diff --git a/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx b/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx index 06285e5..5ae397c 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx +++ b/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx @@ -487,6 +487,8 @@ This is used to talk about: ## Overview of 8 Equatives +> "The language which can with the greatest ease make the finest and most numerous distinctions of meanings is the best." (C.S. Lewis, [Studies in Words](https://www.amazon.com/Studies-Words-Canto-Classics-Lewis/dp/1107688655/)) +
1. Present Equative
diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx index 27403b9..08ef193 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx @@ -12,17 +12,32 @@ import mascEndingChart from "./masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg" import femEndingChart from "./fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg"; import PluralTable from "./PluralTable"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; -import { - pluralNounGame, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { pluralNounGame } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; -export const Pattern1 = () => Pattern #1; -export const Pattern2 = () => Pattern #2; -export const Pattern3 = () => Pattern #3 -export const Pattern4 = () => Pattern #4 -export const Pattern5 = () => pattern #5; - +export const Pattern1 = () => ( + Pattern #1 +); +export const Pattern2 = () => ( + + Pattern #2 + +); +export const Pattern3 = () => ( + + Pattern #3 + +); +export const Pattern4 = () => ( + + Pattern #4 + +); +export const Pattern5 = () => ( + + pattern #5 + +); @@ -44,7 +59,7 @@ If a word is plural and also needs to be inflected for some other reason, we use {[ - [ + [ { p: "ښوونکی", f: "xUwóonkay", @@ -113,12 +128,12 @@ Notice that masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection, { p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teachers (f.)" }, // { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers (f.)" }, ], - [ + [ { p: "ګاونډۍ", f: "gaawanDúy", e: "neighbor (f.)", - sub: + sub: , }, { p: "ګاونډۍ", f: "gaawanDúy", e: "neighbors (f.)" }, // { p: "ګاونډیو", f: "gaawanDúyo", e: "neighbors (f.)" }, @@ -133,7 +148,7 @@ Notice that masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }, // { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }, ], - [ + [ { p: "غله", f: "ghla", @@ -150,7 +165,8 @@ Notice that masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection, e: "difficulty", sub: ( - inan. fem. ending in {{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }} + inan. fem. ending in{" "} + ), }, @@ -218,9 +234,11 @@ This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie. [ { p: "واده", f: "waadú", e: "wedding" }, { - p: "وادونه", f: "waadóona", e: "weddings", + p: "وادونه", + f: "waadóona", + e: "weddings", }, - ] + ], ]} @@ -228,7 +246,7 @@ This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie. ##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns -This ending is also used with nouns. +This ending is also used with nouns. This is _usually_ only used with animate nouns (people or animals). @@ -274,8 +292,8 @@ In this case, the gets squis { p: "زلمیان", f: "zalmiyáan", e: "young lads" }, ], [ - { p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)"}, - { p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis"}, + { p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)" }, + { p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis" }, ], ]} @@ -290,15 +308,15 @@ Note that with these kinds of animate nouns we have a choice to either use the p ], [ { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, - { p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected"} + { p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected" }, ], [ { p: "سپی", f: "spáy", e: "dog" }, - { p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending"} + { p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, ], [ { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, - { p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected"} + { p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected" }, ], [ { p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" }, @@ -325,7 +343,7 @@ If the long vowel is an or , then the [ { p: "درزي", f: "darzée", e: "tailor" }, { - p: "دریان", f: "darziyáan", e: "tailors", + p: "دریان", + f: "darziyáan", + e: "tailors", }, ], [ { p: "یاغي", f: "yaaghée", e: "rebel" }, { - p: "یاغیان", f: "yaaghiyáan", e: "rebels", - } + p: "یاغیان", + f: "yaaghiyáan", + e: "rebels", + }, ], ]} @@ -374,7 +396,7 @@ If long vowel is a , then the ##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns -Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a ending to feminine nouns. Notice that this is the same as the ending, but with an added on the end to signify femininity. +Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a ending to feminine nouns. Notice that this is the same as the ending, but with an added on the end to signify femininity. {[ @@ -388,8 +410,8 @@ Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a @@ -399,7 +421,12 @@ Notice that with these types of nouns we have the option of either using these p {[ [ { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" }, - { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, + { + p: "ډاکټرانې", + f: "DakTaráane", + e: "doctors (f.)", + sub: "w/ plural ending", + }, ], [ { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, @@ -423,15 +450,19 @@ In the same way we added the {[ [ - { p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)"}, - { p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)"}, + { p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)" }, + { p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)" }, ], [ { - p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)", + p: "بچۍ", + f: "bachúy", + e: "child (f.)", }, { - p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", + p: "بچیانې", + f: "bachiyáane", + e: "children (f.)", }, ], ]} @@ -443,18 +474,26 @@ Again, with this form we have the option to use either the plural endings or jus {[ [ { - p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)", + p: "بچۍ", + f: "bachúy", + e: "child (f.)", }, { - p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" + p: "بچیانې", + f: "bachiyáane", + e: "children (f.)", + sub: "w/ plural ending", }, ], [ { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, { - p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "children (f.)", sub: "inflected" - } - ] + p: "بچۍ", + f: "bachúy", + e: "children (f.)", + sub: "inflected", + }, + ], ]} @@ -477,9 +516,11 @@ If a noun ends ends in a long vowel @@ -502,9 +543,11 @@ If a noun ends ends in a long vowel @@ -525,9 +568,11 @@ Often instead of the endi [ { p: "یې", f: "ye", e: "the letter ی" }, { - p: "یې ګانې", f: "ye gáane", e: "the ی letters", + p: "یې ګانې", + f: "ye gáane", + e: "the ی letters", }, - ] + ], ]} @@ -543,14 +588,22 @@ The can be added to fe ], [ { p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" }, - { p: "سختیانې", f: "sakhtiyáane", e: "difficulties", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, + { + p: "سختیانې", + f: "sakhtiyáane", + e: "difficulties", + sub: "w/ plural ending", + }, ], [ { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, { - p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties", sub: "inflected" + p: "سختۍ", + f: "sakhtúy", + e: "difficulties", + sub: "inflected", }, - ] + ], ]} @@ -566,4 +619,3 @@ The can be added to fe - diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.txt b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27403b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.txt @@ -0,0 +1,569 @@ +--- +title: Making Nouns Plural +--- + +import { + Examples, + InlinePs, + defaultTextOptions as opts, +} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import Link from "../../components/Link"; +import mascEndingChart from "./masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg"; +import femEndingChart from "./fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg"; +import PluralTable from "./PluralTable"; +import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; +import { + pluralNounGame, +} from "../../games/games"; +import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; + +export const Pattern1 = () => Pattern #1; +export const Pattern2 = () => Pattern #2; +export const Pattern3 = () => Pattern #3 +export const Pattern4 = () => Pattern #4 +export const Pattern5 = () => pattern #5; + + + + +In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn _all_ these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural. + +Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options: + +1. If possible, inflect it. +2. Add a plural ending, or +3. If the word has an irregular plural use that. + +## Plural by Inflection + +To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the 5 and a half inflection patterns. Here are some examples of nouns made plural using inflection. + +If a word is plural and also needs to be inflected for some other reason, we use the second or "double inflection" ending in . For more info about this "double inflection," see the inflection section. + +### Inflecting masculine nouns + + + {[ + [ + { + p: "ښوونکی", + f: "xUwóonkay", + e: "teacher", + sub: , + }, + { p: "ښوونکي", f: "xUwóonkee", e: "teachers" }, + // { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "سړی", + f: "saRáy", + e: "man", + sub: , + }, + { p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" }, + // { p: "سړیو", f: "saRúyo", e: "men" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "پښتون", + f: "puxtóon", + e: "a Pashtun", + sub: , + }, + { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }, + // { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns"} + ], + [ + { + p: "غل", + f: "ghul", + e: "thief", + sub: , + }, + { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }, + // { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "thieves" }, + ], + ]} + + +Notice that masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection, so to make these plural we will use the plural endings below. + +### Inflecting feminine nouns + + + {[ + [ + { + p: "ښڅه", + f: "xúdza", + e: "woman", + sub: , + }, + { p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women" }, + // { p: "ښځو", f: "xúdzo", e: "women" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "ښوونکې", + f: "xUwóonke", + e: "teacher (f.)", + sub: , + }, + { p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teachers (f.)" }, + // { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "ګاونډۍ", + f: "gaawanDúy", + e: "neighbor (f.)", + sub: + }, + { p: "ګاونډۍ", f: "gaawanDúy", e: "neighbors (f.)" }, + // { p: "ګاونډیو", f: "gaawanDúyo", e: "neighbors (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "پښتنه", + f: "puxtaná", + e: "a Pashtun (f.)", + sub: , + }, + { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }, + // { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "غله", + f: "ghla", + e: "thief (f.)", + sub: , + }, + { p: "غلې", f: "ghle", e: "thieves (f.)" }, + // { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "thieves (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "سختي", + f: "sakhtée", + e: "difficulty", + sub: ( + + inan. fem. ending in {{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }} + + ), + }, + { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }, + // { p: "سختیو", f: "sakhtúyo", e: "difficulties" }, + ], + ]} + + +Note that in the second and thrid patterns, feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same. As we'll see below, in some cases we can express the plural using plural endings. + + + {[ + [ + { + p: "ملګرې", + f: "malgúre", + e: "friend (f.)", + sub: , + }, + { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "کړکۍ", + f: "kuRkúy", + e: "window", + sub: , + }, + { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }, + ], + ]} + + +## Plural Endings + +Pashto also has plural endings that you can add on the end of nouns to make them plural. Many words don't fit into the 5 and a half inflection patterns, and so we need to use these plural endings. In some cases, even if a word inflects, people will often use a plural ending instead. + +### Masculine Plural Endings + +#### Plural Ending ونه - óona + +This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into . In other words, this only works with masculine nouns that end in a consonant or a shwa sound . + +This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie. not with people or animals). + + + {[ + [ + { p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" }, + { p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" }, + ], + [ + { p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" }, + { p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" }, + ], + [ + { p: "لاس", f: "laas", e: "hand" }, + { p: "لاسونه", f: "laasóona", e: "hands" }, + ], + [ + { p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" }, + { p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" }, + ], + [ + { p: "واده", f: "waadú", e: "wedding" }, + { + p: "وادونه", f: "waadóona", e: "weddings", + }, + ] + ]} + + +#### Plural Ending ان - áan + +##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns + +This ending is also used with nouns. + +This is _usually_ only used with animate nouns (people or animals). + + + {[ + [ + { p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" }, + { p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" }, + ], + [ + { p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" }, + { p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ډاکټر", f: "DakTár", e: "doctor" }, + { p: "ډاکټران", f: "DakTaráan", e: "doctor" }, + ], + [ + { p: "لېوه", f: "lewú", e: "wolf" }, + { p: "لېوان", f: "lewáan", e: "wolves" }, + ], + ]} + + +##### With Pattern #3 Animate Nouns + +This ending is also used with animate nouns, nouns people or animals that end in a stressed . + +In this case, the gets squished into a little filler sound before the ending. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "زمری", f: "zmaráy", e: "lion" }, + { p: "زمریان", f: "zmariyáan", e: "lions" }, + ], + [ + { p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" }, + { p: "بچیان", f: "bachiyáan", e: "children" }, + ], + [ + { p: "زلمی", f: "zalmáy", e: "young lad" }, + { p: "زلمیان", f: "zalmiyáan", e: "young lads" }, + ], + [ + { p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)"}, + { p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis"}, + ], + ]} + + +Note that with these kinds of animate nouns we have a choice to either use the plural ending, or to just use the inflected form for plural. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "زمری", f: "zmaráy", e: "lion" }, + { p: "زمریان", f: "zmariyáan", e: "lions", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected"} + ], + [ + { p: "سپی", f: "spáy", e: "dog" }, + { p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending"} + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected"} + ], + [ + { p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" }, + { p: "بچیان", f: "bachiyáan", e: "children" }, + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { p: "بچي", f: "bachée", e: "children" }, + ], + ]} + + +##### With Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel + +If a noun ends ends in a long vowel, the ending is used regardless of if it's animate or inanimate. + +If the long vowel is an or , a as a spacer between the ending and the vowel. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "maternal uncle" }, + { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "maternal uncles" }, + ], + [ + { p: "باڼو", f: "baaNoo", e: "eyelash" }, + { p: "باڼوګان", f: "baaNoogáan", e: "eyelashes"} + ], + [ + { p: "کاکا", f: "kaakaa", e: "paternal uncle" }, + { p: "کاکاګان", f: "kaakaagáan", e: "paternal uncles" }, + ], + ]} + + +If long vowel is a , then the ending turns into as it did with the pattern #3 animate nouns above. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "قاضي", f: "qaazée", e: "judge" }, + { p: "قاضیان", f: "qaaziyáan", e: "judges" }, + ], + [ + { p: "درزي", f: "darzée", e: "tailor" }, + { + p: "دریان", f: "darziyáan", e: "tailors", + }, + ], + [ + { p: "یاغي", f: "yaaghée", e: "rebel" }, + { + p: "یاغیان", f: "yaaghiyáan", e: "rebels", + } + ], + ]} + + +#### Decision chart for adding plural endings to masculine nouns + +
