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@ -21,11 +21,15 @@ import {
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} from "../../games/games";
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import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay";
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import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
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<VideoPlayer src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwgQwB_HuD8" />
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In the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">previous chapter</Link> we talked about **why** words inflect. Now we will explain **how** words inflect. What actualy happens to them? How do they change?
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Like many things in Pashto, inflection can seem mysterious and intimidating. Why do the words change so much, and how!? 😩 But, we'll see that there are just a few basic patterns that the words follow, and it's not so scary or confusing after all.
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Below are the **6 basic patterns for inflecting** nouns and adjectives. Notice how all these patterns work with both masculine and feminine genders.
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Below are the **5 (and a half) basic patterns for inflecting** nouns, participles, and adjectives. Notice how all these patterns work with both masculine and feminine genders.
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Don't worry about memorizing them all perfectly to start. Instead keep looking back and use them as guides to help you as you get familiar with the inflections over time.
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@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ These words always end in:
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items={startingWord(words.filter(tp.isPattern1Entry), "غټ")}
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/>
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**Note:** See <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#pattern-1-words-in-sandwiches-starting-with-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-په-f-pu--">exception</Link> below.
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**Note:** See exceptions below.
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## 2. Words ending in an unstressed ی - ay
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@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ These are also a little irregular but instead of lengthening the 1st masculine i
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items={startingWord(words.filter(tp.isPattern5Entry), "غل")}
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/>{" "}
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## 6. Inanimate feminine nouns ending in ي - ee
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## Extra half pattern: Inanimate feminine nouns ending in ي - ee
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There is one more pattern which only works for **inanimate feminine nouns ending in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ي", f: "ee", e: "" }} />**.
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@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ There is one more pattern which only works for **inanimate feminine nouns ending
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items={startingWord(femNouns.filter(tp.isPattern6FemEntry), "آزادي")}
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/>
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Animate nouns like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "بي بي", f: "beebee", e: "grandmother" }} /> will not inflect like this, and masculine nouns like <InlinePs ps={{ p: "قاضي", f: "qaazee", e: "judge" }} opts={opts} /> also will not inflect.
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Note that this pattern _only_ works with feminine, non-living nouns. Animate nouns like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "بي بي", f: "beebee", e: "grandmother" }} /> will not inflect like this, and masculine nouns like <InlinePs ps={{ p: "قاضي", f: "qaazee", e: "judge" }} opts={opts} /> also will not inflect. Adjectives ending in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـي", f: "ee" }} /> will also not inflect.
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## Not all words inflect
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@ -102,7 +106,55 @@ It's important to know that _not all words can be inflected_. If a word doesn't
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]}
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</Examples>
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## Exceptions
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## Exceptions in form
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### Pattern 1 feminine nouns without an ـه - a ending
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There are a number of feminine nouns which follow the basic pattern, but are missing an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }}> ending.
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For example:
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export const femEndingWConsonant = [
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{ p: "لار", f: "laar", e: "road" },
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{ p: "ورځ", f: "wradz", e: "day "},
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{ p: "میاشت", f: "myaasht", e: "month" },
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{ p: "غېږ", f: "gheG", e: "bosom" },
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{ p: "څنګل", f: "tsangul", e: "elbow" },
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{ p: "بړستن", f: "bRastun", e: "blanket" },
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{ p: "ږمنځ", f: "Gmundz", e: "comb" },
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{ p: "ستن", f: "stun", e: "needle" },
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{ p: "لمن", f: "lamun", e: "skirt" },
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{ p: "څرمن", f: "tsarmún", e: "leather" },
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{ p: "توشک", f: "toshák", e: "cushion" },
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{ p: "کنځل", f: "kundzul", e: "swear word" },
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{ p: "لوېشت", f: "lwesht", e: "span, a measurement"},
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{ p: "منګل", f: "mangúl", e: "claw" },
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{ p: "ورېځ", f: "wurédz", e: "cloud" },
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];
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export function IrregularFem() {
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return (
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<ul>
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{femEndingWConsonant.map((entry) => (
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<li key={entry.p}>
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<InlinePs
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opts={opts}
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ps={{
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p: entry.p,
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f: firstVariation(entry.f),
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e: firstVariation(entry.e),
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}}
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/>
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</li>
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))}
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</ul>
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);
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}
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<IrregularFem />
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## Exceptions in inflection
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Whatever kind of word you're using, it will always inflect for the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">three reasons</Link> that we mentioned earlier. However, there are a few exceptions.
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