jussive de page

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adueck 2023-03-28 21:34:25 +04:00
parent 237e5b8d86
commit 5c223d233e
10 changed files with 366 additions and 3 deletions

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import { HashLink } from 'react-router-hash-link'; import { HashLink } from 'react-router-hash-link';
import { Link } from "react-router-dom"; import { Link } from "react-router-dom";
import type { CSSProperties } from 'react'; import type { CSSProperties, ReactElement, ReactNode } from 'react';
// import scrollWithOffset from "../../lib/scroll-with-offset.js"; // import scrollWithOffset from "../../lib/scroll-with-offset.js";
export default function L(props: { export default function L(props: {
to: string, to: string,
style?: CSSProperties, style?: CSSProperties,
children: string | JSX.Element, children: string | ReactNode,
className?: string, className?: string,
}) { }) {
const { to } = props || ""; const { to } = props || "";

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@ -59,3 +59,19 @@ export function KingIcon() {
export function ServantIcon() { export function ServantIcon() {
return <i className="mx-1 fas fa-male" />; return <i className="mx-1 fas fa-male" />;
}; };
export function Servant({ text }: { text: string }) {
return <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/"><ServantIcon />{` `}{text || "servant"}</Link>;
}
export function King({ text }: { text: string }) {
return <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/"><KingIcon />{` `}{text || "king"}</Link>;
}
export function Perfective({ text }: { text: string }) {
return <Link to="/verbs/verb-aspect/#perfective-aspect"><Camera />{` `}{text || "perfective"}</Link>;
}
export function Imperfective({ text }: { text: string }) {
return <Link to="/verbs/verb-aspect/#imperfective-aspect"><Video />{` `}{text || "imperfective"}</Link>
}

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@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ import * as passiveVoice from "./verbs/passive-voice.mdx";
import * as ability from "./verbs/ability.mdx"; import * as ability from "./verbs/ability.mdx";
// @ts-ignore // @ts-ignore
import * as masterChart from "./verbs/master-chart.mdx"; import * as masterChart from "./verbs/master-chart.mdx";
// @ts-ignore
import * as jussive from "./verbs/jussive.mdx";
// @ts-ignore // @ts-ignore
import * as compoundVerbsIntro from "./compound-verbs/intro.mdx"; import * as compoundVerbsIntro from "./compound-verbs/intro.mdx";
@ -283,6 +285,10 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] = /* content-tree
"import": ability, "import": ability,
"slug": "ability" "slug": "ability"
}, },
{
"import": jussive,
"slug": "jussive",
},
{ {
"import": passiveVoice, "import": passiveVoice,
"slug": "passive-voice" "slug": "passive-voice"