+ decision chart for adding plural endings to masculine nouns in Pashto +
+ +### Feminine Plural Endings + +#### Plural Ending انې - áane + +##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns + +Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a ending to feminine nouns. Notice that this is the same as the ending, but with an added on the end to signify femininity. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" }, + { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "چرګه", f: "chárga", e: "hen (f.)" }, + { p: "چرګان", f: "chargáan", e: "hens (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" }, + { p: "نرسانې", f: "nursáane", e: "nurses (f.)" }, + ] + ]} + + +Notice that with these types of nouns we have the option of either using these plural endings or just inflecting them. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" }, + { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { p: "ډاکټرې", f: "DakTáre", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "inflected" }, + ], + [ + { p: "چرګه", f: "chárga", e: "hen (f.)" }, + { p: "چرګان", f: "chargáan", e: "hens (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { p: "چرګې", f: "chárge", e: "hens (f.)", sud: "inflected" }, + ], + ]} + + +##### With Pattern #3 Animate Nouns + +In the same way we added the ending to masculine animate nouns, we can add the ending to feminine animate nouns. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)"}, + { p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)"}, + ], + [ + { + p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)", + }, + { + p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", + }, + ], + ]} + + +Again, with this form we have the option to use either the plural endings or just use the inflected form (which doesn't change from the feminine plain form). + + + {[ + [ + { + p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)", + }, + { + p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" + }, + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { + p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "children (f.)", sub: "inflected" + } + ] + ]} + + +#### With Feminine Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel + +##### The وې ending + +If a noun ends ends in a long vowel , , or the ending can be added for plurals. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" }, + { p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" }, + ], + [ + { p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" }, + { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats" }, + ], + [ + { p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" }, + { + p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs", + }, + ] + ]} + + +#### With Feminine Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel + +##### The وې ending + +If a noun ends ends in a long vowel , , or the ending can be added for plurals. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" }, + { p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" }, + ], + [ + { p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" }, + { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats" }, + ], + [ + { p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" }, + { + p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs", + }, + ] + ]} + + +##### The ګانې ending + +Often instead of the ending, people use the ending with the spacer. This can also be used for singular feminine nouns ending in . + + + {[ + [ + { p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" }, + { p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" }, + ], + [ + { p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" }, + { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats" }, + ], + [ + { p: "یې", f: "ye", e: "the letter ی" }, + { + p: "یې ګانې", f: "ye gáane", e: "the ی letters", + }, + ] + ]} + + +##### With Feminine Nouns Ending in ي or ۍ + +The can be added to feminine nouns ending in or , although this is _usually done with animate nouns_. + + + {[ + [ + { p: "قاضۍ", f: "qaazúy", e: "judge (f.)" }, + { p: "فاضیانې", f: "qaaziyáane", e: "judges (f.)" }, + ], + [ + { p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" }, + { p: "سختیانې", f: "sakhtiyáane", e: "difficulties", sub: "w/ plural ending" }, + ], + [ + { p: "", f: "", e: "" }, + { + p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties", sub: "inflected" + }, + ] + ]} + + +#### Decision chart for adding plural endings to feminine nouns + +
+ decision chart for adding plural endings to feminine nouns in Pashto +
+ + +