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e681da76b8
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@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ import * as specialPlurals from "./nouns/special-plurals.mdx";
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import * as bundledPlurals from "./nouns/bundled-plurals.mdx";
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import * as bundledPlurals from "./nouns/bundled-plurals.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as determiners from "./nouns/determiners.mdx";
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import * as determiners from "./nouns/determiners.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as demonstratives from "./nouns/demonstratives.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as BlocksAndKids from "./phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids.mdx";
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import * as BlocksAndKids from "./phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids.mdx";
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@ -100,6 +98,8 @@ import * as pronounsBasic from "./pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx";
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import * as pronounsMini from "./pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx";
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import * as pronounsMini from "./pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as directionalPronouns from "./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx";
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import * as directionalPronouns from "./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as demonstratives from "./pronouns/demonstratives.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as inflectionIntro from "./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx";
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import * as inflectionIntro from "./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx";
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@ -225,10 +225,6 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] =
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{
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{
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"import": determiners,
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"import": determiners,
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"slug": "determiners"
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"slug": "determiners"
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},
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{
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"import": demonstratives,
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"slug": "demonstratives"
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}
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}
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]
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]
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},
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},
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@ -247,6 +243,10 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] =
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{
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{
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"import": directionalPronouns,
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"import": directionalPronouns,
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"slug": "pronouns-directional"
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"slug": "pronouns-directional"
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},
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{
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"import": demonstratives,
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"slug": "demonstratives"
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}
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}
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]
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]
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},
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},
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File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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---
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---
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title: Determiners
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title: Determiners (کوم)
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---
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---
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import {
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import {
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@ -9,44 +9,10 @@ import {
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InflectionsTable,
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InflectionsTable,
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import nounWithAddons from "./noun-with-addons.excalidraw.svg";
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<div className="text-center mb-4">
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Pashto uses the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> in front of nouns to mean "which" or "some."
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<img
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src={nounWithAddons}
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alt="example of a noun in Pashto with various add-ons and a determiner"
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className="img-fluid"
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/>
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</div>
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[Determiners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner) are words that we can put in front of nous to express which nouns we are talking about. In Pashto we can use these words like these as determiners:
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## With questions
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom", e: "which / some" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هر", f: "har", e: "every / each" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ټول", f: "Tol", e: "all / the whole" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هیڅ", f: "heets", e: "no / none" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "بل", f: "bul", e: "other" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "داسې", f: "dáase", e: "such, like this" }} />
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- <InlinePs
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opts={opts}
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ps={{ p: "دغسې", f: "daghase", e: "just such, just like this" }}
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/>
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هسې", f: "háse", e: "such, like that" }} />
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- <InlinePs
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opts={opts}
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ps={{ p: "هغسې", f: "haghase", e: "just such, just like that" }}
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/>
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} />
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Notice that there is no definate article "the" in Pashto.
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In this chapter we'll look at a bunch of examples of how these determiners are used. The bottom three are special words we'll call <Link to="/nouns/demonstratives/">demonstratives</Link>, and we'll look at those in the <Link to="/nouns/demonstratives/">next chapter</Link>.
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## Which / some (کوم - koom)
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### With questions
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When used with questions, the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> means "which" or "what."
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When used with questions, the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> means "which" or "what."
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@ -76,7 +42,7 @@ When used with questions, the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "
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]}
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]}
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</Examples>
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</Examples>
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### With statements
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## With Statements
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With statements, the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> means "some."
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With statements, the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> means "some."
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@ -109,9 +75,9 @@ With statements, the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }}
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]}
|
]}
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</Examples>
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</Examples>
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### With inflection
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## Determiners inflect too!
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|
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The word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> inflects just like any other <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1 word</Link>. It will inflect to agree with the noun it is attached to, just like we would with an adjective attached to a noun.
|
The word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> inflects just like any other <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1 word</Link>. It will inflect to agree with the noun it is attached to. In this way, it works just like an adjective.
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|
|
||||||
<div className="mb-4">
|
<div className="mb-4">
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||||||
<InflectionsTable
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<InflectionsTable
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||||||
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@ -183,280 +149,3 @@ The word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کوم", f: "koom" }} /> inflects just
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},
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},
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]}
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]}
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</Examples>
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</Examples>
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## Every (هر - har)
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We use the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هر", f: "har", e: "every / each" }} /> when we want to talk about every one of some noun.