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---
title: Jussive and Blessings 🤲
---
import {
defaultTextOptions as opts,
Examples,
InlinePs,
grammarUnits,
RootsAndStems,
getVerbInfo,
removeFVarients,
} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
import {
Perfective,
Imperfective,
Servant,
MiniPronoun,
} from "../../components/terms-links";
import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
import Link from "../../components/Link";
import { BlockTerm, KidsSection, PerfectiveHead, VP } from "../../components/terms-links.tsx";
import deCowboys from "./de-cowboys.jpg";
import deMuCowboysOk from "./de-mu-cowboys-ok.jpg";
import deMuCowboysNotOk from "./de-mu-cowboys-not-ok.jpg";
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
export const De = (props) => <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: props.e || undefined }}</InlinePs>;
export const MU = (props) => <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "مو", f: "mU", e: props.e || undefined }}</InlinePs>;
In Pashto the [jussive form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussive_mood) is used to make orders or commands directed towards the 3rd person. This is also used for blessings and curses.
In English we would say something like "May he...", "Let them...", "May God..."
## The jussive دې form
<Formula>
jussive <De /> +{` `}
<Link to="/verbs/present-verbs/">Present</Link> or <Link to="/verbs/subjunctive-verbs/">Subjunctive</Link> verb
</Formula>
The jussive <De /> is a particle that goes in the <Link to="/phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids/#the-kids-section">kids' section</Link>. And it is **not to be confused with the 2nd person <MiniPronoun /> <De />!**
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "هغه دې راشي",
f: "hagha de ráashee",
e: "Let him come / he should come",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb",
},
{
p: "را دې شي",
f: "ráa-de-shee",
e: "Let him come / he should come",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb (shortened)",
},
{
p: "خدای دې شفا ورکړي",
f: "khUdaay de shifaa wárkRee",
e: "May God give him health",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb",
},
{
p: "خدای دې مونږ له مرضۍ نه ساتي",
f: "khUdaay de moonG la marizúy na saatée",
e: "May God keep us from sickness",
sub: "jussive دې + present verb",
},
])}
</Examples>
Notice how you can use either:
- the <Perfective /> subjunctive for one-time or instantaneous sense
- the <Imperfective /> present for on on-going or continuous sense
You can also use the <Link to="/equatives/other-equatives/#subjunctive-equative">subjunctive equative</Link>. For example:
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "ټولو ته مبارک وي",
f: "Tolo ta mUbaarak wee",
e: "Congratulations to everyone (may it be blessed to everyone)",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive equative",
}
])}
</Examples>
## When it conflicts with the mini-pronoun دې
Earlier we mentioned that this jussive particle <De /> is **not to be confused with the 2nd person <Link to="\/pronouns/pronouns-mini/">mini-pronoun</Link> <De />.**
So what happens when we need to use both in a sentence?? They both go in the <Link to="/phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids/">kids' section</Link>, but we can't have two <De />'s in there. We can't ever say, "<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې دې", f: "de de" }} />."
<img
src={deCowboys}
alt={`دې particles as cowboys saying, "This town aint big enough for the two of us...`}
className="img-fluid mb-3"
style={{ maxWidth: "600px" }}
/>
First let's look at an example without this دې conflict:
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "خدای دې تا وبخښي",
f: "khUdaay de taa óobakhxee",
e: "May God forgive you",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive",
}
])}
</Examples>
In this example <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "تا", f: "taa", e: "you" }}</InlinePs> is the <Servant /> so we can <Link to="/phrase-structure/shortening-vps/">🪄 shrink it</Link> into a <MiniPronoun /> <De />.
But now we've got the problem of the two <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: "you" }}</InlinePs> particles. We can't say this:
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "❌ خدای دې دې وبخښي ❌",
f: "❌ khUdaay de de óobakhxee ❌",
e: "May God forgive you",
},
])}
</Examples>
So here's the solution in Pashto... 🥁 Instead we **get rid of the jussive <De /> and use a 2nd person singular <Link to="/verbs/imperative-verbs/">imperative</Link> form.**
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "خدای دې وبخښه",
f: "khUdaay de óobakhxa",
e: "May God forgive you",
sub: "دې as a *mini-pronoun* + imperative verb",
},
])}
</Examples>
This is interesting, because normally we only use that imperative form when making commands to a **a 2nd person singular** (ie. "you"), but because we lost the ability to use the jussive <De />, we are using to make a *3rd person jussive phrase*.
Here are more examples of how we use this to resolve the <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "دې دې", f: "de de" }}</InlinePs> conflict:
