rough draft of the 5 yeys

This commit is contained in:
lingdocs 2021-07-10 15:24:18 +03:00
parent f2b75fe6b8
commit 57662af8b1
8 changed files with 347 additions and 4 deletions

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@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import React from "react";
function Formula(props) { function Formula(props) {
return ( return (
<div className="text-center my-4" style={{ fontSize: "larger" }}> <div className="text-center my-4" style={{ fontSize: "larger" }}>
<div className="mb-2"><span role="img" aria-label="">🧪</span> Formula:</div> <div className="mb-2">
<pre> <span role="img" aria-label="">🧪</span> Formula:
<code>{props.children}</code> </div>
</pre> <samp>{props.children}</samp>
</div> </div>
) )
// return ( // return (

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@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ import * as inflectionIntro from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflecti
import * as inflectionPatterns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx"; import * as inflectionPatterns from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx";
import * as feminineInflection from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/feminine-inflection.mdx"; import * as feminineInflection from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./inflection/feminine-inflection.mdx";
import * as theFiveYeys from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./writing/the-five-yeys.mdx";
const contentTree = [ const contentTree = [
{ {
import: intro, import: intro,
@ -139,6 +141,16 @@ const contentTree = [
}, },
], ],
}, },
{
heading: "Writing",
subdirectory: "writing",
chapters: [
{
import: theFiveYeys,
slug: "the-five-yeys",
},
],
},
]; ];
export const content = contentTree.map((item) => { export const content = contentTree.map((item) => {

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@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
---
title: The Five ی's
---
import {
defaultTextOptions as opts,
Examples,
InlinePs,
} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
import Link from "../../components/Link";
The five ی letters (<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پینځه یېګانې", f: "peendzu yegaane" }} />) are a very important part of Pashto spelling. Unfortunately, because they are often misused, there can be a lot of confusion for readers and learners of the Pashto language.
## Standard Afghan Pashto Spelling
Below are the five ی's as they are used in most dictionaries, written material, and in education and official language in Afghanistan. Click to hear the sound of each letter.
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Letter</th>
<th scope="col">Phonetics</th>
<th scope="col">IPA Approx.</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("ey").play()}>
<td className="h4">ی</td>
<td>ey</td>
<td>ai</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("e").play()}>
<td className="h4">ې</td>
<td>e</td>
<td>e</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("ee").play()}>
<td className="h4">ي</td>
<td>ee</td>
<td>i</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("uy").play()}>
<td className="h4">ۍ</td>
<td>uy</td>
<td>əj</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("eyy").play()}>
<td className="h4">ئ</td>
<td>eyy</td>
<td>ɛ̝j</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<audio id="ey" preload="auto"><source src="/audio/ey.m4a" /></audio>
<audio id="e" preload="auto"><source src="/audio/e.m4a" /></audio>
<audio id="ee" preload="auto"><source src="/audio/ee.m4a" /></audio>
<audio id="uy" preload="auto"><source src="/audio/uy.m4a" /></audio>
<audio id="eyy" preload="auto"><source src="/audio/eyy.m4a" /></audio>
Now let's take a look at each letter, and where it's used:
### ی - ey
#### Names:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "نارینه یې", f: "naareená ye" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "بې ټکو یې", f: "be Túko ye" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "نرمه یې", f: "narma ye" }} />
#### Used in:
- the end of *masculine singular* nouns, adjectives, and participles
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "سړی", f: "saRéy", e: "man" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ستړی", f: "stúRey", e: "tired" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ما ته لیدلی", f: "maa tu leedúley", e: "I've seen you (masc.)" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={psmd({ p: "هغه هلته دی", f: "hagha halta dey", e: "He is there" })} />
- the middle of words
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خیر", f: "kheyr" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پیل", f: "peyl" }} />
- the non-inflecting tail in modal verbs
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={psmd({ p: "زه تل**ی** شم", f: "zu tl**éy** shum", e: "I can go" })} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={psmd({ p: "زه تل**ی** شي", f: "zu tl**éy** shee", e: "She can go" })} />
**Note:** This letter is also used as "y" sound (second part of a dipthong) after long vowels at the end of words. For example:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "چای", f: "chaay", e: "tea" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زوی", f: "zooy", e: "son" }} />
### ې - e
#### Names:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "اوږده یې", f: "ooGda ye" }} />
#### Used in:
- the end of feminine nouns, adjectives, and participles
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "female friend" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ستړې", f: "stúRe", e: "tired" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ما ته لیدلې", f: "maa tu leedúle", e: "I've seen you (fem.)" }} />
