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pashto-grammar
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fix accent on passive roots and stems - unfortunately just for the verb info display for now

This commit is contained in:
lingdocs 2022-07-26 16:07:30 -05:00
parent d293a5d05e
commit a31ca4e93b
5 changed files with 159 additions and 21 deletions
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2
package.json
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
"@formkit/auto-animate": "^1.0.0-beta.1",
"@fortawesome/fontawesome-free": "^5.15.4",
"@lingdocs/lingdocs-main": "^0.3.1",
"@lingdocs/pashto-inflector": "^3.5.4",
"@lingdocs/pashto-inflector": "^3.5.6",
"@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.11.4",
"@testing-library/react": "^11.1.0",
"@testing-library/user-event": "^12.1.10",

47
src/components/BasicVerbShowCase.tsx
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
InlinePs,
removeFVarients,
isPastTense,
getPassiveRootsAndStems,
} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
import { isImperativeTense, isPerfectTense } from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector/dist/lib/type-predicates";
import { useState } from "react";
@ -18,11 +19,14 @@ import { basicVerbs, intransitivePast } from "../content/verbs/basic-present-ver
import { getLength } from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector/dist/lib/p-text-helpers";
import { isThirdPerson } from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector/dist/lib/phrase-building/vp-tools";
function BasicVerbShowCase({ opts, tense }: {
function BasicVerbShowCase({ opts, tense, passive }: {
opts: T.TextOptions,
tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense,
tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense,
passive?: boolean,
}) {
const items = isPastTense(tense) ? intransitivePast : basicVerbs;
const items = isPastTense(tense)
? intransitivePast
: (passive ? basicVerbs.filter(v => v.entry.p !== "کول") : basicVerbs);
return <Carousel stickyTitle items={items} render={(item) => {
return {
title: <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{
@ -30,6 +34,7 @@ function BasicVerbShowCase({ opts, tense }: {
e: undefined,
}}</InlinePs>,
body: <BasicVerbChart
passive={passive}
verb={item}
opts={opts}
tense={tense}
@ -40,11 +45,13 @@ function BasicVerbShowCase({ opts, tense }: {
export default BasicVerbShowCase;
function BasicVerbChart({ verb, opts, tense }: {
function BasicVerbChart({ verb, opts, tense, passive }: {
verb: T.VerbEntry,
opts: T.TextOptions,
tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense,
passive?: boolean,
}) {
const [voice, setVoice] = useState<"active" | "passive">("active");
const [negative, setNegative] = useState<boolean>(false);
const [length, setLength] = useState<"short" | "long">("short");
const c = conjugateVerb(verb.entry, verb.complement);
@ -53,17 +60,33 @@ function BasicVerbChart({ verb, opts, tense }: {
: "grammaticallyTransitive" in c
? c.grammaticallyTransitive
: c;
const phrasesForTable = makeExamplePhrases(verb, tense, negative, length)
const phrasesForTable = makeExamplePhrases(verb, tense, negative, length, voice);
return <div>
<div>
{getEnglishVerb(verb.entry)}
</div>
<RootsAndStems
textOptions={opts}
info={conjugations.info}
info={voice === "passive"
? (getPassiveRootsAndStems(conjugations.info) || /* type safety */ conjugations.info)
: conjugations.info
}
hidePastParticiple={isPerfectTense(tense) ? false : true}
highlighted={[tenseToStem(tense)]}
/>
{passive && <div className="mt-2">
<ButtonSelect
options={[{
label: "Active",
value: "active",
}, {
label: "Passive",
value: "passive",
}]}
value={voice}
handleChange={setVoice}
/>
</div>}
<div className="my-3 d-flex flex-row justify-content-center">
{isPastTense(tense) && !isPerfectTense(tense) && <div className="mx-2">
<ButtonSelect
@ -98,7 +121,13 @@ function BasicVerbChart({ verb, opts, tense }: {
</div>
}
function makeExamplePhrases(verb: T.VerbEntry, tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense, negative: boolean, length: "short" | "long"): { ps: T.VerbBlock | T.ImperativeBlock, e: T.EnglishBlock } {
function makeExamplePhrases(
verb: T.VerbEntry,
tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense,
negative: boolean,
length: "short" | "long",
voice: "active" | "passive",
): { ps: T.VerbBlock | T.ImperativeBlock, e: T.EnglishBlock } {
function makeSelection(person: T.Person): T.VPSelectionComplete{
return {
"blocks": [
@ -106,7 +135,7 @@ function makeExamplePhrases(verb: T.VerbEntry, tense: T.VerbTense | T.Imperative
{
key: Math.random(),
// @ts-ignore
block: verb.entry.c?.includes("intrans.")
block: (verb.entry.c?.includes("intrans.") || voice === "passive")
? {"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}
: {"type":"objectSelection", "selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10011,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}},
},
@ -117,7 +146,7 @@ function makeExamplePhrases(verb: T.VerbEntry, tense: T.VerbTense | T.Imperative
tense,
"transitivity":"intransitive",
"isCompound":false,
"voice":"active",
voice,
negative,
"canChangeTransitivity":false,
"canChangeVoice":false,

