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pashto-grammar
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2
src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx
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@ -487,6 +487,8 @@ This is used to talk about:
## Overview of 8 Equatives
> "The language which can with the greatest ease make the finest and most numerous distinctions of meanings is the best." (C.S. Lewis, [Studies in Words](https://www.amazon.com/Studies-Words-Canto-Classics-Lewis/dp/1107688655/))
<h5>
1. <Link to="/equatives/present-equative/">Present Equative</Link>
</h5>

150
src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx
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@ -12,17 +12,32 @@ import mascEndingChart from "./masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg"
import femEndingChart from "./fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg";
import PluralTable from "./PluralTable";
import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
import {
pluralNounGame,
} from "../../games/games";
import { pluralNounGame } from "../../games/games";
import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay";
export const Pattern1 = () => <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">Pattern #1</Link>;
export const Pattern2 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-%DB%8C---ay">Pattern #2</Link>;
export const Pattern3 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-áy--">Pattern #3</Link>
export const Pattern4 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">Pattern #4</Link>
export const Pattern5 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">pattern #5</Link>;
export const Pattern1 = () => (
<Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">Pattern #1</Link>
);
export const Pattern2 = () => (
<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-%DB%8C---ay">
Pattern #2
</Link>
);
export const Pattern3 = () => (
<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-áy--">
Pattern #3
</Link>
);
export const Pattern4 = () => (
<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">
Pattern #4
</Link>
);
export const Pattern5 = () => (
<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">
pattern #5
</Link>
);
<VideoPlayer src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ExCIcMoeTc" />
@ -44,7 +59,7 @@ If a word is plural and also needs to be inflected for some other reason, we use
<PluralTable inflection>
{[
[
[
{
p: "ښوونکی",
f: "xUwóonkay",
@ -113,12 +128,12 @@ Notice that <Pattern1 /> masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection,
{ p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teachers (f.)" },
// { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers (f.)" },
],
[
[
{
p: "ګاونډۍ",
f: "gaawanDúy",
e: "neighbor (f.)",
sub: <Pattern3 />
sub: <Pattern3 />,
},
{ p: "ګاونډۍ", f: "gaawanDúy", e: "neighbors (f.)" },
// { p: "ګاونډیو", f: "gaawanDúyo", e: "neighbors (f.)" },
@ -133,7 +148,7 @@ Notice that <Pattern1 /> masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection,
{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
// { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
],
[
[
{
p: "غله",
f: "ghla",
@ -150,7 +165,8 @@ Notice that <Pattern1 /> masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection,
e: "difficulty",
sub: (
<Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">
inan. fem. ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs>
inan. fem. ending in{" "}
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }} />
</Link>
),
},
@ -218,9 +234,11 @@ This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie.
[
{ p: "واده", f: "waadú", e: "wedding" },
{
p: "وادونه", f: "waadóona", e: "weddings",
p: "وادونه",
f: "waadóona",
e: "weddings",
},
]
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -228,7 +246,7 @@ This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie.
##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns
This ending is also used with <Pattern1 /> nouns.
This ending is also used with <Pattern1 /> nouns.
This is _usually_ only used with animate nouns (people or animals).
@ -274,8 +292,8 @@ In this case, the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "áy" }} /> gets squis
{ p: "زلمیان", f: "zalmiyáan", e: "young lads" },
],
[
{ p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)"},
{ p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis"},
{ p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)" },
{ p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -290,15 +308,15 @@ Note that with these kinds of animate nouns we have a choice to either use the p
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected"}
{ p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected" },
],
[
{ p: "سپی", f: "spáy", e: "dog" },
{ p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending"}
{ p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected"}
{ p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected" },
],
[
{ p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" },
@ -325,7 +343,7 @@ If the long vowel is an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa" }} /> or <I
],
[
{ p: "باڼو", f: "baaNoo", e: "eyelash" },
{ p: "باڼوګان", f: "baaNoogáan", e: "eyelashes"}
{ p: "باڼوګان", f: "baaNoogáan", e: "eyelashes" },
],
[
{ p: "کاکا", f: "kaakaa", e: "paternal uncle" },
@ -345,14 +363,18 @@ If long vowel is a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }} />, then the
[
{ p: "درزي", f: "darzée", e: "tailor" },
{
p: "دریان", f: "darziyáan", e: "tailors",
p: "دریان",
f: "darziyáan",
e: "tailors",
},
],
[
{ p: "یاغي", f: "yaaghée", e: "rebel" },
{
p: "یاغیان", f: "yaaghiyáan", e: "rebels",
}
p: "یاغیان",
f: "yaaghiyáan",
e: "rebels",
},
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -374,7 +396,7 @@ If long vowel is a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }} />, then the
##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns
Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> ending to feminine <Pattern1 /> nouns. Notice that this is the same as the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending, but with an added <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end to signify femininity.
Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> ending to feminine <Pattern1 /> nouns. Notice that this is the same as the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending, but with an added <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end to signify femininity.
<PluralTable>
{[
@ -388,8 +410,8 @@ Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a <InlinePs opts={opt
],
[
{ p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" },
{ p: "نرسانې", f: "nursáane", e: "nurses (f.)" },
]
{ p: "نرسانې", f: "nursáane", e: "nurses (f.)" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -399,7 +421,12 @@ Notice that with these types of nouns we have the option of either using these p
{[
[
{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
{ p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
{
p: "ډاکټرانې",
f: "DakTaráane",
e: "doctors (f.)",
sub: "w/ plural ending",
},
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
@ -423,15 +450,19 @@ In the same way we added the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }}
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)"},
{ p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)"},
{ p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)" },
{ p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)",
p: "بچۍ",
f: "bachúy",
e: "child (f.)",
},
{
p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)",
p: "بچیانې",
f: "bachiyáane",
e: "children (f.)",
},
],
]}
@ -443,18 +474,26 @@ Again, with this form we have the option to use either the plural endings or jus
{[
[
{
p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)",
p: "بچۍ",
f: "bachúy",
e: "child (f.)",
},
{
p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending"
p: "بچیانې",
f: "bachiyáane",
e: "children (f.)",
sub: "w/ plural ending",
},
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{
p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "children (f.)", sub: "inflected"
}
]
p: "بچۍ",
f: "bachúy",
e: "children (f.)",
sub: "inflected",
},
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -477,9 +516,11 @@ If a noun ends ends in a long vowel <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa"
[
{ p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" },
{
p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs",
p: "اړتیاوې",
f: "aRtiyáawe",
e: "needs",
},
]
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -502,9 +543,11 @@ If a noun ends ends in a long vowel <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa"
[
{ p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" },
{
p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs",
p: "اړتیاوې",
f: "aRtiyáawe",
e: "needs",
},
]
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -525,9 +568,11 @@ Often instead of the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "وې" }} /> endi
[
{ p: "یې", f: "ye", e: "the letter ی" },
{
p: "یې ګانې", f: "ye gáane", e: "the ی letters",
p: "یې ګانې",
f: "ye gáane",
e: "the ی letters",
},
]
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -543,14 +588,22 @@ The <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> can be added to fe
],
[
{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" },
{ p: "سختیانې", f: "sakhtiyáane", e: "difficulties", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
{
p: "سختیانې",
f: "sakhtiyáane",
e: "difficulties",
sub: "w/ plural ending",
},
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{
p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties", sub: "inflected"
p: "سختۍ",
f: "sakhtúy",
e: "difficulties",
sub: "inflected",
},
]
],
]}
</PluralTable>
@ -566,4 +619,3 @@ The <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> can be added to fe
</div>
<GameDisplay record={pluralNounGame} />

569
src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.txt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
---
title: Making Nouns Plural
---
import {
Examples,
InlinePs,
defaultTextOptions as opts,
} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
import Link from "../../components/Link";
import mascEndingChart from "./masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg";
import femEndingChart from "./fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg";
import PluralTable from "./PluralTable";
import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
import {
pluralNounGame,
} from "../../games/games";
import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay";
export const Pattern1 = () => <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">Pattern #1</Link>;
export const Pattern2 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-%DB%8C---ay">Pattern #2</Link>;
export const Pattern3 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-áy--">Pattern #3</Link>
export const Pattern4 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">Pattern #4</Link>
export const Pattern5 = () => <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">pattern #5</Link>;
<VideoPlayer src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ExCIcMoeTc" />
In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn _all_ these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options:
1. If possible, <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro">inflect</Link> it.
2. Add a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#plural-endings">plural ending</Link>, or
3. If the word has an <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#irregular-plurals">irregular plural</Link> use that.
## Plural by Inflection
To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/">5 and a half inflection patterns</Link>. Here are some examples of nouns made plural using inflection.
If a word is plural and also needs to be inflected for some other reason, we use the second or "double inflection" ending in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـو", f: "o" }} />. For more info about this "double inflection," see the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro">inflection</Link> section.
### Inflecting masculine nouns
<PluralTable inflection>
{[
[
{
p: "ښوونکی",
f: "xUwóonkay",
e: "teacher",
sub: <Pattern2 />,
},
{ p: "ښوونکي", f: "xUwóonkee", e: "teachers" },
// { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers" },
],
[
{
p: "سړی",
f: "saRáy",
e: "man",
sub: <Pattern3 />,
},
{ p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" },
// { p: "سړیو", f: "saRúyo", e: "men" },
],
[
{
p: "پښتون",
f: "puxtóon",
e: "a Pashtun",
sub: <Pattern4 />,
},
{ p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" },
// { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns"}
],
[
{
p: "غل",
f: "ghul",
e: "thief",
sub: <Pattern5 />,
},
{ p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" },
// { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "thieves" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
Notice that <Pattern1 /> masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection, so to make these plural we will use the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#plural-endings">plural endings</Link> below.
