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@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ image: "./gears-bg.jpg"
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import IW from "../../../src/components/inline-word/InlineWord";
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import IW from "../../../src/components/inline-word/InlineWord";
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import Word from "../../../src/components/word/Word";
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import Word from "../../../src/components/word/Word";
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import VerbInfo from "../../../src/components/verb-info/VerbInfo";
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import TensesChart from "../../../src/components/tenses-chart/TensesChart";
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import TensesChart from "../../../src/components/tenses-chart/TensesChart";
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import pakhawulDiagram from "./cooking-potatoes.svg";
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import pakhawulDiagram from "./cooking-potatoes.svg";
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import becomingCookedDiagram from "./potatoes-cooking.svg";
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import becomingCookedDiagram from "./potatoes-cooking.svg";
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@ -30,6 +29,10 @@ import runningDiagram from "./running.svg";
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import stativeIroningDiagram from "./ironing-stative.svg";
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import stativeIroningDiagram from "./ironing-stative.svg";
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import dynamicIroningDiagram from "./ironing-dynamic.svg";
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import dynamicIroningDiagram from "./ironing-dynamic.svg";
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import { Link } from "gatsby";
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import { Link } from "gatsby";
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import {
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getVerbInfo,
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RootsAndStems,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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export const SimpleFormula = ({ items }) => {
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export const SimpleFormula = ({ items }) => {
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const boxStyle = {
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const boxStyle = {
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@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ About 70% of verbs in Pashto are compound verbs. Although they're incredibly com
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## What is a compound verb?
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## What is a compound verb?
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A compound verb is a verb that's made by combining an auxilary/helper verb and something else (a complement).
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A compound verb is a verb that's made by combining a verb and something else (a complement).
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<SimpleFormula items={[
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<SimpleFormula items={[
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<div>
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<div>
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@ -66,11 +69,10 @@ A compound verb is a verb that's made by combining an auxilary/helper verb and s
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<div>adjective</div>
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<div>adjective</div>
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<div>adverb</div>
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<div>adverb</div>
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</div>,
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</div>,
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<div>
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<div className="p-3">
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<strong>helper verb</strong>
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<strong>Verb</strong>
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<div>(auxilary verb)</div>
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</div>,
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</div>,
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<strong>compound verb</strong>,
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<div className="py-3"><strong>Compound Verb</strong></div>,
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]}/>
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]}/>
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Here are a few of examples:
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Here are a few of examples:
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@ -178,15 +180,10 @@ Transitive stative compounds always use use the word <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "k
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The <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul" }} /> verb used by these compounds will <em>never, ever, ever take a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo" }} /> prefix</em>.
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The <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul" }} /> verb used by these compounds will <em>never, ever, ever take a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo" }} /> prefix</em>.
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<VerbInfo>{{
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<RootsAndStems
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def: "کول - to make [object] ____",
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info={getVerbInfo({"i":10247,"ts":1579015359582,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg. stat.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true})}
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subDef: "transitive",
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textOptions={defaultTextOptions}
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presStem: { p: "____ کو", f: "____ kaw" },
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/>
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subjStem: { p: "____ کړ", f: "____ kR" },
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infinitive: { p: "____ کول", f: "____ kawúl" },
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perfRoot: { p: "____ کړل", f: "____ kRul" },
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pastPart: { p: "____ کړی", f: "____ kúRey" },
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}}</VerbInfo>
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The complement is often an adjective, as in the following example: <IW w={{ p: "خفه کول", f: "khufa kawúl", e: "to upset" }} />
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The complement is often an adjective, as in the following example: <IW w={{ p: "خفه کول", f: "khufa kawúl", e: "to upset" }} />
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@ -266,7 +263,7 @@ Let's take a look at the verb <IW w={{ p: "ستړی کول", f: "stúRey kawúl"
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<img src={makingTiredDiagram} className="image-fluid" />
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<img src={makingTiredDiagram} className="image-fluid" />
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If we're using a feminine object <IW w={{ p: "هغه", f: "haghá", e: "her", a: "" }} />, we need to inflect the complement/adjective <IW w={{ p: "ستړی", f: "stúRe", e: "tired" }} /> to <IW w={{ p: "ستړې", f: "stúRe" }} />.
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If we're using a feminine object <IW w={{ p: "هغه", f: "haghá", e: "her", a: "" }} />, we need to inflect the complement/adjective <IW w={{ p: "ستړی", f: "stúRey", e: "tired" }} /> to <IW w={{ p: "ستړې", f: "stúRe" }} />.