2
src/content/verbs/basic-present-verbs.ts
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@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ export const basicVerbs: T.VerbEntry[] = [
{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"},
{"ts":1577049208257,"i":1068,"p":"اورېدل","f":"awredul","g":"awredul","e":"to hear, listen","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"اور","psf":"awr","tppp":"اورېد","tppf":"awred","ec":"hear,hears,hearing,heard"},
{"ts":1527812790,"i":5795,"p":"خوړل","f":"khoRul","g":"khoRul","e":"to eat, to bite","c":"v. trans.","psp":"خور","psf":"khor","tppp":"خوړ","tppf":"khoR","ec":"eat,eats,eating,ate,eaten"},
{"ts":1527815216,"i":6630,"p":"راتلل","f":"raatlúl","g":"raatlul","e":"to come","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"راځ","psf":"raadz","ssp":"راش","ssf":"ráash","prp":"راغلل","prf":"ráaghlul","pprtp":"راغلی","pprtf":"raaghúley","tppp":"راغی","tppf":"ráaghey","noOo":true,"separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"come,comes,coming,came,come"},
].map(entry => ({ entry }));
// @ts-ignore
@ -21,5 +20,6 @@ export const intransitivePast: T.VerbEntry[] = [
{"ts":1527816495,"i":3470,"p":"تښتېدل","f":"tuxtedul","g":"tuxtedul","e":"to run off, escape, flee","c":"v. intrans.","shortIntrans":true,"ec":"escape"},
{"ts":1527813680,"i":9218,"p":"غږېدل","f":"ghuGedul, ghaGedul","g":"ghugedul,ghagedul","e":"to speak, talk, converse, sing","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke"},
{"ts":1527813994,"i":11589,"p":"لوېدل","f":"lwedul","g":"lwedul","e":"to fall, to tumble, go down, settle","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"fall,falls,falling,fell,fallen"},
{"ts":1527815216,"i":6630,"p":"راتلل","f":"raatlúl","g":"raatlul","e":"to come","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"راځ","psf":"raadz","ssp":"راش","ssf":"ráash","prp":"راغلل","prf":"ráaghlul","pprtp":"راغلی","pprtf":"raaghúley","tppp":"راغی","tppf":"ráaghey","noOo":true,"separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"come,comes,coming,came,come"},
{"ts":1527813710,"i":7321,"p":"زېږېدل","f":"zeGedul","g":"zegedul","e":"to be born, to appear, arise","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"be","ep":"born"},
].map(entry => ({ entry }));

121
src/content/verbs/passive-voice.mdx
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@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link";
import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx";
import BasicVerbShowCase from "../../components/BasicVerbShowCase";
export const leedulInfo = getVerbInfo({"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"});
export const passiveLeedulInfo = getPassiveRootsAndStems(leedulInfo);
@ -216,14 +217,20 @@ And add that to our roots and stems we made in <Link to="/verbs/passive-verbs/#1
info={passiveLeedulInfo}
/>
There we go! Now we have all the roots and stems we need to make passive verb forms.
Try flipping through these other verbs and see how the the active stems are transformed into the passive stems, following this recipe.
<BasicVerbShowCase opts={opts} tense="presentVerb" passive />
## Using passive roots and stems
Once we've made our <Link to="/verbs/passive-verbs/#how-to-make-passive-forms">passive roots and stems</Link> we can use them follow *the exact same verb formulas* to build all the same verb tenses, just in the passive voice.
**Important note:** With the passive voice, we don't have an object anymore, so these phrases will follow the <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/#1-with-intransitive-verbs-">phrase structure for intransitive verbs</Link>. (The subject will always be <KingIcon />)
Let's try making different tenses with the passive roots and stems we just made for <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" }} />
### Present
For example we know that to make the <Link to="/verbs/present-verbs/">present tense</Link> we use the formula:
<Formula>
@ -244,6 +251,8 @@ and say something like:
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
### Subjunctive
We also know that for the <Link to="/verbs/subjunctive-verbs/">subjunctive</Link> we use the formula:
<Formula>
@ -264,6 +273,8 @@ and say...
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
### Future
We could do this same process for the future tense, using the imperfective and perfective roots to make the imperfective future,
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
@ -276,6 +287,8 @@ and the perfective future:
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
### Past
Again, same thing for the past tense verbs. We know that the <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/">simple past</Link> is made with the formula:
<Formula>
@ -318,8 +331,6 @@ And we can say
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
**Important note:** With the passive voice, we don't have an object anymore, so these phrases will follow the <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/#1-with-intransitive-verbs-">phrase structure for intransitive verbs</Link>.
The <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/#continuous-past">continuous past</Link> is made with the formula:
<Formula>
@ -341,6 +352,8 @@ and make a phrase like,
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
### Perfect
Also same thing for making perfect forms, just follow <Link to="/verbs/perfect-verbs-intro/#how-to-make-perfect-tenses-">the same formula as we learned before</Link>. (<samp>Past participle + Equative</samp>)
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
@ -351,8 +364,104 @@ Also same thing for making perfect forms, just follow <Link to="/verbs/perfect-v
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
So we see that to make verb forms in the passive forms we follow all the same formulas as we did with the active voice, but just using these new <Link to="/verbs/passive-voice#making-passive-roots-and-stems">passive roots and stems</Link>.
So we see that to make verb forms in the passive forms we **follow all the same formulas as we did with the active voice**, but just using these new <Link to="/verbs/passive-voice#making-passive-roots-and-stems">passive roots and stems</Link>.
### More examples
## Examples
IN PROGRESS
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
{"blocks":[{"key":0.9602675508776706,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"په","f":"pu"},"after":{"p":"کې","f":"ke"},"e":"in","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527813371,"i":4488,"p":"جنګ","f":"jang","g":"jang","e":"war, fight, battle","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}},{"key":0.6084120330077722,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":5677,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.6207988383591703,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527814862,"i":14386,"p":"وژل","f":"wajzul","g":"wajzul","e":"to kill, slaughter","c":"v. trans. irreg.","psp":"وژن","psf":"wajzn","tppp":"واژه","tppf":"waajzu","ec":"kill"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
{"blocks":[{"key":0.09499027095492818,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11724,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.24736204820633723,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":14504,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
{"blocks":[{"key":0.8608555765714412,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10025,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.43067271280035535,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812856,"i":11645,"p":"لیکل","f":"leekul","g":"leekul","e":"to write, draw","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ec":"write,writes,writing,wrote,written"}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
{"blocks":[{"key":0.9691831828667705,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4630278152792826,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527813755,"i":4672,"p":"ځورول","f":"dzawrawul","g":"dzawrawul","e":"to bother, irritate, torture, distress, vex, grind on","c":"v. trans.","ec":"bother"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
{"blocks":[{"key":0.026534404872279982,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1658541389964,"i":2531,"p":"پکوړه","f":"pakóRa","g":"pakoRa","e":"pakora","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.6023163696948342,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812790,"i":5805,"p":"خوړل","f":"khoRul","g":"khoRul","e":"to eat, to bite","c":"v. trans.","psp":"خور","psf":"khor","tppp":"خوړ","tppf":"khoR","ec":"eat,eats,eating,ate,eaten"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
{"blocks":[{"key":0.2484268002388179,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.697085951161708,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
}</EditableVPEx>
## Difference between passive and intransitive
It's easy to confuse the **passive voice of transitive verbs** and **intransitive verbs**. Yes, both of them talk about something happening with a subject, and they both follow <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/#1-with-intransitive-verbs-">phrase structure for intransitive verbs</Link>. But there is a slight difference in meaning.
For example, using the intransitive verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پخېدل", f: "pakhedúl", e: "to be cooked" }} /> we can say:
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{
p: "پلاو پخېږي",
f: "pulaaw pakhéGee",
e: "The pulaw is cooking",
sub: "It's sitting in the pot, boiling and becoming ready 🤤",
},
]}</Examples>
With the **intrnansitive verb**, we're just describing the cooking process that the pulaw is going through.
But if we use the **passive voice of the transitive verb** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پخول", f: "pakhawul", e: "to cook" }} />, then we get a *slightly* different meaning. Then we are saying that it is *being cooked*, ie. there is some unmentioned actor working on it.
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{
p: "پلاو پخول کېږي",
f: "pulaaw pakhawul keGee",
e: "The pulaw is being cooked",
sub: "Someone is cooking it / it's being worked on 👨‍🍳",
},
]}</Examples>
## Passive Voice in Dialects
It many Pashto dialects--especially those spoken in Pakistan--people add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey", e: "" }} /> tail on the end of the roots used in the passive form. For example, <strong>in standard Afghan Pashto</strong> with the recipe we described the verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedul", e: "to see" }} /> has the following roots and stems:
<div className="text-center lead">
<div>Passive Roots/Stems of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedul", e: "to see" }} /></div>
<div>in standard Afghan Pashto</div>
</div>
<RootsAndStems
textOptions={opts}
info={passiveLeedulInfo}
/>
But in other dialects the roots and stems have a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey", e: "" }} /> tail added in so they look like this:
<div className="text-center lead">
<div>Passive Roots/Stems of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedul", e: "to see" }} /></div>
<div>in dialects using the tails on passive</div>
</div>
<RootsAndStems
textOptions={opts}
info={getPassiveRootsAndStems(leedulInfo, true)}
/>
Here are some examples using this kind of dialect:
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{
p: "کتاب لیکلی کېږي",
f: "kitaab leekuley kéGee",
e: "(a/the) book is being written",
},
{
p: "ته ولیدلی شوې",
f: "tu óoleeduley shwe",
e: "You were seen",
},
{
p: "ته لیدلی شوی یې",
f: "tu leeduley shúwey ye",
e: "You (m.) have been seen",
},
]}</Examples>

8
yarn.lock
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@ -1803,10 +1803,10 @@
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