diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 69c3c0a..48458fb 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector",
-  "version": "3.5.9",
+  "version": "3.6.0",
   "author": "lingdocs.com",
   "description": "A Pashto inflection and verb conjugation engine, inculding React components for displaying Pashto text, inflections, and conjugations",
   "homepage": "https://verbs.lingdocs.com",
diff --git a/src/components/verb-info/VerbInfo.tsx b/src/components/verb-info/VerbInfo.tsx
index 15b416e..bf688ff 100644
--- a/src/components/verb-info/VerbInfo.tsx
+++ b/src/components/verb-info/VerbInfo.tsx
@@ -41,12 +41,13 @@ const title: CSSProperties = {
 
 export function RootsAndStems({ textOptions, info, hidePastParticiple, highlighted, noTails }: {
     textOptions: T.TextOptions,
-    info: T.NonComboVerbInfo | T.PassiveRootsStems,
+    info: T.NonComboVerbInfo | T.PassiveRootsAndStems | T.AbilityRootsAndStems,
     hidePastParticiple?: boolean,
     highlighted?: T.RootsOrStemsToHighlight,
     noTails?: boolean,
 }) {
-    const hasPerfectiveSplit = !!(info.root.perfectiveSplit || info.stem.perfectiveSplit);
+    const hasPerfectiveSplit = ("perfectiveSplit" in info.root && "perfectiveSplit" in info.stem)
+        && !!(info.root.perfectiveSplit || info.stem.perfectiveSplit);
     const showPersInf = hasPersInfs(info);
     const [persInf, setPersInf] = useState<T.PersonInflectionsField>("mascSing");
     const [split, setSplit] = useState<boolean>(false);
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ export function RootsAndStems({ textOptions, info, hidePastParticiple, highlight
                             </div>
                         </div>
                     </div>
-                    {!hidePastParticiple && <div className="text-center" style={highlighted?.includes("past participle") ? highlight : {}}>
+                    {!hidePastParticiple && "participle" in info &&<div className="text-center" style={highlighted?.includes("past participle") ? highlight : {}}>
                         <div style={title}>Past Participle</div>
                             <VerbInfoItemDisplay
                                 item={pickPersInf(info.participle.past, persInf)}
diff --git a/src/components/vp-explorer/TensePicker.tsx b/src/components/vp-explorer/TensePicker.tsx
index a532d2f..70f23ac 100644
--- a/src/components/vp-explorer/TensePicker.tsx
+++ b/src/components/vp-explorer/TensePicker.tsx
@@ -8,48 +8,50 @@ import {
     VpsReducerAction
 } from "./vps-reducer";
 
-const verbTenseOptions: { label: string | JSX.Element, value: T.VerbTense, formula: string, modalFormula: string, }[] = [{
+const verbTenseOptions: { label: string | JSX.Element, value: T.VerbTense, formula: string }[] = [{
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-video mr-2" />present</div>,
     value: "presentVerb",
     formula: "imperfective stem + present verb ending",
-    modalFormula: `imperfective root + tail + kedul "to become" subjunctive`,
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-camera mr-2" />subjunctive</div>,
     value: "subjunctiveVerb",
     formula: "perfective stem + present verb ending",
-    modalFormula: `perfective root + tail + kedul "to become" subjunctive`,
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-video mr-2" />imperfective future</div>,
     value: "imperfectiveFuture",
     formula: "ba + present",
-    modalFormula: `ba + present modal`,
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-camera mr-2" />perfective future</div>,
     value: "perfectiveFuture",
     formula: "ba + subjunctive",
-    modalFormula: `ba + subjunctive modal`,
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-video mr-2" />continuous past</div>,
     value: "imperfectivePast",
     formula: "imperfective root + past verb ending",
-    modalFormula: `imperfective root + tail + kedul "to become" simple past`,
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-camera mr-2" />simple past</div>,
     value: "perfectivePast",
     formula: "perfective root + past verb ending",
-    modalFormula: `perfective root + tail + kedul "to become" simple past`,
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-video mr-2" />habitual continual past</div>,
     value: "habitualImperfectivePast",
-    formula: "ba + contiunous past",
-    modalFormula: `ba + simple past modal`,
+    formula: "ba + continuous past",
 }, {
     label: <div><i className="fas fa-camera mr-2" />habitual simple past</div>,
     value: "habitualPerfectivePast",
     formula: "ba + simple past",
-    modalFormula: `ba + continuous past modal`,
 }];
 
