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lingdocs
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@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ export function EditIcon() {
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return <i className="fas fa-edit" />;
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}
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function EditableVPEx({ children, opts, formChoice, noEdit, length, mode }: {
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function EditableVPEx({ children, opts, formChoice, noEdit, length, mode, sub }: {
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children: T.VPSelectionState,
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opts: T.TextOptions,
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formChoice?: boolean,
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noEdit?: boolean,
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length?: "long" | "short",
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mode?: "text" | "blocks",
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sub?: string | JSX.Element,
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}) {
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const [editing, setEditing] = useState<boolean>(false);
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const [selectedLength, setSelectedLength] = useState<"long" | "short">(length || "short");
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@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ function EditableVPEx({ children, opts, formChoice, noEdit, length, mode }: {
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length={selectedLength}
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mode={mode}
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/>
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{sub && <div className="text-muted small">{sub}</div>}
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</div>;
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}
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@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ For instance if we want to say "I will serve *the people*" we have to say someth
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},
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])}</Examples>
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If we want to use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پوښتڼه کول", f: "poxtuna kawul", e: "to ask" }} /> say "I asked *you*", well we already have <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پوښټنه", f: "poxtuna", e: "" }} /> as the object, so we have to say "I did a question (object) *from you* (sandwich)."
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If we want to use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پوښتڼه کول", f: "poxtuna kawul", e: "to ask" }} /> say "I asked <em>you</em>", well we already have <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پوښټنه", f: "poxtuna", e: "" }} /> as the object, so we have to say "I did a question (object) *from you* (sandwich)."
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{
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@ -2,9 +2,123 @@
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title: More on Compounds
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---
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IN PROGRESS
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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RootsAndStems,
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getVerbInfo,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, PerfectiveHead, Camera, Video, Complement, BlockTerm, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links";
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import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
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import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx";
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import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
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import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks";
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import Image from "../../components/Image";
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import helperVerbsSummaryChart from "./helper-verbs-summary-chart.svg";
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import ironingStative from "./ironing-stative.svg";
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Once we learn about the difference between <Link to="/compound-verbs/stative-compounds/">stative</Link> and <Link to="/compound-verbs/dynamic-compounds/">dynamic</Link> compounds, a lot of confusion is removed.
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#### Dynamic Compounds
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- talk about an action/activity being done
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- are made up of:
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- a noun describing an action/activity
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- a helper verb
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- bring their own object (with transitive compounds the noun in the compound becomes the object of the phrase)
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- use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to do" }} /> or other helper verbs
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- you can recognize them when there's a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} /> added to <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to do" }} />
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#### Stative Compounds
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- talk about something changing (changing state)
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- are made up of:
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- a <Complement /> that describes the change
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- a helper verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to make" }} /> / <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedul", e: "to become" }} />
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- the complement gets <Link to="/compound-verbs/stative-compounds/#welding-">welded together</Link> as one block with the verb unless we're using the perfective aspect
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- If the complement is a adjective or noun and has a hard ending, it usually gets <Link to="/compound-verbs/stative-compounds/#squishing">squished together</Link> with the helper verb
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- you will never see a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} /> added to the helper verb
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But there are a couple of special cases to watch out for which can cause more confusion for the learner.
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## Some can be dynamic or stative
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Some compounds can be used as either dynamic *or* stative compounds. For instance with the compound verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري کول", f: "istree kawul", e: "to iron" }} /> you can use it either as:
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- a stative compound
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- as in "to iron \_\_\_\_" (to make \_\_\_\_ ironed)
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- a dynamic compound
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- as in "to do ironing" (to do the activity of ironing)
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#### استري کول as stative
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With the stative version we are using
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري", f: "istree", e: "iron" }} /> as a <Complement /> noun.
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul" }} /> as "to make"
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So we are talking about making an object ironed.
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<Image src={ironingStative} />
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In the past tense, the verb will always agree with the object that's being ironed (the <KingIcon /> of the phrase).
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815718,"i":10413,"p":"کمیس","f":"kamees","g":"kamees","e":"shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815718,"i":10413,"p":"کمیس","f":"kamees","g":"kamees","e":"shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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Also we notice that since we are using <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to make" }} /> as the helper verb, there is no <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "" }} /> prefix.
