diff --git a/src/components/Carousel.js b/src/components/Carousel.js index dd26814..6f36d51 100644 --- a/src/components/Carousel.js +++ b/src/components/Carousel.js @@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ export default function(props) { onClick={back} /> {title ? -
{title}
+
{title}
: -
{body}
+
{body}
} {"next"} - {title &&
+ {title &&
{body}
}
diff --git a/src/content/equatives/equative-others.mdx b/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx similarity index 80% rename from src/content/equatives/equative-others.mdx rename to src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx index 5b7ed75..c783ace 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/equative-others.mdx +++ b/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx @@ -27,39 +27,6 @@ import Formula from "../../components/Formula"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; export const opts = defaultTextOptions; -In the last section we looked at the present equative, which we use to say something *is* something currently. But sometimes we want to say something *was*, *will be*, or *generally is*. For these different ideas we will need the following different forms: - -## Subjunctive / Habitual Equative - -This is used to talk about something being something, when the statement involves a wish, desire, hope, or statement of whether it should or shouldn't be. - -It is also used to say that something is generally or repeatedly something. This is like the the [habitual be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitual_be) found in African American Vernacular English (AAVE), as in, "The grass *be* wet in the morning." - -It's the same as the present equative above, except for the 3rd person. - - - ## Future / Presumptive Equative This is used to say that something will be something in the future. It's also used to guess or surmise about something being something. diff --git a/src/content/equatives/equative-present.mdx b/src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx similarity index 79% rename from src/content/equatives/equative-present.mdx rename to src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx index dcad2e9..c8e68df 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/equative-present.mdx +++ b/src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx @@ -122,16 +122,13 @@ export function EquativeIllustration({forms, opts}) { -**Warning: ⚠** Often times English speakers learning Pashto will be tempted to just forget the equative when they get to the end of the sentence because it might feel like they're done, or it might be hard to remember which equative to use. But don't leave it out, it's a vital part of the sentence! +**Warning: ⚠** *Often times English speakers learning Pashto will be tempted to just forget the equative at the end because it can feel like they're done the sentence, or it might be hard to remember which equative to use. But don't leave it out, it's a vital part of the sentence!* -When we look at these three sentences, we notice two rules that will be true for both English and Pashto. +The important thing about the equative is that **the equative has to agree with the subject**. Just like it would sound strange to say "I are tired," in Pashto you can't say ❌ ❌. -1. **You have to use the right equative for the subject**. It would sound strange to say "I are tired." -2. **The subject and complement have to agree**. It would be wrong to say "We are student." +## Present Equative Form -First of all, let's look at which equatives you have to use depending on what the subject is: - -## 1. Present Equative Form +Here are the **present equative endings** that you have to use depending on the subject. **We use this form when we are saying that "A = B" right now, currently**. ({ - body: {[item]}, + title: item.title, + body: {[item.ex]}, })} /> -## 2. Subject / Complement Agreement - -We also mentioned how the subject and the complement need to agree. - -### Agreement in number - -Natually, if the subject is plural, the complement will be plural as well. +## Examples {[ { p: "هغه ماشوم دی", f: "haghá mashóom dey", e: "He is a child" }, @@ -193,9 +185,7 @@ Natually, if the subject is plural, the complement will be plural as well. { p: "دا ستا کورونه دی", f: "daa staa koróona dee", e: "Those are your houses" }, ]} -### Agreement in gender - -But that's not all, in Pashto, many nouns and adjectives inflect (change) according to their gender. The subject and complement need to agree in gender as well. +Notice how the equative agrees with the subject, but also how the complement can inflect (change) depending on the gender and number. We'll understand more about how this works when we look at *inflection*. {[ { p: "زه ستړی یم", f: "zu stúRey yum", e: "I (m.) am tired 👨"}, diff --git a/src/content/equatives/subjunctive-habitual-equative.mdx b/src/content/equatives/subjunctive-habitual-equative.mdx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d9bedf --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/equatives/subjunctive-habitual-equative.