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<Examples opts={opts}>
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{[
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{
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p: "هر ماشوم دلته راشي",
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f: "har maashóom dálta ráashee",
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e: "Every child should come here",
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},
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{
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p: "دلته هر کتاب مفت دی",
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f: "dálta har kitáab mUft day",
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e: "Every book here is free",
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},
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{
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p: "زما هر ملګری وفادار دی",
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f: "zmaa har malgúray wafaadáar day",
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e: "Every one of my friends is faithful",
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},
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]}
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</Examples>
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This word also inflects just like any other <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1 word</Link>.
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<div className="mb-4">
|
|
||||||
<InflectionsTable
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|
||||||
inf={{
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||||||
masc: [
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||||||
[{ p: "هر", f: "har" }],
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||||||
[{ p: "هر", f: "har" }],
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||||||
[{ p: "هرو", f: "haro" }],
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],
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||||||
fem: [
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[{ p: "هره", f: "hára" }],
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[{ p: "هرې", f: "háre" }],
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||||||
[{ p: "هرو", f: "háro" }],
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||||||
],
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||||||
}}
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|
||||||
textOptions={opts}
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|
||||||
/>
|
|
||||||
</div>
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
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||||||
{
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||||||
p: "هره ماشومه دلته راشي",
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f: "hára maashóoma dálta ráashee",
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e: "Every (female) child should come here",
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sub: "Fem. sing. plain",
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},
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{
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p: "هغه هرې ښځې ته دا خبره کوي",
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f: "haghá háre xúdze ta daa khabura kawee",
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e: "She says that to every woman",
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sub: "Fem. sing. inflected - sandwich",
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},
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{
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p: "هرې ښځې ته تکلیف لیدلی دی",
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f: "háre xúdze takléef leedúlay day",
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e: "Every woman has seen difficulty",
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sub: "Fem. sing. inflected - subj. of past tense trans.",
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},
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{
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p: "دا ستونزه په هرو خلکو کې شته",
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f: "daa stóonza pu háro khálko ke shta",
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e: "That problem exists in every people.",
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sub: "Double inflection - 'people' is plural and in a sandwich",
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},
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]}
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</Examples>
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Notice that this word is usually used with singular nouns, but it can be used with plural group nouns like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خلک", f: "khalk", e: "people" }} /> if we want to talk about _each_ group, each of which is plural.
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## All / the whole (ټول)
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We use the determiner word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ټول", f: "Tol" }} /> to talk about all or the whole of something. This also inflects just like any other <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1 word</Link>.
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<div className="mb-4">
|
|
||||||
<InflectionsTable
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|
||||||
inf={{
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|
||||||
masc: [
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|
||||||
[{ p: "ټول", f: "Tol" }],
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|
||||||
[{ p: "ټول", f: "Tol" }],
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|
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[{ p: "ټولو", f: "Tolo" }],
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|
||||||
],
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fem: [
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|
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[{ p: "ټوله", f: "Tóla" }],
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[{ p: "ټولې", f: "Tóle" }],
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||||||
[{ p: "ټولو", f: "Tólo" }],
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|
||||||
],
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|
||||||
}}
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|
||||||
textOptions={opts}
|
|
||||||
/>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
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p: "ټول کلی خبر شو",
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f: "Tol kúlay khabúr sho",
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|
||||||
e: "The whole village found out",
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|
||||||
},