+function composeFormula(formula: string, prefix: "passive" | "ability"): string {
+    return formula.replace(/^perfective/, `${prefix} perfective`)
+        .replace(/^imperfective/, `${prefix} imperfective`)
+        .replace("continuous", `${prefix} continuous`)
+        .replace("simple", `${prefix} simple`)
+        .replace(/present$/, `${prefix} present`)
+        .replace(/subjunctive$/, `${prefix} subjunctive`)
+        .replace("past participle", `${prefix} past participle`);
+}
+
 const perfectTenseOptions: { label: string | JSX.Element, value: T.PerfectTense, formula: string }[] = [{
     label: "Present Perfect",
     value: "presentPerfect",
@@ -181,6 +183,7 @@ function TensePicker(props: ({
         : verbTenseOptions;
     const showImperativeOption = ("vps" in props && props.vps.verb.voice === "active")
         || ("vpsComplete" in props && props.vpsComplete.verb.voice !== "active");
+    const inPassiveVoice = ("vps" in props && props.vps.verb.voice === "passive") || ("vpsComplete" in props && props.vpsComplete.verb.voice === "passive");;
     const canHaveFormula = "vps" in props && props.mode !== "quiz";
     return <div>
         <div style={{ maxWidth: "300px", minWidth: "250px", margin: "0 auto" }}>
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ function TensePicker(props: ({
                     value={"vpsComplete" in props 
                         ? getTenseCategory(props.vpsComplete.verb.tense)
                         : props.vps.verb.tenseCategory}
+                    // @ts-ignore
                     options={showImperativeOption ? [{
                         label: "Basic",
                         value: "basic",
@@ -217,7 +221,7 @@ function TensePicker(props: ({
                     }, {
                         label: "Ability",
                         value: "modal",
-                    }]}
+                    }].filter(x => !(inPassiveVoice && x.value === "modal"))}
                     handleChange={props.mode !== "quiz" ? onTenseCategorySelect : () => null}
                 />
             </div>}
@@ -276,8 +280,10 @@ function TensePicker(props: ({
                     ]);
                 const formula = !curr
                     ? ""
-                    : ("modalFormula" in curr && props.vps.verb.tenseCategory === "modal")
-                    ? curr.modalFormula
+                    : (props.vps.verb.tenseCategory === "modal")
+                    ? composeFormula(curr.formula, "ability")
+                    : (props.vps.verb.voice === "passive")
+                    ? composeFormula(curr.formula, "passive")
                     : curr.formula;
                 if (curr && "formula" in curr) {
                     return <div className="mb-2" style={{ width: "250px", overflowY: "auto" }}>
diff --git a/src/components/vp-explorer/VerbPicker.tsx b/src/components/vp-explorer/VerbPicker.tsx
index 95e140a..0903a5b 100644
--- a/src/components/vp-explorer/VerbPicker.tsx
+++ b/src/components/vp-explorer/VerbPicker.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import * as T from "../../types";
 import ButtonSelect from "../ButtonSelect";
 import { RootsAndStems } from "../verb-info/VerbInfo";
-import { getPassiveRootsAndStems, getVerbInfo } from "../../lib/verb-info";
+import { getAbilityRootsAndStems, getPassiveRootsAndStems, getVerbInfo } from "../../lib/verb-info";
 import Hider from "../Hider";
 import useStickyState from "../../lib/useStickyState";
 import CompoundDisplay from "./CompoundDisplay";
@@ -51,6 +51,14 @@ function VerbPicker(props: {
         });
     }
     const passiveRootsAndStems = (info && props.vps.verb.voice === "passive") ? getPassiveRootsAndStems(info) : undefined;
+    const abilityRootsAndStems = (() => {
+        try {
+            return (info && props.vps.verb.tenseCategory === "modal") ? getAbilityRootsAndStems(info) : undefined;
+        } catch (e) {
+            console.log("error making ability roots and stems", e);
+            return undefined;
+        }
+    })();
     return <div className="mb-3">
         {info && <CompoundDisplay
             info={info}
@@ -60,13 +68,17 @@ function VerbPicker(props: {
         {info && <div className="mt-3 mb-1 text-center">
             <Hider
                 showing={showRootsAndStems}
-                label="🌳 Roots and Stems"      
+                label={`🌳 ${passiveRootsAndStems ? "Passive" : abilityRootsAndStems ? "Ability" : ""} Roots and Stems`}     
                 handleChange={() => setShowRootsAndStems(p => !p)}
                 hLevel={5}
             >
                 <RootsAndStems
                     textOptions={props.opts}
-                    info={passiveRootsAndStems ? passiveRootsAndStems : info}
+                    info={passiveRootsAndStems
+                        ? passiveRootsAndStems
+                        : abilityRootsAndStems
+                        ? abilityRootsAndStems
+                        : info}
                 />
             </Hider>
         </div>}
@@ -89,7 +101,7 @@ function VerbPicker(props: {
                 <ButtonSelect
                     small
                     value={props.vps.verb.voice}
-                    options={props.vps.verb.tenseCategory === "imperative"  
+                    options={(props.vps.verb.tenseCategory === "imperative" || props.vps.verb.tenseCategory === "modal")  
                     ? [{
                         label: "Active",
                         value: "active",
diff --git a/src/components/vp-explorer/vps-reducer.ts b/src/components/vp-explorer/vps-reducer.ts
index 39e3859..b00acab 100644
--- a/src/components/vp-explorer/vps-reducer.ts
+++ b/src/components/vp-explorer/vps-reducer.ts
@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ export function vpsReducer(vps: T.VPSelectionState, action: VpsReducerAction, se
                         verb: {
                             ...vps.verb,
                             voice,
+                            tenseCategory: vps.verb.tenseCategory === "modal" ? "basic" : vps.verb.tenseCategory,
                         },
                     };
                 } else {
@@ -239,6 +240,16 @@ export function vpsReducer(vps: T.VPSelectionState, action: VpsReducerAction, se
                     },
                 });
             }
+            if (category === "modal") {
+                return {
+                    ...vps,
+                    verb: {
+                        ...vps.verb,
+                        tenseCategory: category,
+                        voice: "active",
+                    },
+                }
+            }
             return {
                 ...vps,
                 verb: {
diff --git a/src/lib/misc-helpers.ts b/src/lib/misc-helpers.ts
index b7f3177..3af9eaf 100644
--- a/src/lib/misc-helpers.ts
+++ b/src/lib/misc-helpers.ts
@@ -60,12 +60,18 @@ export function getFirstSecThird(p: T.Person): 1 | 2 | 3 {
 //     return s;
 // }
 
