starting passive page
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lingdocs
parent
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commit
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
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"@formkit/auto-animate": "^1.0.0-beta.1",
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"@fortawesome/fontawesome-free": "^5.15.4",
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"@lingdocs/lingdocs-main": "^0.3.1",
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"@lingdocs/pashto-inflector": "^3.5.3",
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"@lingdocs/pashto-inflector": "^3.5.4",
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"@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.11.4",
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"@testing-library/react": "^11.1.0",
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"@testing-library/user-event": "^12.1.10",
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@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ import * as perfectVerbsIntro from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./verbs/p
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as allPerfectVerbs from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./verbs/all-perfect-verbs.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as passiveVerbs from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./verbs/passive-verbs.mdx";
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import * as passiveVoice from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./verbs/passive-voice.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as compoundVerbsIntro from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./compound-verbs/intro.mdx";
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@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] = [
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slug: "verb-endings",
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},
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{
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import: passiveVerbs,
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slug: "passive-verbs",
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import: passiveVoice,
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slug: "passive-voice",
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},
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],
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},
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@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
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---
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title: Passive Verbs
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---
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon } from "../../components/terms-links";
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import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
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import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
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<VideoPlayer src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaVbnx5FQps" />
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Transitive verbs in Pashto can be used in the [passive voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice). In the passive voice the object moves over to the role of the subject and the verb talks about the action being done to it.
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<table class="table">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Active Voice</th>
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<th scope="col">Passive Voice</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "زه کتاب لیکم",
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f: "zu kitáab leekúm",
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e: "I (subject) am writing a book (object)",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "کتاب لیکل کېږي",
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f: "kitáab leekul kéGee",
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e: "A book (subject) is being written",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "هغوي پښټو وايي",
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f: "haghwée puxto waayee",
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e: "They (subject) are speaking Pashto (object)",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "پښتو وایل کېږي",
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f: "puxto waayul kéGee",
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e: "Pashto (subject) is spoken",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "ما ډوډۍ وخوړله",
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f: "maa DoDúy óokhoRula",
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e: "I (subject) ate food (object)",
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}
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "ډوډۍ وخوړل شوه",
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f: "DoDúy óokhoRul shwa",
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e: "Food (subject) was eaten",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## How to make passive forms
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IN PROGRESS
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## Examples
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## Note on past tense
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@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
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---
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title: Passive Voice
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---
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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RootsAndStems,
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conjugateVerb,
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getVerbInfo,
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getPassiveRootsAndStems,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon } from "../../components/terms-links";
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import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
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import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
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import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx";
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export const leedulInfo = getVerbInfo({"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"});
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export const passiveLeedulInfo = getPassiveRootsAndStems(leedulInfo);
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<VideoPlayer src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaVbnx5FQps" />
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Transitive verbs in Pashto can be used in the [passive voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice). In the passive voice the object moves over to the role of the subject and the verb talks about the action being done to it.
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<table class="table">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Active Voice</th>
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<th scope="col">Passive Voice</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "زه کتاب لیکم",
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f: "zu kitáab leekúm",
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e: "I (subject) am writing a book (object)",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "کتاب لیکل کېږي",
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f: "kitáab leekul kéGee",
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e: "A book (subject) is being written",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "هغوي پښټو وايي",
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f: "haghwée puxto waayee",
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e: "They (subject) are speaking Pashto (object)",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "پښتو وایل کېږي",
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f: "puxto waayul kéGee",
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e: "Pashto (subject) is spoken",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "ما ډوډۍ وخوړله",
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f: "maa DoDúy óokhoRula",
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e: "I (subject) ate food (object)",
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}
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{
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p: "ډوډۍ وخوړل شوه",
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f: "DoDúy óokhoRul shwa",
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e: "Food (subject) was eaten",
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},
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## Making passive roots and stems
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To make passive forms we will just need to change the 🌳 <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/">roots and stems</Link> of the verb.
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This can be done in two simple steps: 👨🍳
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### 1. Copy the roots up to the stems
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First we need to take just the **long form** of the roots on the bottom, and copy those to use for the stems and the past participle.
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For example, with the verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" }} /> we have roots and stems like this in the active voice:
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={leedulInfo}
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/>
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So let's use **just the long form of the roots** and also copy them to for the stems and the past participle...
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={{
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"entry": {
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"entry": {
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"ts": 1527812275,
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"i": 11623,
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"p": "لیدل",
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"f": "leedul",
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"g": "leedul",
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"e": "to see",
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"c": "v. trans.",
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"psp": "وین",
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"psf": "ween",
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"tppp": "لید",
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"tppf": "leed",
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"ec": "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"
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}
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},
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"transitivity": "transitive",
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"yulEnding": false,
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"root": {
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"imperfective": {
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"p": "لیدل",
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"f": "leedúl"
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},
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"perfective": {
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"p": "ولیدل",
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"f": "óoleedul"
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},
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"perfectiveSplit": [
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{
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"p": "و",
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"f": "óo"
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},
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{
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"p": "لیدل",
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"f": "leedul"
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},
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],
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},
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"stem": {
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"imperfective": {
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"p": "لیدل",
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"f": "leedúl"
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},
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"perfective": {
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"p": "ولیدل",
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"f": "óoleedul"
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},
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"perfectiveSplit": [
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{
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"p": "و",
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"f": "óo"
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},
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{
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"p": "لیدل",
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"f": "leedul"
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},
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],
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},
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"participle": {
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"past": {
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"p": "لیدلی",
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"f": "leedúley"
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},
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"present": {
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"p": "لیدونکی",
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"f": "leedóonkey"
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}
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},
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"idiosyncraticThirdMascSing": {
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"imperfective": {
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"p": "لید",
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"f": "leed"
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},
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"perfective": {
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"p": "ولید",
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"f": "óoleed"
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}
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},
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"type": "simple"
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}} />
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### 2. Add the helper verb کېدل - to become
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And then we take the roots and stems for <Link to="/compound-verbs/helper-verbs/#کېدل---to-become"><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl", e: "to become" }} /></Link>
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={leedulInfo}
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/>
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And add that to our roots and stems we made in <Link to="/verbs/passive-verbs/#1-copy-the-roots-up-to-the-stems">the previous step</Link> and we're done!