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|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "ټوله دنیا تا پېژني",
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|
||||||
f: "Tóla dUnyáa taa pejzunee",
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|
||||||
e: "The whole world knows you",
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|
||||||
sub: "Fem sing. plain",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "ټولې ښځې تا پېژني",
|
|
||||||
f: "Tóle xúdze taa pejzunee",
|
|
||||||
e: "All the women know you",
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|
||||||
sub: "Fem inflected - plural",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "ټولو ښځو ته ولیدې",
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|
||||||
f: "Tóle xúdze tu óoleede",
|
|
||||||
e: "All the women saw you",
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|
||||||
sub: "Double inflection - plural and subj. of past tense trans.",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "دا شعر ټولو ملګرو ته ډالۍ وي",
|
|
||||||
f: "daa shi'r Tólo malgúro ta Daalúy wee",
|
|
||||||
e: "May this poem be dedicated to all friends",
|
|
||||||
sub: "Double inflected - plural and sandwich",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
]}
|
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## No / none (هیڅ)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We use the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هیڅ", f: "heets" }} /> or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هېڅ", f: "hets" }} /> with **negative phrases** to say "no / none" of something. It's kind of like an emphasizing double negative.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "دلته هیڅ روغتون نشته",
|
|
||||||
f: "dálta heets roghtóon núshta",
|
|
||||||
e: "There's no hosptial here",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "زه هیڅ تعلیم نه لرم",
|
|
||||||
f: "zu heets ta'léem nu larúm",
|
|
||||||
e: "I don't have any education",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "له دغه سړي نه هیځ خیر نه راځي",
|
|
||||||
f: "la dághu saRée na heets khayr nu raadzee",
|
|
||||||
e: "No good comes from that man",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "هیڅ خبره نشته",
|
|
||||||
f: "heets khabúra nishta",
|
|
||||||
e: "It's nothing, no problem",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
]}
|
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هیڅ", f: "heets" }} /> does _not_ inflect.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Other / another (بل)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We use the determiner word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "بل", f: "bul" }} /> to talk about the 'other' or 'another' something or someone. This word does inflect.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div className="mb-4">
|
|
||||||
<InflectionsTable
|
|
||||||
inf={{
|
|
||||||
masc: [
|
|
||||||
[{ p: "بل", f: "bul" }],
|
|
||||||
[{ p: "بل", f: "bul" }],
|
|
||||||
[{ p: "بلو", f: "búlo" }],
|
|
||||||
],
|
|
||||||
fem: [
|
|
||||||
[{ p: "بله", f: "búla" }],
|
|
||||||
[{ p: "بلې", f: "búle" }],
|
|
||||||
[{ p: "بلو", f: "búlo" }],
|
|
||||||
],
|
|
||||||
}}
|
|
||||||
textOptions={opts}
|
|
||||||
/>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "ستا بل کور چېرته دی؟",
|
|
||||||
f: "staa bul kor cherta day?",
|
|
||||||
e: "Where's your other house",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "بلې ښځې سره خبرې کوي",
|
|
||||||
f: "búle xúdze sara khabúre kawee",
|
|
||||||
e: "She's talking with another woman",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "بلې خوا ته ورشه",
|
|
||||||
f: "bule khwaa ta wársha",
|
|
||||||
e: "Go to the other side",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "بلې ښځې زه ولیدلم",
|
|
||||||
f: "búle xudze ze óoleedulum",
|
|
||||||
e: "The other woman saw me",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
]}
|
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Like this / like that (داسې, دغسې, هسې, هغسې)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The words <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "داسې", f: "daase" }} /> and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هسې", f: "hase" }} /> can be used to mean "such" or "like this" and "like that," respectively.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "زه داسې کتاب غواړم",
|
|
||||||
f: "zu dáase kitáab ghwáaRum",
|
|
||||||
e: "I want a book like that",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "زه داسې خلکو سره خبرې نه کوم",
|
|
||||||
f: "zu daase khalko sara khabúre nu kawum",
|
|
||||||
e: "I don't talk with such people",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "هسې سړی نه دی",
|
|
||||||
f: "hase saRay nu day",
|
|
||||||
e: "He's not that kind of guy",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
]}
|
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Note**: the word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هسې", f: "háse" }} /> is also very, very often used as an adverb meaning "just," "for no reason," or "in vain."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For an extra degree of emphasis or specificity you can use the words <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغسې", f: "daghase", e: "just like this" }} /> or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغسې", f: "hagháse", e: "just like that" }} />
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "زه دغسې کتاب غواړم",
|
|
||||||
f: "zu daghase kitáab ghwáaRum",
|
|
||||||
e: "I want a book just like that",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "هغسې ماشومه وه",
|
|
||||||
f: "haghase maashóoma wa",
|
|
||||||
e: "She was a child just like that",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
]}
|
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Mixing and matching determiners
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Many of these determiners can be used together, and in different orders.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
|
||||||
{[
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "زه به دا شی کوم داسې ملګري ته ورکړم",
|
|
||||||
f: "zu ba daa shay koom daase malgúray ta wárkRum",
|
|
||||||
e: "I will give this thing to some such friend",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p: "ما هیڅ داسې کوم شی نه دی لیکلی",
|
|
||||||
f: "maa heets dáase koom shay nu day leekúlay",
|
|
||||||
e: "I didn't write any such thing like that",
|
|
||||||
},
|
|
||||||
]}
|
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Other notes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Usually these determiners go _before_ the quantifiers of a noun, but some of these determiners like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "داسې", f: "dáase" }} />, and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغسې", f: "dagháse" }} /> can go before or after the quantifier.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also note a lot of these can also function as adverbs, which function _differently_ than determiners.