-export function hasPersInfs(info: T.NonComboVerbInfo | T.PassiveRootsStems): boolean {
+export function hasPersInfs(info: T.NonComboVerbInfo | T.PassiveRootsAndStems | T.AbilityRootsAndStems): boolean {
+    if ("participle" in info) {
+        return (
+            "mascSing" in info.root.perfective ||
+            "mascSing" in info.stem.perfective ||
+            ("present" in info.participle && "mascSing" in info.participle.present) ||
+            "mascSing" in info.participle.past
+        );
+    }
     return (
         "mascSing" in info.root.perfective ||
-        "mascSing" in info.stem.perfective ||
-        ("present" in info.participle && "mascSing" in info.participle.present) ||
-        "mascSing" in info.participle.past
+        "mascSing" in info.stem.perfective
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/verb-info.ts b/src/lib/verb-info.ts
index 7731917..ebc19e6 100644
--- a/src/lib/verb-info.ts
+++ b/src/lib/verb-info.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
     choosePersInf,
     isUnisexSet,
     getLong,
+    getShort,
 } from "./p-text-helpers";
 import {
     makePsString,
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ import {
 } from "./pashto-inflector";
 import {
     checkForIrregularConjugation,
+    kedulStat,
     stativeAux,
 } from "./irregular-conjugations";
 import {
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ import {
     spaceInForm,
     getAuxTransitivity,
     chooseParticipleInflection,
+    noPersInfs,
 } from "./misc-helpers";
 import * as T from "../types";
 