- the end of the second person singular verbs and equatives
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "چېرته ځې؟", f: "cherta dze?", e: "Where are you going?" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ته چېرته یې؟", f: "tu cherta ye?", e: "Where are you?" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ته چېرته وې؟", f: "tu cherta we?", e: "Where were you?" }} />
- the end of third person feminine plural past-tense verbs
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انجونې کېناستې", f: "injóone kénaaste", e: "The girls sat down." }} />
- the end of particles, mini-pronouns, and sandwiches
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "بې", f: "be", e: "without-" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مې", f: "me", e: "1st Pers. Sing. Mini-Pronoun" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "په ... کې", f: "pu ... ke", e: "in ..." }} />
- the middle of words
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وېره", f: "wéra", e: "fear" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تېر", f: "ter", e: "last" }} />
### ي - ee
#### Names:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "څرګنده یې", f: "tsargúnda ye" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لنډه یې", f: "lúnDa ye" }} />
#### Used in:
- the end of feminine words or non-inflecting adjectives
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دوستي", f: "dostee", e: "friendship" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "قانوني", f: "qaanóonee", e: "legal" }} />
- the end of third person verbs
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه ځي", f: "hagha dzee", e: "He is going" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغوي څه وکړي؟", f: "haghwee tsu óokRee?", e: "What should they do?" }} />
- the end of inflected masculine nouns, adjectives, and participles
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "د سړي نوم", f: "du saRee noom", e: "the man's name" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مونږ تللي یو", f: "moonG tlúlee yoo", e: "We've gone" }} />
- the middle of words
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ویده", f: "weedú", e: "asleep" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیدل", f: "leedúl", e: "to see" }} />
### ۍ - uy
#### Names:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ښځینه یې", f: "xudzeená ye" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لکۍ لرونکې یې", f: "lakúy laróonke ye" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تانیڅه یې", f: "taaneesa ye" }} />
#### Used in:
- the end of feminine nouns and adjectives
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "انجلۍ", f: "injulúy", e: "girl" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "افغانۍ", f: "afghaanúy", e: "A female Afghan" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لومرۍ برخه", f: "loomRúy barkha", e: "The first section" }} />
**Note**: This is only used in nouns and adjectives when the accent is on the last syllable.
### ئ - eyy
#### Names:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "فعلي", f: "fi'lee ye" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "امریه یې", f: "amriya ye" }} />
#### Used in:
- the end of second person plural verbs and equatives
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تاسو چېرته یئ؟", f: "taaso cherta yeyy?", e: "Where are you (pl.)?" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تاسو چېرته وئ؟", f: "taaso cherta weyy?", e: "Where were you (pl.)?" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تاسو چېرته ځئ؟", f: "taaso chetra dzeyy?", e: "Where are you going?" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "جګ شئ!", f: "jig sheyy!", e: "Get up!" }} />
## Some Important Notes
#### The ۍ vs. ئ confusion
Because the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }} /> and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ئ", f: "eyy" }} /> sound so similar (and in some dialects may be identical in pronunciation) people often confuse them in writing. To avoid this confustion it's important to remember this *very simple rule*: ⚖
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ئ", f: "eyy" }} /> is only used for 2nd person plural verb endings
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }} /> is only used at the end of feminine nouns and adjectives
#### The ـئـ in loan-words
You will also see the ئ letter *in the middle* of some loan words where it indicates a glottal stop or "y" connecting sound, for example:
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "جائز", f: "jaa'iz", e: "permitted" }} />
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "رئس", f: "ra'ees", e: "chief" }} />
#### The ـیـ in the middle of words
When you write a ی or a ي, they both appear as a ـیـ in the middle of words. So when you see a ـیـ it can be either:
- a "ey" sound
- a "ee" sound
- a "y" sound
This can lead to confusion when typing or searching for things online. For example when typing the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مینه", f: "meena" }} /> should you use a ی or a ي in the middle of the word? 🤷‍♂️ Does it matter? Both look exactly the same, but when you type <kbd>ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>f</kbd> and try to search for it, it makes a big difference! Try it on these words:
- مینه (spelled with ی)
- مينه (spelled with ي)
It seems most common to always **use ی when typing in the middle of words**, to avoid confusion. This seems to be the most common practice, but it's not always the case. If you use [qamosona.com](https://qamosona.com/), for example, you will find that the middle of words are often spelled with a ي and so you will need to keep that in mind and use ي in the middle when searching.
#### ی vs. ى
Depending on the keyboard used, you might get one of two basically identical looking versions of ی. This can cause massive confusion when search for words. 😖
- ی Farsi Yeh ([unicode 06CC](https://unicode-table.com/en/06CC/)) 👍 ✔
- ى Alef Maksura ([unicode 0649](https://unicode-table.com/en/0649/)) 👎 ❌
Make sure you don't have a bad keyboard ⌨🙅‍♂️ that uses the Alef Maksura ى! To check, you can go to [this site](https://unicode-table.com/en/) and type a ی to see which one you're using.
## Writing Systems in Pakistan
export const highlight = { background: "rgba(255, 255, 0, 0.3)" };
In Pakistan there have been a number of different systems used for writing the Pashto ی's. Unfortunately, there has been a lot of changing and mixing between these various systems. This, along with a lack of Pashto literacy has led to massive confusion and inconsitencies in Pashto spelling in Pakistan.
Here's a chart of 3 different systems used in Pakistan, with the differences from Standard Afghan spelling <span style={highlight}>highlighted</span>.
### Comparison Chart
<div style={{ overflowX: "auto", margin: "0 auto" }}>
<table class="table table-bordered text-center" style={{ maxWidth: "500px" }}>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Standard</th>
<th scope="col">Phonetics</th>
<th scope="col">Pakistani w ي</th>
<th scope="col">Pakistani w ی</th>
<th scope="col">Old Pakistani</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("ey").play()}>
<td className="h5">ی</td>
<td className="h5">ey</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ے</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ے</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ے</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("e").play()}>
<td className="h5">ې</td>
<td className="h5">e</td>
<td className="h5">ې</td>
<td className="h5">ې</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ے</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("ee").play()}>
<td className="h5">ي</td>
<td className="h5">ee</td>
<td className="h5">ي</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ی</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ی</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("uy").play()}>
<td className="h5">ۍ</td>
<td className="h5">uy</td>
<td className="h5">ۍ</td>
<td className="h5">ۍ</td>
<td className="h5" style={highlight}>ئ</td>
</tr>
<tr className="clickable" onClick={() => document.getElementById("eyy").play()}>
<td className="h5">ئ</td>
<td className="h5">eyy</td>
<td className="h5">ئ</td>
<td className="h5">ئ</td>
<td className="h5">ئ</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
##### Pakistani with ي
This is used by the [Pashto Academy of Peshawer University](http://khyber.org/pacademy/#) and in many current publications. The only big difference from standard Afghan spelling is that for the "ey" sound the Urdu ے letter is used instead of ی.
##### Pakistani with ی
This is used in [Speaking Pakistani Pukhto](https://www.speakingpashto.com) and in much written material in Pakistan. This system differs more from standard Afghan spelling because in addition to the Urdu ے being used, the ی is used for "ee" instead.
##### Old Pakistani
This system was used in older writings and only uses three ی letters (ے، ی، ئ) which are used for different sounds.
### The use of ئ in Pakistan
#### In the middle of words
Earlier we noted that ـئـ shows up in the middle of loan words, but in Pakistan they often use it as a "y" transition before a long "ee" sound in other Pashto words as well. For example:
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Afghanistan</th>
<th scope="col">Pakistan</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه وایي", f: "haghá waayee" }} /></td>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه وائي", f: "haghá waayee" }} /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
#### At the end of words/dipthongs
Instead of the ی at the end of long-vowel dipthongs, the letter ئ is used in Pakistan.
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Afghanistan</th>
<th scope="col">Pakistan</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "چای", f: "chaay" }} /></td>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "چائ", f: "chaay" }} /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زوی", f: "zooy" }} /></td>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زوئ", f: "zooy" }} /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خدای", f: "khUdaay" }} /></td>
<td><InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خدائ", f: "khUdaay" }} /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>