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
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|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 78 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
title: Demonstratives 👉
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
import {
|
||||||
|
defaultTextOptions as opts,
|
||||||
|
InlinePs,
|
||||||
|
firstVariation,
|
||||||
|
Examples
|
||||||
|
} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
|
||||||
|
import genderColors from "../../lib/gender-colors";
|
||||||
|
import GenderTable from "../../components/GenderTable";
|
||||||
|
import Link from "../../components/Link";
|
||||||
|
export const femColor = genderColors.f;
|
||||||
|
export const mascColor = genderColors.m;
|
||||||
|
import { nounGenderGame1, nounGenderGame2 } from "../../games/games";
|
||||||
|
import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay";
|
||||||
|
import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx";
|
||||||
|
import EditableEPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx";
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Demonstratives are words like "this, that, these, those" that are used **to point to or specify nouns**. In Pashto we use the words for demonstratives:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} />
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} />
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
And these words also inflect in some interesting ways. TLDR; See the <Link to="/pronouns/demonstratives/#overview--tables">tables at the bottom</Link>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## The general دا - daa
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} /> is probably the most common demonstrative in Pashto. It's also fairly general, for pointing to people or things close by or at a medium distance. ("Distance" here can refer to the distance in conversation, not just physical distance.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The other nice thing about this useful pointer word is that **it is the same for masculine or feminine, singular or plural**!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.016611610164032342,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.010739460241721455,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816016,"i":3172,"p":"پښتو","f":"puxtó, paxtó","g":"puxto,paxto","e":"Pashto, Pashtunwali","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"Pashto","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817013,"i":18259,"p":"ویل","f":"wayúl","g":"wayul","e":"to say, to tell","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.016611610164032342,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":7091,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","r":4,"c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.010739460241721455,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816016,"i":3172,"p":"پښتو","f":"puxtó, paxtó","g":"puxto,paxto","e":"Pashto, Pashtunwali","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"Pashto","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817013,"i":18259,"p":"ویل","f":"wayúl","g":"wayul","e":"to say, to tell","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.7759356354574205,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.09676861988508834,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1586551382412,"i":17981,"p":"وریژې","f":"wréejze","g":"wreejze","e":"rice","r":4,"c":"n. f. pl.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1571859113828,"i":2904,"p":"پخول","f":"pakhawúl","g":"pakhawul","e":"to cook, prepare, to cause to ripen, mature","r":4,"c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":3512,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","r":4,"c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.7759356354574205,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.09676861988508834,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1586551382412,"i":17981,"p":"وریژې","f":"wréejze","g":"wreejze","e":"rice","r":4,"c":"n. f. pl.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1571859113828,"i":2904,"p":"پخول","f":"pakhawúl","g":"pakhawul","e":"to cook, prepare, to cause to ripen, mature","r":4,"c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":3512,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","r":4,"c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816098,"i":18172,"p":"ونه","f":"wúna","g":"wuna","e":"tree; height","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816098,"i":18172,"p":"ونه","f":"wúna","g":"wuna","e":"tree; height","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Inflecting دا - daa to دې - de
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In all these examples above, masculine and feminine, singular or plural, we always use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} />. But what happens when we need to <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">inflect</Link> a word because it's <Link to="/sandwiches/sandwiches/">in a sandwich</Link> or because it's <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/#past-tense-with-transitive-verbs-">the subject of a past tense transitive verb</Link>? In that case it becomes <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې", f: "de" }} />.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Remember, <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">normally</Link> we would inflect a word when it's plural, but not with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} />! **we only inflect this word for _two_ reasons**:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- being in a sandwich
|
||||||
|
- being the subject of a past tense transitive verb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Here are some examples of the demonstrative <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} /> being inflected because it's used for the subject of a past tense transitive verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.6132085810692784,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.47115899186288135,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815041,"i":9342,"p":"ژړول","f":"jzaRawul","g":"jzaRawul","e":"to make someone cry","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","ec":"make","ep":"cry"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.6132085810692784,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.47115899186288135,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815041,"i":9342,"p":"ژړول","f":"jzaRawul","g":"jzaRawul","e":"to make someone cry","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","ec":"make","ep":"cry"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.851174272757701,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.9894847508739981,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.851174272757701,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.9894847508739981,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Notice how the nouns change depending on whether they're singular or plural. When they nouns are a subject of a past tense transitive verb _and_ plural, they use the double inflection. But there is no difference no difference in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: "this / these" }} /> between singular and plural.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