@@ -982,7 +985,72 @@ function makeDynamicPerfectiveSplit(comp: T.PsString, auxSplit: T.SplitInfo): T.
     ];
 }
 
-export function getPassiveRootsAndStems(info: T.NonComboVerbInfo, withTails?: boolean): T.PassiveRootsStems | undefined {
+export function getAbilityRootsAndStems(info: T.NonComboVerbInfo): T.AbilityRootsAndStems {
+    const isIntransitiveStativeCompound = info.type === "stative compound" && info.transitivity === "intransitive"
+    const roots = getAbilityRoots(info.root, isIntransitiveStativeCompound);
+    return addAbilityHelperRootsAndStems(roots, isIntransitiveStativeCompound);
+}
+
+function addAbilityHelperRootsAndStems(roots: T.VerbRootSet, isIntransitiveStativeCompound: boolean): T.AbilityRootsAndStems {
+    function addAbilityHelperToRoot(
+        r: T.OptionalPersonInflections<T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>>,
+        helper: T.PsString,
+    ): T.OptionalPersonInflections<T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>> {
+        if ("mascSing" in r) {
+            return {
+                mascSing: addAbilityHelperToRoot(r.mascSing, helper) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+                mascPlur: addAbilityHelperToRoot(r.mascPlur, helper) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+                femSing: addAbilityHelperToRoot(r.femSing, helper) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+                femPlur: addAbilityHelperToRoot(r.femPlur, helper) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+            }
+        }
+        return {
+            long: concatPsString(r.long, " ", helper),
+            short: concatPsString(r.short, " ", helper),
+        };
+    }
+    const stemHelper = getLong(noPersInfs(kedulStat.info.stem.perfective));
+    const rootHelper = noPersInfs(kedulStat.info.root.perfective).long;
+    return {
+        stem: {
+            perfective: addAbilityHelperToRoot(roots.perfective, stemHelper),
+            imperfective: addAbilityHelperToRoot(roots.imperfective, stemHelper),
+            ...roots.perfectiveSplit ? {
+                perfectiveSplit: addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(roots.perfectiveSplit, stemHelper),
+            } : {},
+        },
+        root: {
+            perfective: addAbilityHelperToRoot(roots.perfective, rootHelper),
+            imperfective: addAbilityHelperToRoot(roots.imperfective, rootHelper),
+            ...roots.perfectiveSplit ? {
+                perfectiveSplit: addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(roots.perfectiveSplit, rootHelper),
+            } : {},
+        },
+    };
+}
+
+function addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(s: T.SplitInfo, helper: T.PsString): T.SplitInfo {
+    if ("mascSing" in s) {
+        return {
+            mascSing: addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(s.mascSing, helper) as T.SingleOrLengthOpts<[T.PsString, T.PsString]>,
+            mascPlur: addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(s.mascPlur, helper) as T.SingleOrLengthOpts<[T.PsString, T.PsString]>,
+            femSing: addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(s.femSing, helper) as T.SingleOrLengthOpts<[T.PsString, T.PsString]>,
+            femPlur: addAbilityHelperToPerfectiveSplit(s.femPlur, helper) as T.SingleOrLengthOpts<[T.PsString, T.PsString]>,
+        };
+    }
+    return {
+        long: [
+            getLong(s)[0],
+            concatPsString(getLong(s)[1], " ", helper),
+        ],
+        short: [
+            getShort(s)[0],
+            concatPsString(getShort(s)[1], " ", helper),
+        ],
+    };
+}
+
+export function getPassiveRootsAndStems(info: T.NonComboVerbInfo, withTails?: boolean): T.PassiveRootsAndStems | undefined {
     if (info.transitivity === "intransitive") return undefined;
     return {
         stem: getPassiveStem(info.root, info.root.perfectiveSplit, withTails),
@@ -1050,6 +1118,50 @@ function getPassiveRootPerfectiveSplit(root: T.OptionalPersonInflections<T.Lengt
     };
 }
 