### Inflecting feminine nouns
<PluralTable inflection>
{[
[
{
p: "ښڅه",
f: "xúdza",
e: "woman",
sub: <Pattern1 />,
},
{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women" },
// { p: "ښځو", f: "xúdzo", e: "women" },
],
[
{
p: "ښوونکې",
f: "xUwóonke",
e: "teacher (f.)",
sub: <Pattern2 />,
},
{ p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teachers (f.)" },
// { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "ګاونډۍ",
f: "gaawanDúy",
e: "neighbor (f.)",
sub: <Pattern3 />
},
{ p: "ګاونډۍ", f: "gaawanDúy", e: "neighbors (f.)" },
// { p: "ګاونډیو", f: "gaawanDúyo", e: "neighbors (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "پښتنه",
f: "puxtaná",
e: "a Pashtun (f.)",
sub: <Pattern4 />,
},
{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
// { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "غله",
f: "ghla",
e: "thief (f.)",
sub: <Pattern5 />,
},
{ p: "غلې", f: "ghle", e: "thieves (f.)" },
// { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "thieves (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "سختي",
f: "sakhtée",
e: "difficulty",
sub: (
<Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">
inan. fem. ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs>
</Link>
),
},
{ p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" },
// { p: "سختیو", f: "sakhtúyo", e: "difficulties" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
Note that in the second and thrid patterns, feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same. As we'll see below, in some cases we can express the plural using plural endings.
<PluralTable inflection>
{[
[
{
p: "ملګرې",
f: "malgúre",
e: "friend (f.)",
sub: <Pattern2 />,
},
{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "کړکۍ",
f: "kuRkúy",
e: "window",
sub: <Pattern3 />,
},
{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
## Plural Endings
Pashto also has plural endings that you can add on the end of nouns to make them plural. Many words don't fit into the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/">5 and a half inflection patterns</Link>, and so we need to use these plural endings. In some cases, even if a word inflects, people will often use a plural ending instead.
### Masculine Plural Endings
#### Plural Ending ونه - óona
This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into <Pattern1 />. In other words, this only works with masculine nouns that end in a consonant or a shwa sound <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "u" }} />.
This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie. not with people or animals).
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" },
{ p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" },
],
[
{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" },
{ p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" },
],
[
{ p: "لاس", f: "laas", e: "hand" },
{ p: "لاسونه", f: "laasóona", e: "hands" },
],
[
{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" },
{ p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" },
],
[
{ p: "واده", f: "waadú", e: "wedding" },
{
p: "وادونه", f: "waadóona", e: "weddings",
},
]
]}
</PluralTable>
#### Plural Ending ان - áan
##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns
This ending is also used with <Pattern1 /> nouns.
This is _usually_ only used with animate nouns (people or animals).
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" },
{ p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" },
],
[
{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" },
{ p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" },
],
[
{ p: "ډاکټر", f: "DakTár", e: "doctor" },
{ p: "ډاکټران", f: "DakTaráan", e: "doctor" },
],
[
{ p: "لېوه", f: "lewú", e: "wolf" },
{ p: "لېوان", f: "lewáan", e: "wolves" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
##### With Pattern #3 Animate Nouns
This ending is also used with <Pattern3 /> animate nouns, nouns people or animals that end in a stressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "áy" }} />.
In this case, the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "áy" }} /> gets squished into a little filler <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "iy" }} /> sound before the ending.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "زمری", f: "zmaráy", e: "lion" },
{ p: "زمریان", f: "zmariyáan", e: "lions" },
],
[
{ p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" },
{ p: "بچیان", f: "bachiyáan", e: "children" },
],
[
{ p: "زلمی", f: "zalmáy", e: "young lad" },
{ p: "زلمیان", f: "zalmiyáan", e: "young lads" },
],
[
{ p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)"},
{ p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis"},
],
]}
</PluralTable>
Note that with these kinds of animate nouns we have a choice to either use the plural <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending, or to just use the inflected form for plural.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "زمری", f: "zmaráy", e: "lion" },
{ p: "زمریان", f: "zmariyáan", e: "lions", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected"}
],
[
{ p: "سپی", f: "spáy", e: "dog" },
{ p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending"}
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected"}
],
[
{ p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" },
{ p: "بچیان", f: "bachiyáan", e: "children" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "بچي", f: "bachée", e: "children" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
##### With Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel
If a noun ends ends in a long vowel, the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending is used regardless of if it's animate or inanimate.