And here are some examples of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} /> being inflected because it's in a sandwich.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.13933460170370982,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2607654032277311,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","after":{"p":"ته","f":"ta"},"e":"to","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527814265,"i":15875,"p":"مکتب","f":"maktáb","g":"maktab","e":"school","r":4,"c":"n. m.","app":"مکاتب","apf":"makaatib","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.23805903802061423,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":4587,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","r":4,"c":"v. intrans.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړل","prf":"láaRul","separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.13933460170370982,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2607654032277311,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","after":{"p":"ته","f":"ta"},"e":"to","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527814265,"i":15875,"p":"مکتب","f":"maktáb","g":"maktab","e":"school","r":4,"c":"n. m.","app":"مکاتب","apf":"makaatib","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.23805903802061423,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":4587,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","r":4,"c":"v. intrans.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړل","prf":"láaRul","separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.33750095093596255,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8500623382016168,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.18261823823142165,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658280518551,"i":14463,"p":"لوبه کول","f":"loba kawul","g":"lobakawul","e":"to play (a game/sport/role)","r":2,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812859,"ec":"play"},"complement":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.33750095093596255,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8500623382016168,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.18261823823142165,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658280518551,"i":14463,"p":"لوبه کول","f":"loba kawul","g":"lobakawul","e":"to play (a game/sport/role)","r":2,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812859,"ec":"play"},"complement":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Again, there's no difference in the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: "this / these" }} /> between singular and plural.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
But things get a little more complicated when we want to get a bit more specific with our demonstratives and use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## More specific دغه - dágha / هغه - hágha
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When we want to be more specific with our pointing we can use the other two demonstratives:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} /> (closer)
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> (further)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Notice that that this second one is different than the 3rd pers. sing pronoun!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> (demonstrative)
|
||||||
|
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "haghá", e: "he / she it" }} /> (pronoun)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In their plain forms, these do not change from masculine to feminine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":10981,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1578329248464,"i":9588,"p":"سپین","f":"speen","g":"speen","e":"white (fig. clear, honest, beautiful)","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527817398,"i":16176,"p":"مهربان","f":"mihrabáan","g":"mihrabaan","e":"kind, gracious, generous, indulgent","r":4,"c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
These demonstratives also **don't change when they're plural**:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":10981,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1578329248464,"i":9588,"p":"سپین","f":"speen","g":"speen","e":"white (fig. clear, honest, beautiful)","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527817398,"i":16176,"p":"مهربان","f":"mihrabáan","g":"mihrabaan","e":"kind, gracious, generous, indulgent","r":4,"c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Inflecting دغه - dágha / هغه - hágha
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**But**, here's where things get more complicated... If they are inflected because of those other two reasons:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- being in a sandwich
|
||||||
|
- being the subject of a past tense transitive verb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Then the full craziness of inflections are unleashed 👇
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||||
|
<thead>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</thead>
|
||||||
|
<tbody>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>Plain (singular or plural)</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "dágha",
|
||||||
|
e: "this / these",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>Singular and in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.m }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "dághu",
|
||||||
|
e: "this",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.f }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغې",
|
||||||
|
f: "dághe",
|
||||||
|
e: "this",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Double inflection</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>(Plural <em>and</em> in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.)</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغو",
|
||||||
|
f: "dágho",
|
||||||
|
e: "these",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</tbody>
|
||||||
|
</table>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||||
|
<thead>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</thead>
|
||||||
|
<tbody>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>Plain (singular or plural)</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "hágha",
|
||||||
|
e: "that / those",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>Singular and in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.m }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "hághu",
|
||||||
|
e: "that",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.f }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغې",
|
||||||
|
f: "hághe",
|
||||||
|
e: "that",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Double inflection</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>(Plural <em>and</em> in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.)</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغو",
|
||||||
|
f: "hágho",
|
||||||
|
e: "those",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</tbody>
|
||||||
|
