most of directional pronouns chapter
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@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import * as sentenceStructure from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/sentence-st
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import * as pronounsBasic from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx";
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import * as pronounsMini from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx";
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import * as directionalPronouns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx";
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import * as inflectionIntro from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx";
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import * as inflectionPatterns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx";
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@ -137,6 +138,10 @@ const contentTree = [
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import: pronounsMini,
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slug: "pronouns-mini",
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},
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{
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import: directionalPronouns,
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slug: "pronouns-directional",
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},
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],
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},
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{
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@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
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---
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title: Directional Pronouns
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---
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<!--
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Copyright (c) 2021 lingdocs.com
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The content of the chapters/book is licensed by a
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Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode
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-->
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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grammarUnits,
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VerbTable,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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Pashto has 3 **directional pronouns** that indicate the direction that a word is focussed towards.
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<table className="table">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Person</th>
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<th scope="col">Directional Pronoun</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>1st</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{ p: "را", f: "raa", e: "me, we" },
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>2nd</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{ p: "در", f: "dăr", e: "you, you (pl.)" },
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>3rd</td>
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<td>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{ p: "ور", f: "wăr", e: "him, her, it, them" },
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]}</Examples>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## With the Verb "to give"
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There are different verbs used for "to give" depending on which direction the giving is happening.
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<table className="table">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Person Receiving</th>
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<th scope="col">Verb</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>1st</td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "راکول", f: "raakawúl", e: "to give to me/us" }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>2nd</td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "درکول", f: "dărkawúl", e: "to give to you/you pl." }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>3rd</td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ورکول", f: "wărkawul", e: "to give to him/her/it/them" }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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The choice of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "را، در، ور", f: "raa, dăr, wăr" }} /> depends on **who is on the receiving end of the giving**.
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{ p: "ما ته کتاب **راکړه**", f: "maa ta kitáab **ráakRa**", e: "**Give** me the book." },
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{ p: "مونږ ته پیسې **راکوي**", f: "moonG ta peysé **raakawee**", e: "He **gives** us money." },
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{ p: "چای **درکړم**؟", f: "chaay **dărkRum**?", e: "Should I **give** you tea?" },
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{ p: "تاسو ته پیسې **درکوي**.", f: "taaso ta peysé **dărkawee**.", e: "He **gives** you money." },
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{ p: "دا کتاب ده ته **ورکړه**", f: "daa kitaab du ta **wărkRa**", e: "**Give** this book to him." },
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{ p: "مونږ هغوي ته پیسې **ورکوو**", f: "moonG haghwee ta peyse **wărkawoo**.", e: "We **give** them money." },
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])}</Examples>
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## With "to go"
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It's very common to add the directional pronouns in front of the verbs "to go" to indication which direction someone is going.
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<table className="table">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Direction</th>
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<th scope="col">Verb</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تلل", f: "tlúl", e: "to go" }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>1st</td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "راتلل", f: "raatlúl", e: "to come - here, to me/us" }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>2nd</td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "درتلل", f: "dărtlúl", e: "to go - to you)" }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>3rd</td>
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<td>
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<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ورتلل", f: "wărtlúl", e: "to go - there, to him/her/them" }} />
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{ p: "هغه اوس **راځي**", f: "haghá oos **raadzée**", e: "He's **coming** now" },
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{ p: "دلته **راشه**!", f: "dălta **ráasha**!", e: "**Come** here!" },
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{ p: "هلته **ورشه**!", f: "hălta **wărsha**!", e: "**Go** there!" },
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{ p: "زه **درځم**.", f: "zu **dărdzúm**", e: "I'm **coming** to you." },
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])}</Examples>
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These directional verbs are really common when talking about someone knowing a language, because in Pashto we can say that a language "goes to" someone if they know it.
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{ p: "پښتو **راځي**.", f: "puxto **raadzée**.", e: "I know Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to me.)" },
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{ p: "پښتو **درځي**؟", f: "puxto **dărdzée**?", e: "Do you know Pashto? (lit. Does Pashto come to you?)" },
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{ p: "پښتو **ورځي**.", f: "puxto **wărdzée**.", e: "She knows Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to her.)" },
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])}</Examples>
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## With other verbs
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👷♂️ Coming Soon ✍
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## In Some Sandwiches
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These directional pronouns can be used instead of <Link to="/pronouns/pronouns-basic/">regular pronouns</Link> in the following sandwiches:
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- *"to"* <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "... ته", f: "... ta" }} /> etc.
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- *"from"* <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له ... نه", f: "la ... na" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له ... څخه", f: "la ... tsukha" }} /> etc.
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- *"with"* <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له ... سره", f: "la ... sara" }} />, etc.
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When you put these directional pronouns in these sandwiches, the first part (<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "له", f: "la" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "د", f: "du" }} />) is always left out.
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{ p: "ولې **را**ته ګورې؟", f: "wăle **raa**-ta góre?", e: "Why are you looking at **me/us**?" },
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{ p: "**را**ته ووایه!", f: "**raa**-ta óowaaya!", e: "Tell **me/us**!" },
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{ p: "**در**سره چای شته؟", f: "**dăr**-sara chaay shta?", e: "Is there tea with **you**? Do you have tea?" },
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{ p: "اوبه **ور**څخه راځي.", f: "oobu **wăr**-tsukha wărdzee.", e: "Water comes from **it**." },
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])}</Examples>
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## As Prefixes on Adjectives
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👷♂️ Coming Soon ✍
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