imperatives chapter

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@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import * as verbsIntro from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/verbs-intro.mdx";
import * as presentVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/present-verbs.mdx"; import * as presentVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/present-verbs.mdx";
import * as subjunctiveVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/subjunctive-verbs.mdx"; import * as subjunctiveVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/subjunctive-verbs.mdx";
import * as futureVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/future-verbs.mdx"; import * as futureVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/future-verbs.mdx";
import * as imperativeVerbs from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/imperative-verbs.mdx";
import * as verbEndings from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/verb-endings.mdx"; import * as verbEndings from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/verb-endings.mdx";
import * as rootsAndStems from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/roots-and-stems.mdx"; import * as rootsAndStems from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/roots-and-stems.mdx";
import * as sentenceStructure from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/sentence-structure.mdx"; import * as sentenceStructure from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/sentence-structure.mdx";
@ -106,6 +107,10 @@ const contentTree = [
import: futureVerbs, import: futureVerbs,
slug: "future-verbs", slug: "future-verbs",
}, },
{
import: imperativeVerbs,
slug: "imperative-verbs",
},
{ {
import: verbEndings, import: verbEndings,
slug: "verb-endings", slug: "verb-endings",

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---
title: Imperative
---
import {
defaultTextOptions as opts,
Examples,
InlinePs,
removeFVariants,
ConjugationViewer,
} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
import Carousel from "../../components/Carousel";
import Link from "../../components/Link";
import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
import verbs from "../../words/verbs";
import shuffleArray from "../../lib/shuffle-array";
import imperfectiveImperative from "./imperfective-imperative.svg";
import perfectiveImperative from "./perfective-imperative.svg";
The imperative form is used for **giving commands** (telling people to do things).
There are two forms of the imperative:
1. <i class="fas fa-video" /> Imperfective Imperative
2. <i class="fas fa-camera" /> Perfective Imperative
export const basicVerbs = verbs.filter((v) => !v.entry.c?.includes("gramm. trans."));
## Imperfective Imperative
<Formula name="Imperfective Imperative">
Imperfective Stem + <Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#imperative-verb-endings">Imperative Ending</Link>
</Formula>
The <i class="fas fa-video" /> **imperfective imperative** is used when you want to tell someone to something repeatedly, in general, or if you're wanting them to get going on action that will be ongoing.
<div className="text-center">
<img src={imperfectiveImperative} alt="" className="img-fluid" />
</div>
## Perfective Imperative
<Formula name="Perfective Imperative">
Perfective Stem + <Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#imperative-verb-endings">Imperative Ending</Link>
</Formula>
The <i class="fas fa-camera" /> **perfective imperative** is used when you want to tell someone to do something is a one time, complete action. You are not thinking of the action as a process or as something that will be repeated, you are just telling the person to *get the action done*.
<div className="text-center">
<img src={perfectiveImperative} alt="" className="img-fluid" />
</div>
<Carousel stickyTitle items={shuffleArray(basicVerbs)} render={(item) => {
return {
title: <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{
...removeFVariants(item.entry),
e: item.def,
}} />,
body: <div className="text-left">
<ConjugationViewer
entry={item.entry}
textOptions={opts}
highlightInRootsAndStems={["imperfective stem", "perfective stem"]}
showOnly={["Perfective Imperative", "Imperfective Imperative"]}
hidePastParticiple
sentenceLevel="easy"
/>
</div>,
};
}}/>
## Using Imperatives
For Pashto learners, having a choice between the perfective and imperfective imperatives is *not* something we are accustomed to. And so, it takes a lot of time to get used to the difference, and to choose the right form while speaking.
<div className="my-3" style={{ overflowX: "auto" }}>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">
<div><i class="fas fa-video" /> Imperfective</div>
<div><samp>w/ imperfective stem</samp></div>
</th>
<th scope="col">
<div><i class="fas fa-camera" /> Perfective</div>
<div><samp>w/ perfective stem</samp></div>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{
p: "وریژې **خوره**",
f: "wreejze **khorá**",
e: "Eat rice",
sub: "(in general, it's good for you)",
},
])}</Examples>
</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{
p: "وریژې **وخوره**",
f: "wreejze **óokhora**",
e: "Eat rice",
sub: "(one time)",
},
])}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{
p: "د کلي عکسونه راته **لېږه**!",
f: "du kulee aksoona raa-ta **leGá**!",
e: "Send me pictures of the village!",
sub: "(send me pictures every once and awhile)",
},
])}</Examples>
</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{
p: "د کلي عکسونه راته **ولېږه**!",
f: "du kulee aksoona raa-ta **óoleGa**!",
e: "Send me pictures of the village!",
sub: "(send me a bunch of pictures in one clump, at one time)",
},
])}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{
p: "تاسو هلته **کېنئ**",
f: "taaso halta **kenéyy**",
e: "You sit there",
sub: "(in general, whenever you come)"
},
])}</Examples>
</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{
p: "تاسو هلته **کېنئ**",
f: "taaso halta **kéneyy**",
e: "You sit there",
sub: "(one time, in one instance sit)"
},
])}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
Notice how the in the perfective form *the accent is always on the front* because it's based on the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/">perfective stem</Link>.
### Singular and Plural
You will notice there are only two <Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#imperative-verb-endings">imperative endings</Link>:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "-a" }} /> - used for addressing a singular 2nd person <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ته", f: "tu", e: "you" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـئ", f: "-eyy" }} /> - used for addressing a plural 2nd person <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تاسو", f: "taaso", e: "you" }} />, either because you're talking to a group of people, or you're being extra respectful with one person.
<div className="my-3" style={{ overflowX: "auto" }}>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Singular</th>
<th scope="col">Plural</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{ p: "ته راځه!", f: "tu raadzá!", e: "You come!" }
])}</Examples>
</td>
<td>
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
{ p: "تاسو راځئ!", f: "taaso radzéyy!", e: "You (pl.) come!" },
])}</Examples>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
## Negative Imperatives
**In the negative form of commands** (ie. *"Don't ____"*), **the aspect choice dissapears**. There is no imperfective/perfective option with negative imperatives, there's only one form.
<Formula name="Negative Imperative">
<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مه", f: "má" }} /> + Imperfective Stem + <Link to="/verbs/verb-endings/#imperative-verb-endings">Imperative Ending</Link>
</Formula>
With this form, you can't specify whether you're talking about about the action in a <i class="fas fa-camera" /> perfective or <i class="fas fa-video" /> imperfective way. You're just saying "don't do it!", either one time or in general.
<Examples opts={opts}>{[
{ p: "مه راځه!", f: "má raadza", e: "Don't come!" },
{ p: "وریژې مه خوره!", f: "wreejze má khora!", e: "Don't eat rice!" },
{ p: "عکسونه راته مه لېږه!", f: "aksoona raa-ta má leGa!", e: "Don't send me pictures!" },
{ p: "تاسو هلته مه کېنئ!", f: "taaso halta má keneyy!", e: "Don't sit there!" },
]}</Examples>
Just like with the negative particle <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "نه", f: "nú" }} /> that we used with other verb forms, the negative <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مه", f: "má" }} /> marker also takes over the accent of the verb.

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