plural sections
This commit is contained in:
lingdocs
parent
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import React from "react";
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import {
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Examples,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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export const femColor = "#FFECEF"
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export const mascColor = "#C1D5F4";
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const isObject = x => (
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typeof x === "object" && x !== null
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);
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function Table({ headRow, children, opts }) {
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return (
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<table class="table">
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{headRow && <thead>
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<tr>
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{headRow.map((h, i) => (
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<th scope="col" key={`headRow ${i}`}>{h}</th>
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))}
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</tr>
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</thead>}
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<tbody>
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{children.map((row, i) => (
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<tr key={`row ${i}`}>
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{row.map((cell, j) => (
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<td key={`row ${i}, cell ${j}`} style={cell.gender ? { backgroundColor: cell.gender === "m" ? mascColor : femColor } : {}}>
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{isObject(cell)
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? <Examples opts={opts}>{[cell]}</Examples>
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: cell
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}
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</td>
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))}
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</tr>
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))}
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</tbody>
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</table>
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);
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}
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export default Table;
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@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import * as subjunctiveHabitualEquative from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equativ
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import * as otherEquatives from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/other-equatives.mdx";
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import * as nounsGender from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./nouns/nouns-gender.mdx";
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import * as nounsPlural from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./nouns/nouns-plural.mdx";
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import * as arabicPlurals from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx";
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import * as verbEndings from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/verb-endings.mdx";
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import * as rootsAndStems from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/roots-and-stems.mdx";
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@ -55,6 +57,14 @@ const contentTree = [
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import: nounsGender,
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slug: "nouns-gender",
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},
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{
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import: nounsPlural,
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slug: "nouns-plural",
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},
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{
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import: arabicPlurals,
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slug: "arabic-plurals",
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},
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],
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},
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{
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---
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title: Arabic Plural Nouns
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---
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import {
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import Table from "../../components/Table";
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export function ArabicPluralTable({ children }) {
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return (
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<Table headRow={[
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<div>
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<div>Singular</div>
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</div>,
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<div>
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<div>Arabic Plural</div>
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</div>,
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]} opts={opts}>
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{children}
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</Table>
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);
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}
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Pashto has many Arabic loan words, and people often **use the Arabic plural forms of these loan words**. We won't get into how plurals work in Arabic here, but you will learn to recognize and use these plural through lots of exposure.
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For now, see if you can notice some of the basic patterns.
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Some of the words change drastically:
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<ArabicPluralTable>{[
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[{p:"حال", f:"haal", e:"condition"}, {p:"احوال", f:"ahwaal", e:"conditions"}],
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[{p:"لفظ", f:"lafz", e:"word"}, {p:"الفاظ", f:"alfaaz", e:"words"}],
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[{p:"مکتب", f:"maktab", e:"school"}, {p:"مکاتب", f:"makaatib", e:"schools"}],
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[{p:"نبي", f:"nabee", e:"prophet"}, {p:"انبیا", f:"ambiyáa", e:"prophets"}],
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[{p:"فرد",f:"fard", e:"person"},{p:"افراد", f:"afráad", e:"people"}],
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[{p:"قانون", f:"qaanóon", e:"law"},{p:"قوانین", f:"qawaanéen", e:"laws"}],
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]}</ArabicPluralTable>
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Some add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ات", f: "áat" }} /> on the end:
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<ArabicPluralTable>{[
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[{p:"توجیه", f:"tawjeeh", e:"justification"}, {p:"توجیهات", f:"tawjeehaat", e:"justifications"}],
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[{p:"ملاحظه", f:"mUlaahiza", e:"consideration"}, {p:"ملاحظات", f:"mUlaahizaat", e:"considerations"}]
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]}</ArabicPluralTable>
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And some add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ین", f: "éen" }} /> on the end:
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<ArabicPluralTable>{[
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[{p:"مجاهد", f:"mUjaahíd", e:"religious warrior"}, {p:"مجاهدین", f:"mUjaahidéen", e:"religious warriors"}],
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[{p:"متحد", f:"mUtahíd", e:"ally/allied"}, {p:"متحدین", f:"mUtahidéen", e:"allies"}],
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[{p:"معتاد", f:"mUtáad", e:"addict"}, {p:"معتادین", f:"mUtaadéen", e:"addicts"}],
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[{p:"مهاجر", f:"mUhaajir", e:"immigrant"}, {p:"مهاجرین", f:"mUhaajiréen", e:"immigrants"}],
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]}</ArabicPluralTable>
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## Notes
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### Arabic Plurals are Always Masculine
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Once a word is put into it's special Arabic plural form, it's always a *masculine plural* (based on the consonant ending) even if the singular version of the word was feminine.
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<ArabicPluralTable>{[
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[
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{p:"ملاحظه", f:"mUlaahiza", e:"consideration (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"},
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{p:"ملاحظات", f:"mUlaahizaat", e:"considerations (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"},
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],
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[
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{p:"تجربه", f:"tajraba", e:"experience (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"},
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{p:"تجارب", f:"tajaarab", e:"experiences (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"},
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],
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[
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{p:"لفظ", f:"lafz", e:"word (m.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"},
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{p:"الفاظ", f:"alfaaz", e:"words (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"},
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],
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[
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{p:"قبیله", f:"qabeela", e:"tribe (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"},
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{p:"قبایل", f:"qabaayul", e:"tribes (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"},
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],
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]}</ArabicPluralTable>
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### Arabic Plurals are Not Always Used
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For many words, people may either use the regular Pashto plural endings or the special Arabic form. Here are a couple examples of words that are often said either way.