</table>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Here are some examples of these words inflecting because they're singular but in a sandwich:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815219,"i":8745,"p":"رنګ","f":"rang","g":"rang","e":"color, colour, style, kind; paint","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812779,"i":10962,"p":"ښکلی","f":"xkÚlay","g":"xkUlay","e":"beautiful","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.609375515883567,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.05318323940267988,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812043,"i":14630,"p":"لیکوال","f":"leekwáal","g":"leekwaal","e":"writer, author","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815165,"i":3714,"p":"پېژندل","f":"pejzandúl","g":"pejzandul","e":"to recognize, know, meet (w gramm. trans)","r":4,"c":"v. trans. / gram. trans.","psp":"پېژن","psf":"pejzan","tppp":"پېژاند","tppf":"pejzaand","ec":"know,knows,knowing,knew,known","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.9364870596350119,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.13516192589623977,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.9476823051383763,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.9364870596350119,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.13516192589623977,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.9476823051383763,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
And here are some examples of these words inflecting because they're singular but also the subject of a past tense transitive verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.3508738169298047,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.5628310389066882,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":18176,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.8170530088094552,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.805575286142499,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Finally, let's look at some examples where the demonstrative is _double inflected_ because the noun is both plural _and_ inflected for another reason.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**Plural and in a sandwich:**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.033216575241004076,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.3506612320163158,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":7091,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","r":4,"c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.6156078340349931,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815219,"i":8745,"p":"رنګ","f":"rang","g":"rang","e":"color, colour, style, kind; paint","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812779,"i":10962,"p":"ښکلی","f":"xkÚlay","g":"xkUlay","e":"beautiful","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**Plural and the subject of a past tense transitive verb:**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.3508738169298047,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.5628310389066882,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":18176,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.41979915991647543,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.07096609264114995,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Demonstratives without the noun
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In Pashto, demonstratives can also be used _without saying the noun_ they are pointing to. So you can use the words <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> without saying the noun that they are referring to.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.033216575241004076,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.3506612320163158,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":7091,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","r":4,"c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":false}}}}}},{"key":0.6156078340349931,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":false}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"NP","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":10981,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.4381654501657355,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7807494707111873,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815268,"i":10860,"p":"شی","f":"shay","g":"shay","e":"thing","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ppp":"شیان, شیونه","ppf":"shayáan, shayóona","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":false}}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Overview / Tables
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||||
|
<thead>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Unisex</th>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</thead>
|
||||||
|
<tbody>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Plain</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>(singular or plural)</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دا",
|
||||||
|
f: "daa",
|
||||||
|
e: "this / these",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>In a sandwich or ergative</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>(singular or plural)</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دې",
|
||||||
|
f: "de",
|
||||||
|
e: "this / these",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</tbody>
|
||||||
|
</table>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||||
|
<thead>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</thead>
|
||||||
|
<tbody>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>Plain (singular or plural)</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "dágha",
|
||||||
|
e: "this / these",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Singular and</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>in a sandwich or ergative</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.m }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "dághu",
|
||||||
|
e: "this",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.f }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغې",
|
||||||
|
f: "dághe",
|
||||||
|
e: "this",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Double inflection</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>(Plural <em>and</em> in a sandwich or ergative)</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "دغو",
|
||||||
|
f: "dágho",
|
||||||
|
e: "these",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</tbody>
|
||||||
|
</table>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||||
|
<thead>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
||||||
|
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</thead>
|
||||||
|
<tbody>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>Plain (singular or plural)</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "hágha",
|
||||||
|
e: "that / those",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Singular and</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>in a sandwich or ergative</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.m }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغه",
|
||||||
|
f: "hághu",
|
||||||
|
e: "that",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td style={{ background: genderColors.f }}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغې",
|
||||||
|
f: "hághe",
|
||||||
|
e: "that",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td>
|
||||||
|
<div>Double inflection</div>
|
||||||
|
<div>(Plural <em>and</em> in a sandwich or ergative)</div>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||||
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p: "هغو",
|
||||||
|
f: "hágho",
|
||||||
|
e: "those",
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</tbody>
|
||||||
|
</table>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Ergative here means _the subject of a past tense transitive verb_.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue