most of directional pronouns chapter

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lingdocs 2021-07-26 21:30:15 +03:00
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@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import * as sentenceStructure from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/sentence-st
import * as pronounsBasic from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx"; import * as pronounsBasic from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx";
import * as pronounsMini from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx"; import * as pronounsMini from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx";
import * as directionalPronouns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx";
import * as inflectionIntro from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx"; import * as inflectionIntro from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx";
import * as inflectionPatterns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx"; import * as inflectionPatterns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx";
@ -137,6 +138,10 @@ const contentTree = [
import: pronounsMini, import: pronounsMini,
slug: "pronouns-mini", slug: "pronouns-mini",
}, },
{
import: directionalPronouns,
slug: "pronouns-directional",
},
], ],
}, },
{ {

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---
title: Directional Pronouns
---
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import {
defaultTextOptions as opts,
grammarUnits,
VerbTable,
Examples,
InlinePs,
} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
import Link from "../../components/Link";
Pashto has 3 **directional pronouns** that indicate the direction that a word is focussed towards.
<table className="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Person</th>
<th scope="col">Directional Pronoun</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1st</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{ p: "را", f: "raa", e: "me, we" },
]}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{ p: "در", f: "dăr", e: "you, you (pl.)" },
]}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{ p: "ور", f: "wăr", e: "him, her, it, them" },
]}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## With the Verb "to give"
There are different verbs used for "to give" depending on which direction the giving is happening.
<table className="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Person Receiving</th>
<th scope="col">Verb</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1st</td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "راکول", f: "raakawúl", e: "to give to me/us" }} />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd</td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "درکول", f: "dărkawúl", e: "to give to you/you pl." }} />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd</td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ورکول", f: "wărkawul", e: "to give to him/her/it/them" }} />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
The choice of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "را، در، ور", f: "raa, dăr, wăr" }} /> depends on **who is on the receiving end of the giving**.
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{ p: "ما ته کتاب **راکړه**", f: "maa ta kitáab **ráakRa**", e: "**Give** me the book." },
{ p: "مونږ ته پیسې **راکوي**", f: "moonG ta peysé **raakawee**", e: "He **gives** us money." },
{ p: "چای **درکړم**؟", f: "chaay **dărkRum**?", e: "Should I **give** you tea?" },
{ p: "تاسو ته پیسې **درکوي**.", f: "taaso ta peysé **dărkawee**.", e: "He **gives** you money." },
{ p: "دا کتاب ده ته **ورکړه**", f: "daa kitaab du ta **wărkRa**", e: "**Give** this book to him." },
{ p: "مونږ هغوي ته پیسې **ورکوو**", f: "moonG haghwee ta peyse **wărkawoo**.", e: "We **give** them money." },
])}</Examples>
## With "to go"
It's very common to add the directional pronouns in front of the verbs "to go" to indication which direction someone is going.
<table className="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Direction</th>
<th scope="col">Verb</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تلل", f: "tlúl", e: "to go" }} />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st</td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "راتلل", f: "raatlúl", e: "to come - here, to me/us" }} />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd</td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "درتلل", f: "dărtlúl", e: "to go - to you)" }} />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd</td>
<td>
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ورتلل", f: "wărtlúl", e: "to go - there, to him/her/them" }} />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{ p: "هغه اوس **راځي**", f: "haghá oos **raadzée**", e: "He's **coming** now" },
{ p: "دلته **راشه**!", f: "dălta **ráasha**!", e: "**Come** here!" },
{ p: "هلته **ورشه**!", f: "hălta **wărsha**!", e: "**Go** there!" },
{ p: "زه **درځم**.", f: "zu **dărdzúm**", e: "I'm **coming** to you." },
])}</Examples>
These directional verbs are really common when talking about someone knowing a language, because in Pashto we can say that a language "goes to" someone if they know it.
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{ p: "پښتو **راځي**.", f: "puxto **raadzée**.", e: "I know Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to me.)" },
{ p: "پښتو **درځي**؟", f: "puxto **dărdzée**?", e: "Do you know Pashto? (lit. Does Pashto come to you?)" },
{ p: "پښتو **ورځي**.", f: "puxto **wărdzée**.", e: "She knows Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to her.)" },
])}</Examples>
## With other verbs
👷‍♂️ Coming Soon ✍
## In Some Sandwiches
These directional pronouns can be used instead of <Link to="/pronouns/pronouns-basic/">regular pronouns</Link> in the following sandwiches:
- *"to"* <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "... ته", f: "... ta" }} /> etc.
- *"from"* <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له ... نه", f: "la ... na" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له ... څخه", f: "la ... tsukha" }} /> etc.
- *"with"* <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له ... سره", f: "la ... sara" }} />, etc.
When you put these directional pronouns in these sandwiches, the first part (<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له", f: "la" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "د", f: "du" }} />) is always left out.
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{ p: "ولې **را**ته ګورې؟", f: "wăle **raa**-ta góre?", e: "Why are you looking at **me/us**?" },
{ p: "**را**ته ووایه!", f: "**raa**-ta óowaaya!", e: "Tell **me/us**!" },
{ p: "**در**سره چای شته؟", f: "**dăr**-sara chaay shta?", e: "Is there tea with **you**? Do you have tea?" },
{ p: "اوبه **ور**څخه راځي.", f: "oobu **wăr**-tsukha wărdzee.", e: "Water comes from **it**." },
])}</Examples>
## As Prefixes on Adjectives
👷‍♂️ Coming Soon ✍