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<Table opts={opts} headRow={["Singular", "Arabic Plural", "Pashto Plural"]}>{[
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[
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{p:"مکتب", f:"maktab", e:"school"},
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{p:"مکاتب", f:"makáatib", e:"schools"},
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{p:"مکتبونه", f:"maktaboona", e:"schools"},
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],
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[
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{p:"مهاجر", f:"mUhaajir", e:"immigrant"},
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{p:"مهاجرین", f:"mUhaajiréen", e:"immigrants"},
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{p:"مهاجران", f:"mUhaajiráan", e:"immigrants"},
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],
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[
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{p:"رابطه", f:"raabitá", e:"connection"},
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{p:"روابط", f:"rawáabit", e:"connections"},
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{p:"رابطې", f:"raabité", e:"connections"},
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],
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]}</Table>
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@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ But many other words for people will change and follow the rules for their mascu
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{
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masc: {
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ex: {p:"نرس", f:"nurs", e:"male nurse"},
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},
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},
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fem: {
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ex: {p: "نرسه", f:"nursa", e: "female nurse" },
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},
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---
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title: Making Nouns Plural
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---
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import {
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import Table from "../../components/Table";
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export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
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return (
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<Table headRow={[
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<div>
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<div>singular</div>
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">plain</div>}
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</div>,
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<div>
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<div>plural</div>
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">inflected</div>}
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</div>,
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]} opts={opts}>
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{children}
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</Table>
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);
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}
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In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn *all* these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
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The first way is *inflect* a word if possible. Not all words inflect, but if they do, you can use the first inflection to make them plural.
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## Plural by Inflection
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There are lots of different ways that nouns inflect. Here are some examples using the various types of words and their inflections to show a plural meaning.
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### With masculine nouns
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<PluralTable inflection>{[
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[{ p: "سړی", f: "saRey", e: "man" }, { p: "سړي", f: "saRee", e: "men" }],
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[{ p: "سپی", f: "spey", e: "dog" }, { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" }],
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[{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun" }, { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }],
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[{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief" }, { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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### With feminine nouns
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<PluralTable inflection>{[
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[{ p: "ښڅه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }],
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[{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtana", e: "Pashtun (f.)" }, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "لار", f: "laar", e: "road" }, { p: "لارې", f: "laare", e: "roads" }],
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[{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" }, { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }],
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[{ p: "ناجوړتیا", f: "naajoRtyaa", e: "sickness" }, { p: "ناجوړتیاوې", f: "naajoRtyaawe", e: "sicknesses" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same.
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<PluralTable inflection>{[
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[{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)" }, { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "window" }, { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }]
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]}</PluralTable>
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## Inanimate Plural Ending <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} />
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For masculine inanimate words that end in a consonant (and some others) you can add the **<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـونه", f: "-óona" }} /> ending** to make the noun plural.
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" }, { p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" }],
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[{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" }, { p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" }],
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[{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" }, { p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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## Animate Plural Ending <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} />
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For many animate nouns (and some others), you can add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending to make it plural. If the noun ends in a long vowel, you will need to add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> before the ending.
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### With masculine nouns
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" }, { p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" }],
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[{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" }, { p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" }],
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[{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" }, { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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### With feminine nouns
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When we use this with feminine nouns, we need to add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end.
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" }, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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[{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" }, { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" }],
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[{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️"}, { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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**Note:** Sometimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> ending is used with animate nouns, and somethimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending is used with inanimate nouns as well. For example:
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" }, { p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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## Irregular Plurals
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Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{p:"خور", f:"khor", e:"sister"}, {p:"خویندې", f:"khweynde", e:"sisters"}],
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[{p:"ورور", f:"wror", e:"brother"}, {p:"وروڼه", f:"wróoNa", e:"brothers"}],
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[{p:"نجلۍ", f:"njuluy", e:"girl"},{p:"نچونې", f:"njoone", e:"girls"}],
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[{p:"مور", f:"mor", e:"mother"}, {p:"میندې", f:"mende", e:"mothers"}],
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[{p:"زوی", f:"zooy", e:"son"}, {p:"زامن", f:"zaamun", e:"sons"}],
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[{p:"ترور", f:"tror", e:"aunt"}, {p:"تریندې", f:"treynde", e:"aunts"}],
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[{p:"لور", f:"loor", e:"daughter"},{p:"لوڼې", f:"looNe", e:"daughters"}],
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[{p:"یور", f:"yor", e:"wife of a husbands' brother"},{p:"یوڼې", f:"yooNe", e:"wives of a husband's brother"}],
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[{p:"نږور", f:"nGor", e:"daughter-in-law"},{p:"نږیندې", f:"nGeynde", e:"daughter-in-laws"}],
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]}</PluralTable>
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