+const abilityTail = { p: "ی", f: "ey" };
+const abilityTailAccented = { p: "ی", f: "éy" };
+
+function getAbilityRoots(root: T.VerbRootSet, isIntransitiveStativeCompound: boolean): T.VerbRootSet {
+    function getAspectAbilityRoot(root: T.VerbRootSet[T.Aspect], aspect: T.Aspect): T.OptionalPersonInflections<T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>> {
+        if ("mascSing" in root) {
+            return {
+                mascSing: getAspectAbilityRoot(root.mascSing, aspect) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+                mascPlur: getAspectAbilityRoot(root.mascPlur, aspect) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+                femSing: getAspectAbilityRoot(root.femSing, aspect) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+                femPlur: getAspectAbilityRoot(root.femPlur, aspect) as T.LengthOptions<T.PsString>,
+            };
+        }
+        return {
+            long: concatPsString(root.long, abilityTail) as T.PsString,
+            short: concatPsString(root.short, aspect === "imperfective" ? abilityTailAccented : abilityTail) as T.PsString,
+        }
+    }
+    function getAbilityRootPerfectiveSplit(s: T.SplitInfo): T.SplitInfo {
+        if ("mascSing" in s) {
+            return {
+                mascSing: getAbilityRootPerfectiveSplit(s.mascSing) as [T.PsString, T.PsString],
+                mascPlur: getAbilityRootPerfectiveSplit(s.mascPlur) as [T.PsString, T.PsString],
+                femSing: getAbilityRootPerfectiveSplit(s.femSing) as [T.PsString, T.PsString],
+                femPlur: getAbilityRootPerfectiveSplit(s.femPlur) as [T.PsString, T.PsString],
+            };
+        }
+        return {
+            long: [getLong(s)[0], concatPsString(getLong(s)[1], abilityTail)],
+            short: [getShort(s)[0], concatPsString(getShort(s)[1], abilityTail)],
+        }
+    }
+    return {
+        perfective: getAspectAbilityRoot(
+            !isIntransitiveStativeCompound ? root.perfective : root.imperfective,
+            !isIntransitiveStativeCompound ? "perfective" : "imperfective",
+        ),
+        imperfective: getAspectAbilityRoot(root.imperfective, "imperfective"),
+        ...(root.perfectiveSplit && !isIntransitiveStativeCompound) ? {
+            perfectiveSplit: getAbilityRootPerfectiveSplit(root.perfectiveSplit),
+        } : {},
+    };
+}
+
 function getPassiveRoot(root: T.VerbRootSet, splitInfo: T.SplitInfo | undefined, withTails?: boolean): T.VerbRootSet {
     const perfectiveRoot = withTails ? concatPsString(root.perfective, passiveRootTail) : root.perfective;
     const imperfectiveRoot = withTails ? concatPsString(root.imperfective, passiveRootTail) : root.imperfective;
diff --git a/src/library.ts b/src/library.ts
index c947324..041260c 100644
--- a/src/library.ts
+++ b/src/library.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
 import {
     getVerbInfo,
     getPassiveRootsAndStems,
+    getAbilityRootsAndStems,
 } from "./lib/verb-info";
 import InflectionsTable from "./components/InflectionsTable";
 import Pashto from "./components/Pashto";
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ export {
     conjugateVerb,
     getVerbInfo,
     getPassiveRootsAndStems,
+    getAbilityRootsAndStems,
     inflectWord,
     addToForm,
     concatPsString,
diff --git a/src/types.ts b/src/types.ts
index 089e331..691f3f4 100644
--- a/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/types.ts
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ export type VerbInfoBase = {
     idiosyncraticThirdMascSing?: ShortThirdPersFormSet;
 }
 
-export type PassiveRootsStems = {
+export type PassiveRootsAndStems = {
     stem: VerbStemSet,
     root: VerbRootSet,
     participle: {
@@ -177,6 +177,8 @@ export type PassiveRootsStems = {
     },
 }
 
+export type AbilityRootsAndStems = Omit<PassiveRootsAndStems, "participle">;
+
 export type SimpleVerbInfo = VerbInfoBase & {
     type: "simple";
 }