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "خدای دې تا له مرضۍ نه ساتي",
f: "khUdaay de taa la marazúy na saatée",
e: "May God keep you from sickness",
sub: "jussive دې + full تا pronoun + present verb",
},
{
p: "❌ خدای دې دې له مرضۍ نه ساتي ❌",
f: "❌ khUdaay de de la marazúy na saatée ❌",
e: "May God keep you from sickness",
sub: "jussive دې + mini-pronoun دې (CONFLICT!)",
},
{
p: "خدای دې له مرضۍ نه ساته",
f: "khUdaa de la marazúy na saatá",
e: "May God keep you from sickness",
sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative",
},
{
p: "الله دې تا په خیر ورسوي",
f: "allah de taa pu kheyr óorasawee",
e: "May God deliver you safely.",
sub: "jussive دې + full تا pronoun + subjunctive verb",
},
{
p: "❌ الله دې دې په خیر ورسوي ❌",
f: "❌ allah de de pu kheyr óorasawee ❌",
e: "May God deliver you safely.",
sub: "jussive دې + mini-pronoun دې (CONFLICT!)",
},
{
p: "الله دې په خیر ورسوه",
f: "allah de pu kheyr óorasawa",
e: "May God deliver you safely.",
sub: "mini-pronoun دې + perfective imperative",
},
])}
</Examples>
Remember that mini-pronouns can come from either shrunken servants or shrunken possessives. The same thing happens when resolving conflicts with <De /> when it comes from a shrunken possessive.
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "خدای دې ستا ارمان پوره کړي",
f: "khUdaay de staa armáan póora kRee",
e: "May God fulfill your desire",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "خدای دې ارمان پوره کړه",
f: "khUdaay de armáan póora kRa",
e: "May God fulfill your desire",
sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative",
},
{
p: "ستا زوی دې لوی شي",
f: "staa zooy de looy shee",
e: "May your son grow big",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "زوی دې لوی شه",
f: "zooy de looy sha",
e: "May your son grow big",
sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative",
},
])}
</Examples>
## When it conflicts with the mini-pronoun مو
Things get a little more interesting when the jussive <De /> clashes with the <MiniPronoun /> <MU />. What happens depends on whether <MU /> is:
- <MU e="us/our - 1st person plural" />, or
- <MU e="you/your - 2nd person plural" />
### With مو as 2nd person plural
<img
src={deMuCowboysNotOk}
className="img-fluid mb-3"
style={{ maxWidth: "600px" }}
/>
Just like you can't say <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "دې دې", f: "de de" }}</InlinePs>, you also can't have the jussive <De /> together with the second person plural <MU e="you, your" />.
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "❌ خدای مو دې له مرضۍ نه ساتي ❌",
f: "❌ khUdaay mU de la marazúy na saatée ❌",
e: "May God keep you (pl.) from sickness",
sub: "jussive دې + second pers. mini-pronoun مو",
},
{
p: "خدای مو له مرضۍ نه ساته",
f: "khUdaa mU la marazúy na saatá",
e: "May God keep you (pl.) from sickness",
sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + imperfective imperative",
},
{
p: "❌ الله مو دې په خیر ورسوي ❌",
f: "❌ allah mU de pu kheyr óorasawee ❌",
e: "May God deliver you safely.",
sub: "jussive دې + second pers. mini-pronoun مو",
},
{
p: "الله مو په خیر ورسوه",
f: "allah mU pu kheyr óorasawa",
e: "May God deliver you (pl.) safely.",
sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative",
},
{
p: "خدای دې ستاسو ارمان پوره کړي",
f: "khUdaay de staaso armáan póora kRee",
e: "May God fulfill your (pl.) desire",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "خدای مو ارمان پوره کړه",
f: "khUdaay mU armáan póora kRa",
e: "May God fulfill your (pl.) desire",
sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative",
},
{
p: "ستاسو زوی دې لوی شي",
f: "staaso zooy de looy shee",
e: "May your (pl.) son grow big",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "زوی مو لوی شه",
f: "zooy mU looy sha",
e: "May your son grow big",
sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative",
},
])}
</Examples>
### with مو as 1st person plural
<img
src={deMuCowboysOk}
className="img-fluid mb-3"
style={{ maxWidth: "600px" }}
/>
But if the is a 1st person plural pronoun, then it *can* co-exist with the jussive <De />.
<Examples opts={opts}>
{psmd([
{
p: "خدای دې مو له مرضۍ نه ساتي",
f: "khUdaa de mU la marazúy na saatée",
e: "May God keep us from sickness",
sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + present",
},
{
p: "الله دې مو په خیر ورسوي",
f: "allah de mU pu kheyr óorasawee",
e: "May God deliver use safely.",
sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "خدای دې زمونږ ارمان پوره کړي",
f: "khUdaay de zmoonG armáan póora kRee",
e: "May God fulfill our desire",
sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "خدای دې مو ارمان پوره کړي",
f: "khUdaay de mU armáan póora kRee",
e: "May God fulfill our desire",
sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "زمونږ زوی دې لوی شي",
f: "zmoonG zooy de looy shee",
e: "May our son grow big",
sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive",
},
{
p: "زوی دې مو لوی شي",
f: "zooy de mU looy shee",
e: "May our son grow big",
sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive",
},
])}
</Examples>
Notice for all these examples we never use the 2nd person imperative form, because we are still able to use the jussive <De />.