{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" },
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{
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p: "ولیدو",
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f: "óoleedo",
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e: "... saw him",
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sub: "perfective root ولیدـ - óoleed-",
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},
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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- you can use the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "u" }} /> ending, but if the previous vowel was a short 'a', then you need to lengthen it to <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa" }}/>, just like with the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">#4 "Pashtoon"</Link> pattern.
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<Table opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "وتل", f: "watúl", e: "to go out" },
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{
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p: "وتو",
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f: "waatú",
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e: "he was going out",
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sub: "imperfective root وتـ - wat-",
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},
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],
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[
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{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" },
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{
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p: "ولیدو",
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f: "óoleedu",
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e: "... saw him",
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sub: "perfective root ولیدـ - óoleed-",
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},
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],
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[
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{ p: "اخیستل", f: "akheestúl", e: "to take" },
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{
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p: "واخیسته",
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f: "wáakheestu",
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e: "... took it",
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sub: "perfective root واخیستـ - wáakheest-",
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},
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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- If the short root ends in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "د", f: "d" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ت", f: "t" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ړ", f: "R" }} />, you can _leave it with no ending at all_. But if the last vowel in the root was a short 'a', you need to lengthen it to <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} />.
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<Table opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "وتل", f: "watúl", e: "to go out" },
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{
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p: "ووت",
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f: "wot",
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e: "he was going out",
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sub: "imperfective root وتـ - wat-",
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},
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],
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[
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{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" },
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{
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p: "ولید",
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f: "óoleed",
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e: "... saw him",
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sub: "perfective root ولیدـ - óoleed-",
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},
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],
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[
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{ p: "اخیستل", f: "akheestúl", e: "to take" },
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{
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p: "واخیست",
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f: "wáakheest",
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e: "... took it",
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sub: "perfective root واخیستـ - wáakheest-",
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},
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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- there are a bunch of idiosyncratic third person masculine singular forms that you will see for certain common verbs. Here are some examples:
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<Table opts={opts}>
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{[
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[
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{ p: "تلل", f: "tlul", e: "to go" },
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{ p: "لاړ", f: "laaR", e: "he went", sub: "perfective root لاړـ" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "تلل", f: "tlul", e: "to go" },
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{ p: "ته", f: "tu", e: "he was going", sub: "imperfective root تلـ" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "راتلل", f: "raatlúl", e: "to come" },
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{ p: "راغی", f: "ráaghey", e: "he came", sub: "perfective root راغ-" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "راتلل", f: "raatlúl", e: "to come" },
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{
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p: "راته",
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f: "raatú",
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e: "he was coming",
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sub: "imperfective root راتلـ",
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},
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],
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[
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{
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p: "کېدل",
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f: "kedul",
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e: "to become",
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},
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{
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p: "شو",
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f: "sho",
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e: "he became",
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sub: "perfective root: شوـ",
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},
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],
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[
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{
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p: "کېدل",
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f: "kedul",
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e: "to happen",
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},
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{
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p: "وشو",
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f: "óosho",
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e: "it happened",
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sub: "perfective root: وشوـ",
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},
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],
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[
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{
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p: "کېدل",
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f: "kedul",
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e: "to happen",
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},
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{
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p: "کېده",
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f: "kedú (never کېد - ked)",
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e: "it would happen",
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sub: "perfective root: کېدـ",
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},
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],
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]}
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</Table>
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### Other notes about past verb endings
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- the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـهْ", f: "u" }} /> ending is only used with the <strong>short</strong> forms of the roots. (without the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ل", f: "l", e: "" }} />)
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- The **short form of the 3rd pers. masc. sing.** verbs in the past is a bit interesting. The ending is often left off (if it ends in a consanant like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ولید", f: "óoleed", e: "" }} /> or is irregular like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کاوه", f: "kaawú" }} /> from <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul" }} /> or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خوت", f: "khot" }} /> from <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ختل", f: "khatúl" }} />
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- The **3rd pers. masc. plur.** form of verbs is the same regardless of whether the short or long roots are used.
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- The **3rd pers. masc. plur.** form of verbs is the same regardless of whether the short or long roots are used.
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- In the **Kandahari dialect** some different endings are used;
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- In the **Kandahari dialect** some different endings are used;
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- 3rd pers. masc. sing.: <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـی", f: "ay", e: "" }} />
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- 3rd pers. masc. sing.: <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـی", f: "ay", e: "" }} />
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@ -1377,10 +1377,10 @@
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rambda "^6.7.0"
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rambda "^6.7.0"
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react-select "^5.2.2"
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react-select "^5.2.2"
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"@lingdocs/ps-react@^6.0.2":
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"@lingdocs/ps-react@^6.0.6":
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version "6.0.2"
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version "6.0.6"
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resolved "https://npm.lingdocs.com/@lingdocs%2fps-react/-/ps-react-6.0.2.tgz#712f7620e1aa30d0ec1e1f7d0118be660cb4e01c"
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resolved "https://npm.lingdocs.com/@lingdocs%2fps-react/-/ps-react-6.0.6.tgz#9be00aeeb7689ff3ccf6f26fe92a6f171accfc6a"
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integrity sha512-QuMOzdY45tXvL18BrykoP9x+NWl6sUQCQp1HRp+Q17jtf7oS55LGryQhZJMhom/A61NMvztYh5hiP+xoivQgUw==
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integrity sha512-27HkuKg8R3uzFLUkm3HOnl8i3WY5eGRIS8s7DO6YmibYHnwQ/hpA8ijfeXKVED6SMGhn9Y+h2CNWvyaHArxk/g==
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dependencies:
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dependencies:
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"@formkit/auto-animate" "^1.0.0-beta.3"
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"@formkit/auto-animate" "^1.0.0-beta.3"
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classnames "^2.2.6"
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classnames "^2.2.6"
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