diff --git a/src/components/Table.js b/src/components/Table.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2896f49 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/components/Table.js @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +import React from "react"; +import { + Examples, +} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector"; +export const femColor = "#FFECEF" +export const mascColor = "#C1D5F4"; + +const isObject = x => ( + typeof x === "object" && x !== null +); + +function Table({ headRow, children, opts }) { + return ( + + {headRow && + + {headRow.map((h, i) => ( + + ))} + + } + + {children.map((row, i) => ( + + {row.map((cell, j) => ( + + ))} + + ))} + +
{h}
+ {isObject(cell) + ? {[cell]} + : cell + } +
+ ); +} + +export default Table; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/content/index.js b/src/content/index.js index 6df37c8..6eda809 100644 --- a/src/content/index.js +++ b/src/content/index.js @@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import * as subjunctiveHabitualEquative from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equativ import * as otherEquatives from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/other-equatives.mdx"; import * as nounsGender from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./nouns/nouns-gender.mdx"; +import * as nounsPlural from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./nouns/nouns-plural.mdx"; +import * as arabicPlurals from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx"; import * as verbEndings from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/verb-endings.mdx"; import * as rootsAndStems from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/roots-and-stems.mdx"; @@ -55,6 +57,14 @@ const contentTree = [ import: nounsGender, slug: "nouns-gender", }, + { + import: nounsPlural, + slug: "nouns-plural", + }, + { + import: arabicPlurals, + slug: "arabic-plurals", + }, ], }, { diff --git a/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx b/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7cea21 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +--- +title: Arabic Plural Nouns +--- + +import { + Examples, + InlinePs, + defaultTextOptions as opts, +} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector"; +import Table from "../../components/Table"; + +export function ArabicPluralTable({ children }) { + return ( + +
Singular
+ , +
+
Arabic Plural
+
, + ]} opts={opts}> + {children} +
+ ); +} + +Pashto has many Arabic loan words, and people often **use the Arabic plural forms of these loan words**. We won't get into how plurals work in Arabic here, but you will learn to recognize and use these plural through lots of exposure. + +For now, see if you can notice some of the basic patterns. + +Some of the words change drastically: + +{[ + [{p:"حال", f:"haal", e:"condition"}, {p:"احوال", f:"ahwaal", e:"conditions"}], + [{p:"لفظ", f:"lafz", e:"word"}, {p:"الفاظ", f:"alfaaz", e:"words"}], + [{p:"مکتب", f:"maktab", e:"school"}, {p:"مکاتب", f:"makaatib", e:"schools"}], + [{p:"نبي", f:"nabee", e:"prophet"}, {p:"انبیا", f:"ambiyáa", e:"prophets"}], + [{p:"فرد",f:"fard", e:"person"},{p:"افراد", f:"afráad", e:"people"}], + [{p:"قانون", f:"qaanóon", e:"law"},{p:"قوانین", f:"qawaanéen", e:"laws"}], +]} + +Some add an on the end: + +{[ + [{p:"توجیه", f:"tawjeeh", e:"justification"}, {p:"توجیهات", f:"tawjeehaat", e:"justifications"}], + [{p:"ملاحظه", f:"mUlaahiza", e:"consideration"}, {p:"ملاحظات", f:"mUlaahizaat", e:"considerations"}] +]} + +And some add an on the end: + +{[ + [{p:"مجاهد", f:"mUjaahíd", e:"religious warrior"}, {p:"مجاهدین", f:"mUjaahidéen", e:"religious warriors"}], + [{p:"متحد", f:"mUtahíd", e:"ally/allied"}, {p:"متحدین", f:"mUtahidéen", e:"allies"}], + [{p:"معتاد", f:"mUtáad", e:"addict"}, {p:"معتادین", f:"mUtaadéen", e:"addicts"}], + [{p:"مهاجر", f:"mUhaajir", e:"immigrant"}, {p:"مهاجرین", f:"mUhaajiréen", e:"immigrants"}], +]} + +## Notes + +### Arabic Plurals are Always Masculine + +Once a word is put into it's special Arabic plural form, it's always a *masculine plural* (based on the consonant ending) even if the singular version of the word was feminine. + +{[ + [ + {p:"ملاحظه", f:"mUlaahiza", e:"consideration (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"}, + {p:"ملاحظات", f:"mUlaahizaat", e:"considerations (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, + ], + [ + {p:"تجربه", f:"tajraba", e:"experience (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"}, + {p:"تجارب", f:"tajaarab", e:"experiences (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, + ], + [ + {p:"لفظ", f:"lafz", e:"word (m.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, + {p:"الفاظ", f:"alfaaz", e:"words (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, + ], + [ + {p:"قبیله", f:"qabeela", e:"tribe (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"}, + {p:"قبایل", f:"qabaayul", e:"tribes (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, + ], +]} + +### Arabic Plurals are Not Always Used + +For many words, people may either use the regular Pashto plural endings or the special Arabic form. Here are a couple examples of words that are often said either way. + +{[ + [ + {p:"مکتب", f:"maktab", e:"school"}, + {p:"مکاتب", f:"makáatib", e:"schools"}, + {p:"مکتبونه", f:"maktaboona", e:"schools"}, + ], + [ + {p:"مهاجر", f:"mUhaajir", e:"immigrant"}, + {p:"مهاجرین", f:"mUhaajiréen", e:"immigrants"}, + {p:"مهاجران", f:"mUhaajiráan", e:"immigrants"}, + ], + [ + {p:"رابطه", f:"raabitá", e:"connection"}, + {p:"روابط", f:"rawáabit", e:"connections"}, + {p:"رابطې", f:"raabité", e:"connections"}, + ], +]}
+ diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx index 95c6ba1..7bd2a1c 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ But many other words for people will change and follow the rules for their mascu { masc: { ex: {p:"نرس", f:"nurs", e:"male nurse"}, - }, + }, fem: { ex: {p: "نرسه", f:"nursa", e: "female nurse" }, }, diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae0682a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +--- +title: Making Nouns Plural +--- + +import { + Examples, + InlinePs, + defaultTextOptions as opts, +} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector"; +import Table from "../../components/Table"; + +export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) { + return ( + +
singular
+ {inflection &&
plain
} + , +
+
plural
+ {inflection &&
inflected
} +
, + ]} opts={opts}> + {children} +
+ ); +} + +In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn *all* these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural. + +The first way is *inflect* a word if possible. Not all words inflect, but if they do, you can use the first inflection to make them plural. + +## Plural by Inflection + +There are lots of different ways that nouns inflect. Here are some examples using the various types of words and their inflections to show a plural meaning. + +### With masculine nouns + +{[ + [{ p: "سړی", f: "saRey", e: "man" }, { p: "سړي", f: "saRee", e: "men" }], + [{ p: "سپی", f: "spey", e: "dog" }, { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" }], + [{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun" }, { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }], + [{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief" }, { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }], +]} + +### With feminine nouns + +{[ + [{ p: "ښڅه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }], + [{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtana", e: "Pashtun (f.)" }, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }], + [{ p: "لار", f: "laar", e: "road" }, { p: "لارې", f: "laare", e: "roads" }], + [{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" }, { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }], + [{ p: "ناجوړتیا", f: "naajoRtyaa", e: "sickness" }, { p: "ناجوړتیاوې", f: "naajoRtyaawe", e: "sicknesses" }], +]} + +Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same. + +{[ + [{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)" }, { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }], + [{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "window" }, { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }] +]} + +## Inanimate Plural Ending + +For masculine inanimate words that end in a consonant (and some others) you can add the ** ending** to make the noun plural. + +{[ + [{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" }, { p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" }], + [{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" }, { p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" }], + [{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" }, { p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" }], +]} + +## Animate Plural Ending + +For many animate nouns (and some others), you can add a ending to make it plural. If the noun ends in a long vowel, you will need to add a before the ending. + +### With masculine nouns + +{[ + [{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" }, { p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" }], + [{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" }, { p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" }], + [{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" }, { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" }], +]} + +### With feminine nouns + +When we use this with feminine nouns, we need to add an on the end. + +{[ + [{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" }, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }], + [{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩‍🏫" }, { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩‍🏫👩‍🏫" }], + [{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩‍⚕️"}, { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩‍⚕️👩‍⚕️" }], +]} + +**Note:** Sometimes the ending is used with animate nouns, and somethimes the ending is used with inanimate nouns as well. For example: + +{[ + [{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" }, { p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" }], +]} + +## Irregular Plurals + +Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms. + +{[ + [{p:"خور", f:"khor", e:"sister"}, {p:"خویندې", f:"khweynde", e:"sisters"}], + [{p:"ورور", f:"wror", e:"brother"}, {p:"وروڼه", f:"wróoNa", e:"brothers"}], + [{p:"نجلۍ", f:"njuluy", e:"girl"},{p:"نچونې", f:"njoone", e:"girls"}], + [{p:"مور", f:"mor", e:"mother"}, {p:"میندې", f:"mende", e:"mothers"}], + [{p:"زوی", f:"zooy", e:"son"}, {p:"زامن", f:"zaamun", e:"sons"}], + [{p:"ترور", f:"tror", e:"aunt"}, {p:"تریندې", f:"treynde", e:"aunts"}], + [{p:"لور", f:"loor", e:"daughter"},{p:"لوڼې", f:"looNe", e:"daughters"}], + [{p:"یور", f:"yor", e:"wife of a husbands' brother"},{p:"یوڼې", f:"yooNe", e:"wives of a husband's brother"}], + [{p:"نږور", f:"nGor", e:"daughter-in-law"},{p:"نږیندې", f:"nGeynde", e:"daughter-in-laws"}], +]}