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary className="large-summary">See conjugations</summary>
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<summary className="large-summary">See conjugations</summary>
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@ -452,7 +449,7 @@ For example if we use the irregular adjective <IW w={{ p: "پوخ", f: "pokh", e
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</tbody>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</table>
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And when we combine this inflectable adjective with the helper verb they get fused togethre like this:
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And when we combine this inflectable adjective with the verb they get fused together like this:
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<SimpleFormula items={[
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<SimpleFormula items={[
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<Word w={{ p: "پوخ", f: "pokh", e: "cooked" }} />,
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<Word w={{ p: "پوخ", f: "pokh", e: "cooked" }} />,
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@ -625,7 +622,7 @@ So far we've learned the inner workings of one type of machine: the "transformer
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To review all the behaviours of the stative compounds, we know that they:
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To review all the behaviours of the stative compounds, we know that they:
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- Always use <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to make" }} /> as the helper/auxilary verb
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- Always use <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to make" }} /> as the verb
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- The complement can be an adjective, noun, or adverb
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- The complement can be an adjective, noun, or adverb
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- If the complement is an adjective, it will inflect according to the object
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- If the complement is an adjective, it will inflect according to the object
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- Infinitive/imperfective forms (almost always) fuse together when the complement ends in a consonant
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- Infinitive/imperfective forms (almost always) fuse together when the complement ends in a consonant
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@ -687,15 +684,10 @@ While stative componuds used <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to make" }} /
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Unlike <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to make" }} />, <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to do" }} /> does take a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} /> in the perfective forms.
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Unlike <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to make" }} />, <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to do" }} /> does take a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} /> in the perfective forms.
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<VerbInfo>{{
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<RootsAndStems
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def: "کول - to do [object]",
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info={getVerbInfo({"i":10246,"ts":1527812752,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true})}
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subDef: "transitive",
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textOptions={defaultTextOptions}
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presStem: { p: "کو", f: "kaw" },
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/>
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subjStem: { p: "وکړ", f: "óokR" },
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infinitive: { p: "کول", f: "kawúl" },
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perfRoot: { p: "وکړل", f: "óokRul" },
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pastPart: { p: "کړی", f: "kúRey" },
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}}</VerbInfo>
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Let's look at the verb <IW w={{ p: "کار کول", f: "kaar kawul", e: "to work" }} />:
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Let's look at the verb <IW w={{ p: "کار کول", f: "kaar kawul", e: "to work" }} />:
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@ -909,7 +901,7 @@ Remember all those weird different behaviours that we mentioned at the beginning
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</tr>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Uses <IW w={{ p: "کول", e: "to make" }} />, which never takes a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} /></td>
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<td>Uses <IW w={{ p: "کول", e: "to make" }} />, which never takes a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} /></td>
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<td>Uses <IW w={{ p: "کول", e: "to do" }} />, which does take a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} />, or other helper verbs</td>
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<td>Uses <IW w={{ p: "کول", e: "to do" }} />, which does take a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} />, or other verbs</td>
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</tr>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<tr>
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<td>The complement can be an adjective, noun, or adverb</td>
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<td>The complement can be an adjective, noun, or adverb</td>
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@ -1090,15 +1082,10 @@ These follow all the same rules and behaviours as the transitive versions, excep
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These verbs use the intranisite equivalent to <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to make" }} /> which is <IW w={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl", e: "to become" }} />.
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These verbs use the intranisite equivalent to <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to make" }} /> which is <IW w={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl", e: "to become" }} />.
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<VerbInfo>{{
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<RootsAndStems
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def: "کېدل - to become ____",
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info={getVerbInfo({"i":10313,"ts":1581086654898,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg. stat.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true})}
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subDef: "intransitive",
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textOptions={defaultTextOptions}
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presStem: { p: "کېږ", f: "keG" },
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/>
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subjStem: { p: "ش", f: "sh" },
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infinitive: { p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl" },
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perfRoot: { p: "شول", f: "shwul" },
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pastPart: { p: "شوی", f: "shúwey" },
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}}</VerbInfo>
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Notice how with this verb, just as with <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to make" }} />, there is no <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} />.
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Notice how with this verb, just as with <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to make" }} />, there is no <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} />.
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The verb used is <IW w={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl", e: "to happen", a: "" }} />, which is the intransitive equivalent of <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to do" }} />. It *does* ake a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} />
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The verb used is <IW w={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl", e: "to happen", a: "" }} />, which is the intransitive equivalent of <IW w={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to do" }} />. It *does* ake a <IW w={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "perfective prefix" }} />
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<VerbInfo>{{
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<RootsAndStems
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def: "کېدل - to happen",
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info={getVerbInfo({"i":10312,"ts":1527812754,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg. dyn.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true})}
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subDef: "intransitive",
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textOptions={defaultTextOptions}
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presStem: { p: "کېږ", f: "keG" },
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/>
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subjStem: { p: "وش", f: "óosh" },
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infinitive: { p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl" },
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perfRoot: { p: "وشول", f: "óoshwul" },
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pastPart: { p: "شوی", f: "shúwey" },
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}}</VerbInfo>
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<details>
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<details>
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<summary className="large-summary">See conjugations</summary>
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<summary className="large-summary">See conjugations</summary>
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