If the long vowel is an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa" }} /> or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} />, a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> as a spacer between the ending and the vowel.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "maternal uncle" },
{ p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "maternal uncles" },
],
[
{ p: "باڼو", f: "baaNoo", e: "eyelash" },
{ p: "باڼوګان", f: "baaNoogáan", e: "eyelashes"}
],
[
{ p: "کاکا", f: "kaakaa", e: "paternal uncle" },
{ p: "کاکاګان", f: "kaakaagáan", e: "paternal uncles" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
If long vowel is a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }} />, then the ending turns into <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "یان", f: "iyáan" }} /> as it did with the <Link to="nouns/nouns-plural/#with-pattern-3-animate-nouns">pattern #3 animate nouns</Link> above.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "قاضي", f: "qaazée", e: "judge" },
{ p: "قاضیان", f: "qaaziyáan", e: "judges" },
],
[
{ p: "درزي", f: "darzée", e: "tailor" },
{
p: "دریان", f: "darziyáan", e: "tailors",
},
],
[
{ p: "یاغي", f: "yaaghée", e: "rebel" },
{
p: "یاغیان", f: "yaaghiyáan", e: "rebels",
}
],
]}
</PluralTable>
#### Decision chart for adding plural endings to masculine nouns
<div className="text-center">
<img
className="img-fluid mb-4 mt-2"
src={mascEndingChart}
alt="decision chart for adding plural endings to masculine nouns in Pashto"
style={{ margin: "0 auto" }}
/>
</div>
### Feminine Plural Endings
#### Plural Ending انې - áane
##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns
Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> ending to feminine <Pattern1 /> nouns. Notice that this is the same as the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending, but with an added <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end to signify femininity.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
{ p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)" },
],
[
{ p: "چرګه", f: "chárga", e: "hen (f.)" },
{ p: "چرګان", f: "chargáan", e: "hens (f.)" },
],
[
{ p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" },
{ p: "نرسانې", f: "nursáane", e: "nurses (f.)" },
]
]}
</PluralTable>
Notice that with these types of nouns we have the option of either using these plural endings or just inflecting them.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
{ p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "ډاکټرې", f: "DakTáre", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "inflected" },
],
[
{ p: "چرګه", f: "chárga", e: "hen (f.)" },
{ p: "چرګان", f: "chargáan", e: "hens (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{ p: "چرګې", f: "chárge", e: "hens (f.)", sud: "inflected" },
],
]}
</PluralTable>
##### With Pattern #3 Animate Nouns
In the same way we added the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending to masculine <Pattern3 /> animate nouns, we can add the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> ending to feminine <Pattern3 /> animate nouns.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)"},
{ p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)"},
],
[
{
p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)",
},
{
p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)",
},
],
]}
</PluralTable>
Again, with this form we have the option to use either the plural endings or just use the inflected form (which doesn't change from the feminine plain form).
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{
p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)",
},
{
p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending"
},
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{
p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "children (f.)", sub: "inflected"
}
]
]}
</PluralTable>
#### With Feminine Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel
##### The وې ending
If a noun ends ends in a long vowel <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} /> the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "وې" }} /> ending can be added for plurals.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
{ p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" },
],
[
{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" },
{ p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats" },
],
[
{ p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" },
{
p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs",
},
]
]}
</PluralTable>
#### With Feminine Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel
##### The وې ending
If a noun ends ends in a long vowel <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ا", f: "aa" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} /> the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "وې" }} /> ending can be added for plurals.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
{ p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" },
],
[
{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" },
{ p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats" },
],
[
{ p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" },
{
p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs",
},
]
]}
</PluralTable>
##### The ګانې ending
Often instead of the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "وې" }} /> ending, people use the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> ending with the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> spacer. This can also be used for singular feminine nouns ending in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} />.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
{ p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" },
],
[
{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" },
{ p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats" },
],
[
{ p: "یې", f: "ye", e: "the letter ی" },
{
p: "یې ګانې", f: "ye gáane", e: "the ی letters",
},
]
]}
</PluralTable>
##### With Feminine Nouns Ending in ي or ۍ
The <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انې", f: "áane" }} /> can be added to feminine nouns ending in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ي", f: "ée" }} /> or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ۍ", f: "úy" }} />, although this is _usually done with animate nouns_.
<PluralTable>
{[
[
{ p: "قاضۍ", f: "qaazúy", e: "judge (f.)" },
{ p: "فاضیانې", f: "qaaziyáane", e: "judges (f.)" },
],
[
{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" },
{ p: "سختیانې", f: "sakhtiyáane", e: "difficulties", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
{
p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties", sub: "inflected"
},
]
]}
</PluralTable>
#### Decision chart for adding plural endings to feminine nouns
<div className="text-center">
<img
className="img-fluid mb-4 mt-2"
src={femEndingChart}
alt="decision chart for adding plural endings to feminine nouns in Pashto"
style={{ margin: "0 auto" }}
/>
</div>
<GameDisplay record={pluralNounGame} />