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +--- +title: Subjunctive / Habitual Equative +--- + +import { + addToForm, + defaultTextOptions, + grammarUnits, + Examples, + concatPsString, + InlinePs, +} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector"; +import EquativeFormChoice from "../../components/EquativeFormChoice"; +import Link from "../../components/Link"; +export const opts = defaultTextOptions; +import grassBeWet from "../../images/grass-be-wet.jpg"; + +In the last section we looked at the present equative, which we use to say something *is* something currently. But **we can only use the present equative for something is something *right now, at this moment***. What if we want to say that something *generally is something* or if we *hope something is something*? For that **we need to use a different form**. + +## Subjunctive / Habitual Equative Form + + + +This form is used with two different meanings: + +1. **Subjunctive** - to talk about something being something when the statement involves a hypothetical condition, a wish, desire, hope, or statement of whether it should or shouldn't be, as in: + + {[ + { p: "امید لرم چې خوشحاله وي", f: "Umeed larum che khosháala wee", e: "I hope he's happy" }, + ]} + +2. **Habitual** - to say that something is generally or repeatedly something, as in: + + {[ + { p: "سحار کې چمن لوند وي", f: "saháar ke chaman loond wee", e: "The grass is wet in the morning. (generally, habitually)" }, + ]} + +### With a Subjunctive Meaning + +#### Judgement/obligation + +The subjunctive form can be used to talk about it being being good or bad, necessary, or required that something is something. + +{[ + { p: "ښه ده چې دلته یې", f: "xa da che dălta ye.", e: "It's good that you're here." }, + { p: "هغوي باید په ښوونځي کې وي", f: "hagwee baayad pu xowundzee ke wee.", e: "They have to be in school." }, +]} + +#### Desire + +{[ + { p: "امید لرم چې هلته وي", f: "Umeed larum che halta wee.", e: "I hope they're there." }, + { p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې یو", f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke yoo.", e: "He wants us to be home." }, +]} + +#### Conditions + +The subjunctive form is also used to talk about conditions or possibilities. *If A = B, then...* or *It could be that A = B ...* + +{[ + { p: "که دوکان کې وریژې وي نو وایې خله", f: "ku dokaan ke wrejze wee, no waa-ye-khla", e: "If there's rice in the store, buy it" }, + { p: "کېدی شي چې ډوډۍ تیاره وي", f: "kedey shee che DoDúy tayaara wee", e: "The food could be ready" }, +]} + +### With a Habitual Meaning + +This same form is used when you are saying that **A = B generally, habitually, or repeatedly**. For example: + +{[ + { p: "هغه تر ماښامه پورې په دوکان کې وي", f: "haghá tur maaxaama pore pu dookáan ke wee", e: "He's in the shop until evening. (generally, habitually)" }, + { p: "اته بجو نه بعد دوکان بند وي", f: "atu bajo na bad dookáan band wee", e: "The shop is closed after 8 o'clock. (generally, habitually)" }, +]} + +⚠ **Warning**: For English speakers **it take some time to get used to choosing between the *present* and *habitual* equatives**. Standard English uses the same form for both, but in Pashto the forms change! + +{[ + { p: "ماښام دوکان بند وي.", f: "maaxáam dookáan band wee", e: "The shop is closed in the evening. (generally, every day - habitual form)" }, + { p: "دوکان دند دی.", f: "dookáan band dey.", e: "The shop is closed. (right now, at this moment - present form)" }, +]} + +In English, we just say "is" in both situations. But **in Pashto, you have to pick between the two forms**. Use the present form for things that are something in the moment, and use the habitual form for things are generally or habitually something. + +Interestingly, there is also a separate [habitual equative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitual_be) or "habitual be" in Southern or African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Take this pun for example: + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FormStandard EnglishAAVEPashto
Present +
The grass is wet
+
right now
+ 		The grass is wet + {[ + { p: "چمن لوند دی", f: "chaman loond dey" }, + ]} +
Habitual +
The grass is wet in the morning
+
generally
+ 		The grass be wet in the morning + {[ + { p: "په سحار کې چمن لوند وي", f: "pu sahaar ke chaman loond wee" }, + ]} +
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/content/index.js b/src/content/index.js index 7cc51f6..6d381bd 100644 --- a/src/content/index.js +++ b/src/content/index.js @@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ /* eslint-disable import/no-webpack-loader-syntax */ import * as about from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./about.mdx"; -import * as equativePresent from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/equative-present.mdx" -import * as equativeOthers from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/equative-others.mdx"; -// import * as advancedEquative from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equative/equative-advanced.mdx"; +import * as presentEquative from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/present-equative.mdx" +import * as subjunctiveHabitualEquative from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/subjunctive-habitual-equative.mdx"; +import * as otherEquatives from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./equatives/other-equatives.mdx"; import * as verbEndings from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/verb-endings.mdx"; import * as rootsAndStems from "!babel-loader!mdx-loader!./verbs/roots-and-stems.mdx"; @@ -32,12 +32,16 @@ const contentTree = [ subdirectory: "equatives", chapters: [ { - import: equativePresent, - slug: "equative-present", + import: presentEquative, + slug: "present-equative", }, { - import: equativeOthers, - slug: "equative-others", + import: subjunctiveHabitualEquative, + slug: "subjunctive-habitual-equative", + }, + { + import: otherEquatives, + slug: "other-equatives", }, ], }, diff --git a/src/images/grass-be-wet.jpg b/src/images/grass-be-wet.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88ee1df Binary files /dev/null and b/src/images/grass-be-wet.jpg differ