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#### استري کول as dynamic
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But we can also use a <Link to="/compound-verbs/dynamic-compounds/">dynamic</Link> version of this compound if we use
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري", f: "istree", e: "iron" }} /> as an action noun/object
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to do" }} /> as the helper verb
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Now instead of talking about making something ironed (stative), we are talking about **doing the action of ironing**
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<BasicBlocks large blocks={[
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{
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bottom: "Noun/Object",
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inside: <div>
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<div>استري</div>
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<div>iron</div>
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</div>,
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},
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"+",
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{
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bottom: "Helper Verb",
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inside: <div>
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<div>کول</div>
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<div>to do</div>
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</div>,
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},
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]} />
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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Now the object of the phrase is <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري", f: "istree", e: "iron" }} />, so in the past tense, the verb will <em>always</em> agree with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري", f: "istree", e: "iron" }} />. Even if you add a possesor to <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري", f: "istree", e: "iron" }} /> to say what she was ironing, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "استري", f: "istree", e: "iron" }} /> is *still* the object.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} sub="lit. she did ironing of the shirt">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815718,"i":10413,"p":"کمیس","f":"kamees","g":"kamees","e":"shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} sub="lit. she did ironing of the shirt">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815718,"i":10413,"p":"کمیس","f":"kamees","g":"kamees","e":"shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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#### Other examples
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## Some can be Dynamic or Stative
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## Generative Stative Compounds
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@ -37,14 +37,12 @@ Pashto has a very special way of shortening <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp">VP</
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So what is going on here? 🧐 This is another behaviour of Pashto that can seem very illogical or confusing to the learner. Thankfully though, there's a very clear rule about how these phrases are shortened up. **It's weird, but very simple**.
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## How to Shorten VPs
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### The Background
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## Background/Review
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In the previous chapter on <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp">VP structure</Link> we learned that there are two main actors in VPs
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1. The <strong>King</strong> <KingIcon /> is an <Link to="/phrase-structure/np">NP</Link> that controls the verb
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2. The <strong>Servant</strong> <ServantIcon /> is another <Link to="/phrase-structure/np">NP</Link>
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1. The <strong>King</strong> <KingIcon /> is an <Link to="/phrase-structure/np">NP</Link> that controls the verb (subject or object)
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2. The <strong>Servant</strong> <ServantIcon /> is another <Link to="/phrase-structure/np">NP</Link> (subject or object)
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The king and servant swap roles between the subject and object, depending on what kind of verb we're using.
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@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ Or if you want to see it in our little review chart...
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<img className="img-fluid" src={VPStructureSummary} alt={"VP structure in Pashto with past tense"} />
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</div>
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### The Rule
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## The Rule
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So, now that we've reviewed the roles of **king** <KingIcon /> and **servant** <ServantIcon /> all we need to know is one simple rule.
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@ -77,7 +75,9 @@ This is a litle memory aid to help us remember the two things that we can do to
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1. We can "kill the king" (leave out the king)
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2. We can "shrink the servant" (replace the servant with a <Link to="/pronouns/pronouns-mini/">mini-pronoun</Link>)
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### Example with a non-past transitive verb
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## Examples
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### With a non-past transitive verb
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Now we can look at some examples to see how this works. Let's take a very simple sentence:
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@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Now if we want to make our sentence *really* short we can **kill the king** *and
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It's very important to remember to play by the rules. You can **kill the king** and **shrink the servant** but you cannot kill the servant or shrink the king! 🙅♂ (That's another mistake that Pashto learners make a lot!)
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### Example with a past-tense transitive verb
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### With a past-tense transitive verb
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Let's try another example with a <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/#3-with-past-tense-transitive-verbs-">past-tense transitive verb</Link>. Now the roles of **king** <KingIcon /> and **servant** <ServantIcon /> will switch! But we still follow the same rules (kill the king, shrink the servant).
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@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ And of course we can do both **kill the king** and **shrink the servant**.
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Notice how our shortened sentences look completely different from the present-tense version above, but they follow the exact same two rules for shortening with the king and servant. This all feels like mental gymnastics to the learner, but Pashtuns will very casually use all these different forms of shortening depending on what they want to emphasize or the flow of conversation.
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### Example with an intransitive verb
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### With an intransitive verb
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Let's look at another example with an <Link to="/vp/#1-with-intransitive-verbs-">intransitive verb</Link>.
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