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<div className="text-center lead">Passive Roots/Stems of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" }} /></div>
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={passiveLeedulInfo}
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/>
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There we go! Now we have all the roots and stems we need to make passive verb forms.
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## Using passive roots and stems
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Once we've made our <Link to="/verbs/passive-verbs/#how-to-make-passive-forms">passive roots and stems</Link> we can use them follow *the exact same verb formulas* to build all the same verb tenses, just in the passive voice.
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Let's try making different tenses with the passive roots and stems we just made for <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" }} />
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For example we know that to make the <Link to="/verbs/present-verbs/">present tense</Link> we use the formula:
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<Formula>
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Imperfective Stem + <Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/">Present Ending</Link>
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</Formula>
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So now we can use the *imperfective stem* of these passive roots and stems:
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={passiveLeedulInfo}
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highlighted={["imperfective stem"]}
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/>
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and say something like:
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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We also know that for the <Link to="/verbs/subjunctive-verbs/">subjunctive</Link> we use the formula:
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<Formula>
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Perfective Stem + <Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/">Present Ending</Link>
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</Formula>
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So let's take our passive *perfective stem*:
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={passiveLeedulInfo}
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highlighted={["perfective stem"]}
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/>
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and say...
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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We could do this same process for the future tense, using the imperfective and perfective roots to make the imperfective future,
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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and the perfective future:
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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Again, same thing for the past tense verbs. We know that the <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/">simple past</Link> is made with the formula:
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<Formula>
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Perfective root +{` `}
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<Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#past-verb-endings">Past verb ending</Link>
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</Formula>
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So we can grab the *perfective root*:
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<RootsAndStems
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textOptions={opts}
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info={passiveLeedulInfo}
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highlighted={["perfective root"]}
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||||
/>
|
||||
|
||||
and make a phrase like,
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
|
||||
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
||||
}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
Again, same thing for the past tense verbs. We know that the <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/#simple-past">simple past</Link> is made with the formula:
|
||||
|
||||
<Formula>
|
||||
Perfective root +{` `}
|
||||
<Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#past-verb-endings">Past verb ending</Link>
|
||||
</Formula>
|
||||
|
||||
So we take the *perfective root*:
|
||||
|
||||
<RootsAndStems
|
||||
textOptions={opts}
|
||||
info={passiveLeedulInfo}
|
||||
highlighted={["perfective root"]}
|
||||
/>
|
||||
|
||||
And we can say
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
|
||||
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
||||
}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
**Important note:** With the passive voice, we don't have an object anymore, so these phrases will follow the <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/#1-with-intransitive-verbs-">phrase structure for intransitive verbs</Link>.
|
||||
|
||||
The <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/#continuous-past">continuous past</Link> is made with the formula:
|
||||
|
||||
<Formula>
|
||||
Imperfective root +{` `}
|
||||
<Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#past-verb-endings">Past verb ending</Link>
|
||||
</Formula>
|
||||
|
||||
So we can grab the *imperfective root*:
|
||||
|
||||
<RootsAndStems
|
||||
textOptions={opts}
|
||||
info={passiveLeedulInfo}
|
||||
highlighted={["imperfective root"]}
|
||||
/>
|
||||
|
||||
and make a phrase like,
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
|
||||
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
||||
}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
Also same thing for making perfect forms, just follow <Link to="/verbs/perfect-verbs-intro/#how-to-make-perfect-tenses-">the same formula as we learned before</Link>. (<samp>Past participle + Equative</samp>)
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
|
||||
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
||||
}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
|
||||
{"blocks":[{"key":0.519783070125974,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9491826191102801,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"passive","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
||||
}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
So we see that to make verb forms in the passive forms we follow all the same formulas as we did with the active voice, but just using these new <Link to="/verbs/passive-voice#making-passive-roots-and-stems">passive roots and stems</Link>.
|
||||
|
||||
### More examples
|
||||
|
||||
IN PROGRESS
|
||||
|
|
@ -1803,10 +1803,10 @@
|
|||
rambda "^6.7.0"
|
||||
react-select "^5.2.2"
|
||||
|
||||
"@lingdocs/pashto-inflector@^3.5.3":
|
||||
version "3.5.3"
|
||||
resolved "https://npm.lingdocs.com/@lingdocs%2fpashto-inflector/-/pashto-inflector-3.5.3.tgz#3e07fe0c0d6bb12534e3580240acabd612f6f03f"
|
||||
integrity sha512-aZc2Cm1MxGX7OkeiAB908sZjPCYf+cO2+0OGwDKFDauef6zsRxvj0qb/S5xu7E3jQN7Qdx6+g9nx2YV/YqIklA==
|
||||
"@lingdocs/pashto-inflector@^3.5.4":
|
||||
version "3.5.4"
|
||||
resolved "https://npm.lingdocs.com/@lingdocs%2fpashto-inflector/-/pashto-inflector-3.5.4.tgz#deb03eded12d432545953401aba8274ee07046cc"
|
||||
integrity sha512-lCoidoOBjGjvtRPwnBy6UTE8Q50j1/ux/gXrXaxdfxi+URdxg2/EuDlHK3stgTM9kHPh91kfkVzjfY3aj+I23w==
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
"@formkit/auto-animate" "^1.0.0-beta.1"
|
||||
classnames "^2.2.6"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue