diff --git a/package.json b/package.json index 7031b83..36fa8c0 100644 --- a/package.json +++ b/package.json @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ "@formkit/auto-animate": "^1.0.0-beta.6", "@fortawesome/fontawesome-free": "5.15.4", "@lingdocs/lingdocs-main": "^0.3.3", - "@lingdocs/ps-react": "^5.7.13", + "@lingdocs/ps-react": "^6.0.2", "@mdx-js/rollup": "^2.2.1", "@stefanprobst/rehype-extract-toc": "^2.2.0", "@types/mdx": "^2.0.3", diff --git a/scripts/get-words.js b/scripts/get-words.js index 272f0c0..94db96c 100644 --- a/scripts/get-words.js +++ b/scripts/get-words.js @@ -11,25 +11,26 @@ const allTs = [...nounAdjTs, ...verbs, ...adverbs]; console.log("getting words from dictionary..."); fetch("https://account.lingdocs.com/dictionary/entries", { - method: "POST", - headers: { - "Content-Type": "application/json", - }, - body: JSON.stringify({ ids: allTs }), -}).then(res => res.json()).then(data => { - const content = ` + method: "POST", + headers: { + "Content-Type": "application/json", + }, + body: JSON.stringify({ ids: allTs }), +}) + .then((res) => res.json()) + .then((data) => { + const content = ` // @ts-ignore const words: Word[] = ${JSON.stringify(data.results)}; export default words;`; - fs.writeFileSync(wordsFile, content); - const missingEc = data.results.filter(x => "entry" in x && !x.entry.ec); - if (missingEc.length) { - console.log("verbs missing ec"); - console.log(missingEc); - } - if (data.notFound.length) { - console.log("entries not found:"); - console.log(data.notFound); - } -}); - + fs.writeFileSync(wordsFile, content); + const missingEc = data.results.filter((x) => "entry" in x && !x.entry.ec); + if (missingEc.length) { + console.log("verbs missing ec"); + console.log(missingEc); + } + if (data.notFound.length) { + console.log("entries not found:"); + console.log(data.notFound); + } + }); diff --git a/src/components/BasicVerbShowCase.tsx b/src/components/BasicVerbShowCase.tsx index 7e92073..58c02a4 100644 --- a/src/components/BasicVerbShowCase.tsx +++ b/src/components/BasicVerbShowCase.tsx @@ -1,295 +1,409 @@ import { - Types as T, - RootsAndStems, - conjugateVerb, - VerbTable, - renderVP, - compileVP, - ButtonSelect, - getEnglishVerb, - InlinePs, - removeFVarients, - isPastTense, - getPassiveRootsAndStems, - getAbilityRootsAndStems, + Types as T, + RootsAndStems, + conjugateVerb, + VerbTable, + renderVP, + compileVP, + ButtonSelect, + getEnglishVerb, + InlinePs, + removeFVarients, + isPastTense, + getPassiveRootsAndStems, + getAbilityRootsAndStems, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { isImperativeTense, isPerfectTense } from "@lingdocs/ps-react/dist/lib/src/type-predicates"; +import { + isImperativeTense, + isPerfectTense, +} from "@lingdocs/ps-react/dist/lib/src/type-predicates"; import { useState } from "react"; import Carousel from "./Carousel"; -import { basicVerbs, intransitivePastVerbs } from "../content/verbs/basic-present-verbs"; +import { + basicVerbs, + intransitivePastVerbs, +} from "../content/verbs/basic-present-verbs"; import { getLength } from "@lingdocs/ps-react/dist/lib/src/p-text-helpers"; import { isThirdPerson } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -function BasicVerbShowCase({ opts, tense, passive, ability }: { - opts: T.TextOptions, - tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense, - passive?: boolean, - ability?: boolean, +function BasicVerbShowCase({ + opts, + tense, + passive, + ability, +}: { + opts: T.TextOptions; + tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense; + passive?: boolean; + ability?: boolean; }) { - const items = isPastTense(tense) - ? intransitivePastVerbs - : (passive ? basicVerbs.filter(v => v.entry.p !== "کول") : basicVerbs); - return { + const items = isPastTense(tense) + ? intransitivePastVerbs + : passive + ? basicVerbs.filter((v) => v.entry.p !== "کول") + : basicVerbs; + return ( + { return { - title: {{ + title: ( + + {{ ...removeFVarients(item.entry), e: undefined, - }}, - body: , + }} + + ), + body: ( + + ), }; - }}/> + }} + /> + ); } export default BasicVerbShowCase; -function BasicVerbChart({ verb, opts, tense, passive, ability }: { - verb: T.VerbEntry, - opts: T.TextOptions, - tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense, - passive?: boolean, - ability?: boolean, +function BasicVerbChart({ + verb, + opts, + tense, + passive, + ability, +}: { + verb: T.VerbEntry; + opts: T.TextOptions; + tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense; + passive?: boolean; + ability?: boolean; }) { - const [voice, setVoice] = useState<"active" | "passive">("active"); - const [category, setCategory] = useState<"basic" | "ability">("basic"); - const [negative, setNegative] = useState(false); - const [length, setLength] = useState<"short" | "long">("short"); - const c = conjugateVerb(verb.entry, verb.complement); - const conjugations = "stative" in c - ? c.stative - : "grammaticallyTransitive" in c - ? c.grammaticallyTransitive - : c; - const phrasesForTable = makeExamplePhrases(verb, tense, negative, length, voice, category); - return
-
- {getEnglishVerb(verb.entry)} + const [voice, setVoice] = useState<"active" | "passive">("active"); + const [category, setCategory] = useState<"basic" | "ability">("basic"); + const [negative, setNegative] = useState(false); + const [length, setLength] = useState<"short" | "long">("short"); + const c = conjugateVerb(verb.entry, verb.complement); + const conjugations = + "stative" in c + ? c.stative + : "grammaticallyTransitive" in c + ? c.grammaticallyTransitive + : c; + const phrasesForTable = makeExamplePhrases( + verb, + tense, + negative, + length, + voice, + category + ); + return ( +
+
{getEnglishVerb(verb.entry)}
+ {passive && ( +
+
- {passive &&
+ )} + {ability && ( +
+ +
+ )} + +
+ {((isPastTense(tense) && !isPerfectTense(tense)) || + category === "ability") && ( +
-
} - {ability &&
- -
} - + )} +
+ setNegative(value === "true")} + value={String(negative)} + small + options={[ + { value: "true", label: "Neg." }, + { value: "false", label: "Pos." }, + ]} + /> +
+
+
+ -
- {((isPastTense(tense) && !isPerfectTense(tense)) || category === "ability") &&
- -
} -
- setNegative(value === "true")} - value={String(negative)} - small - options={[ - { value: "true", label: "Neg." }, - { value: "false", label: "Pos." }, - ]} - /> -
-
-
- -
+
+ ); } function makeExamplePhrases( - verb: T.VerbEntry, - tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense, - negative: boolean, - length: "short" | "long", - voice: "active" | "passive", - category: "basic" | "ability", -): { ps: T.VerbBlock | T.ImperativeBlock, e: T.EnglishBlock } { - function tenseToModal(t: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense): T.ModalTense { - if (isImperativeTense(t)) { - throw new Error("can't have imperative tense with modal"); - } - if (isPerfectTense(t)) { - throw new Error("cant' have perfect tense with modal"); - } - return `${t}Modal`; + verb: T.VerbEntry, + tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense, + negative: boolean, + length: "short" | "long", + voice: "active" | "passive", + category: "basic" | "ability" +): { ps: T.VerbBlock | T.ImperativeBlock; e: T.EnglishBlock } { + function tenseToModal( + t: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense + ): T.AbilityTense { + if (isImperativeTense(t)) { + throw new Error("can't have imperative tense with modal"); } - function makeSelection(person: T.Person): T.VPSelectionComplete{ - return { - "blocks": [ - {"key":Math.random(),"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person": person,"distance":"far"}}}}, - { - key: Math.random(), - // @ts-ignore - block: (verb.entry.c?.includes("intrans.") || voice === "passive") - ? {"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"} - : {"type":"objectSelection", "selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10011,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}, - }, - ], - "verb":{ - "type":"verb", - verb, - tense: category === "basic" ? tense : tenseToModal(tense), - "transitivity":"intransitive", - "isCompound":false, - voice, - negative, - "canChangeTransitivity":false, - "canChangeVoice":false, - "canChangeStatDyn":false, + if (isPerfectTense(t)) { + throw new Error("cant' have perfect tense with modal"); + } + return `${t}Modal`; + } + function makeSelection(person: T.Person): T.VPSelectionComplete { + return { + blocks: [ + { + key: Math.random(), + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: person, distance: "far" }, }, - "form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}, - }; - } - function makePhrase(person: T.Person): { ps: T.ArrayOneOrMore, e: string } { - const selection = makeSelection(person); - const rendered = renderVP(selection); - const compiled = compileVP(rendered, rendered.form); - return { - ps: [modifyP(getLength(compiled.ps, length)[0])], - e: compiled.e ? modifyEnglish(compiled.e.join(" • "), tense, isThirdPerson(person)) : "", - }; - } - return createVerbTable(makePhrase, isImperativeTense(tense) ? "imperative" : isPastTense(tense) ? "past" : "nonImperative"); + }, + }, + { + key: Math.random(), + // @ts-ignore + block: + verb.entry.c?.includes("intrans.") || voice === "passive" + ? { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" } + : { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 10011, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb, + tense: category === "basic" ? tense : tenseToModal(tense), + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice, + negative, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }; + } + function makePhrase(person: T.Person): { + ps: T.ArrayOneOrMore; + e: string; + } { + const selection = makeSelection(person); + const rendered = renderVP(selection); + const compiled = compileVP(rendered, rendered.form); + return { + ps: [modifyP(getLength(compiled.ps, length)[0])], + e: compiled.e + ? modifyEnglish(compiled.e.join(" • "), tense, isThirdPerson(person)) + : "", + }; + } + return createVerbTable( + makePhrase, + isImperativeTense(tense) + ? "imperative" + : isPastTense(tense) + ? "past" + : "nonImperative" + ); } function modifyP(ps: T.PsString): T.PsString { - return { - p: ps.p.replace(" کتاب ", ""), - f: ps.f.replace(" kitáab ", ""), - }; + return { + p: ps.p.replace(" کتاب ", ""), + f: ps.f.replace(" kitáab ", ""), + }; } -function modifyEnglish(e: string, tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense, isThirdPerson: boolean): string { - // "kitaab" used as a dummy object - const dummyObjectRemoved = - e.replace(/\(a\/the\) +book/ig, "") - return (isPerfectTense(tense) || (isPastTense(tense) && isThirdPerson)) - ? dummyObjectRemoved - : dummyObjectRemoved - .replace(/he\/it/ig, "he/she/it") - .replace(/We \(m\. pl\.\)/ig, "We ") - .replace(/They \(m\. pl\.\)/ig, "They ") - .replace(/\(m\. pl\.\)/ig, "(pl.)") - .replace(/\(m\.\)/ig, ""); +function modifyEnglish( + e: string, + tense: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense, + isThirdPerson: boolean +): string { + // "kitaab" used as a dummy object + const dummyObjectRemoved = e.replace(/\(a\/the\) +book/gi, ""); + return isPerfectTense(tense) || (isPastTense(tense) && isThirdPerson) + ? dummyObjectRemoved + : dummyObjectRemoved + .replace(/he\/it/gi, "he/she/it") + .replace(/We \(m\. pl\.\)/gi, "We ") + .replace(/They \(m\. pl\.\)/gi, "They ") + .replace(/\(m\. pl\.\)/gi, "(pl.)") + .replace(/\(m\.\)/gi, ""); } -function tenseToStem(t: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense): "imperfective stem" | "perfective stem" | "imperfective root" | "perfective root" | "past participle" { - const stem = t === "presentVerb" - ? "imperfective stem" - : t === "subjunctiveVerb" - ? "perfective stem" - : t === "imperfectiveFuture" - ? "imperfective stem" - : t === "perfectiveFuture" - ? "perfective stem" - : t === "imperfectivePast" - ? "imperfective root" - : t === "perfectivePast" - ? "perfective root" - : t === "habitualImperfectivePast" - ? "imperfective root" - : t === "habitualPerfectivePast" - ? "perfective root" - : t === "imperfectiveImperative" - ? "imperfective stem" - : t === "perfectiveImperative" - ? "perfective stem" - : t.endsWith("Perfect") - ? "past participle" - : "perfective root"; - return stem; +function tenseToStem( + t: T.VerbTense | T.ImperativeTense | T.PerfectTense +): + | "imperfective stem" + | "perfective stem" + | "imperfective root" + | "perfective root" + | "past participle" { + const stem = + t === "presentVerb" + ? "imperfective stem" + : t === "subjunctiveVerb" + ? "perfective stem" + : t === "imperfectiveFuture" + ? "imperfective stem" + : t === "perfectiveFuture" + ? "perfective stem" + : t === "imperfectivePast" + ? "imperfective root" + : t === "perfectivePast" + ? "perfective root" + : t === "habitualImperfectivePast" + ? "imperfective root" + : t === "habitualPerfectivePast" + ? "perfective root" + : t === "imperfectiveImperative" + ? "imperfective stem" + : t === "perfectiveImperative" + ? "perfective stem" + : t.endsWith("Perfect") + ? "past participle" + : "perfective root"; + return stem; } -function createVerbTable(f: (person: T.Person) => { ps: T.ArrayOneOrMore, e: string }, type: "imperative" | "nonImperative" | "past"): { ps: T.VerbBlock | T.ImperativeBlock, e: T.EnglishBlock } { - if (type === "imperative") { - const b = [ - [f(2), f(8)], - [f(3), f(9)], - ]; - return { - ps: [ - [b[0][0].ps, b[0][1].ps], - [b[1][0].ps, b[1][1].ps], - ], - e: [ - [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], - [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], - [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], - [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], - [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], - [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], - ], - }; - } +function createVerbTable( + f: (person: T.Person) => { ps: T.ArrayOneOrMore; e: string }, + type: "imperative" | "nonImperative" | "past" +): { ps: T.VerbBlock | T.ImperativeBlock; e: T.EnglishBlock } { + if (type === "imperative") { const b = [ - [f(0), f(6)], - [f(1), f(7)], - [f(2), f(8)], - [f(3), f(9)], - [f(4), f(10)], - [f(5), f(11)], + [f(2), f(8)], + [f(3), f(9)], ]; return { - ps: [ - [b[0][0].ps, b[0][1].ps], - [b[1][0].ps, b[1][1].ps], - [b[2][0].ps, b[2][1].ps], - [b[3][0].ps, b[3][1].ps], - [b[4][0].ps, b[4][1].ps], - [b[5][0].ps, b[5][1].ps], - ], - e: [ - [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], - [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], - [b[2][0].e, b[2][1].e], - [b[3][0].e, b[3][1].e], - [b[4][0].e, b[4][1].e], - [b[5][0].e, b[5][1].e], - ], + ps: [ + [b[0][0].ps, b[0][1].ps], + [b[1][0].ps, b[1][1].ps], + ], + e: [ + [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], + [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], + [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], + [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], + [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], + [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], + ], }; -} \ No newline at end of file + } + const b = [ + [f(0), f(6)], + [f(1), f(7)], + [f(2), f(8)], + [f(3), f(9)], + [f(4), f(10)], + [f(5), f(11)], + ]; + return { + ps: [ + [b[0][0].ps, b[0][1].ps], + [b[1][0].ps, b[1][1].ps], + [b[2][0].ps, b[2][1].ps], + [b[3][0].ps, b[3][1].ps], + [b[4][0].ps, b[4][1].ps], + [b[5][0].ps, b[5][1].ps], + ], + e: [ + [b[0][0].e, b[0][1].e], + [b[1][0].e, b[1][1].e], + [b[2][0].e, b[2][1].e], + [b[3][0].e, b[3][1].e], + [b[4][0].e, b[4][1].e], + [b[5][0].e, b[5][1].e], + ], + }; +} diff --git a/src/components/phonetics/PhoneticsViewer.tsx b/src/components/phonetics/PhoneticsViewer.tsx index 966a41d..5ce70e5 100644 --- a/src/components/phonetics/PhoneticsViewer.tsx +++ b/src/components/phonetics/PhoneticsViewer.tsx @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ import { Component } from "react"; import classNames from "classnames"; import highlightExample from "./highlight-example"; -import { - phonemes, - Phoneme, - PhonemeExample, -} from "./phonemes"; +import { phonemes, Phoneme, PhonemeExample } from "./phonemes"; import playAudio from "../../lib/play-audio"; import views from "./views"; import Media from "react-media"; -export type ViewOptions = "all" | "shortVowel" | "longVowel" | "fiveYs" | "specialConsonant"; +export type ViewOptions = + | "all" + | "shortVowel" + | "longVowel" + | "fiveYs" + | "specialConsonant"; interface IAppState { view: ViewOptions; @@ -28,100 +29,119 @@ class PhoneticsViewer extends Component { const phonemesShowing = this.state.view === "all" ? phonemes - // @ts-ignore - : phonemes.filter((p) => p[this.state.view]); + : // @ts-ignore + phonemes.filter((p) => p[this.state.view]); const selectedOption = views.find((v) => v.value === this.state.view); const generatePlayerFunction = (item: Phoneme | PhonemeExample) => { if ("phoneme" in item && item.a) { - return () => { playAudio(item.a || ""); }; + return () => { + playAudio(item.a || ""); + }; } if ("f" in item && item.a) { - // dumb typescript - return () => { playAudio(item.a || ""); }; + // dumb typescript + return () => { + playAudio(item.a || ""); + }; } return () => null; - } - return <> -
- - {matches => ( -
- {views.map(({ label, value }) => ( - - ))} -
- )} - -
click the phonetic letter or examples to hear - not all sounds are available
-
-
- - - - - {/* */} - - - - - - - {phonemesShowing.map((phoneme) => ( - - - {/* */} - - - + }; + return ( + <> +
+ + {(matches) => ( +
+ {views.map(({ label, value }) => ( + + ))} +
+ )} + +
+ click the phonetic letter or + examples to hear - not all sounds are available +
+
+
+
Phonetic LetterIPA LetterShort ExplanationExamplePashto Letter(s)
- {phoneme.phoneme} - {phoneme.ipa.letter} - {phoneme.quickExplanation}{" "} - {phoneme.ipa.video && ( - - - - )} - - {highlightExample( - phoneme.examples[0].f, - phoneme.examples[0].fHighlight - )} - {` - `} - {highlightExample( - phoneme.examples[0].p, - phoneme.examples[0].pHighlight - )} - - {phoneme.possibleLetters - ? phoneme.possibleLetters.reduce( - (s, l) => - `${s}${l.letter} ${ - l.alternate ? ` (${l.alternate}) ` : "" - }`, - "" - ) - : ""} - {/* phoneme.diacritic && `(diacritic ◌${phoneme.diacritic})` */} -
+ + + + {/* */} + + + - ))} - -
Phonetic LetterIPA LetterShort ExplanationExamplePashto Letter(s)
-
- {selectedOption?.notes &&
-

Notes about {selectedOption.label.toLowerCase()}:

- {selectedOption.notes} -
} - ; + + + {phonemesShowing.map((phoneme) => ( + + + {phoneme.phoneme} + + {/* {phoneme.ipa.letter} */} + + {phoneme.quickExplanation}{" "} + {phoneme.ipa.video && ( + + + + )} + + + {highlightExample( + phoneme.examples[0].f, + phoneme.examples[0].fHighlight + )} + {` - `} + {highlightExample( + phoneme.examples[0].p, + phoneme.examples[0].pHighlight + )} + + + {phoneme.possibleLetters + ? phoneme.possibleLetters.reduce( + (s, l) => + `${s}${l.letter} ${ + l.alternate ? ` (${l.alternate}) ` : "" + }`, + "" + ) + : ""} + {/* phoneme.diacritic && `(diacritic ◌${phoneme.diacritic})` */} + + + ))} + + +
+ {selectedOption?.notes && ( +
+

+ Notes about {selectedOption.label.toLowerCase()}: +

+ {selectedOption.notes} +
+ )} + + ); } } diff --git a/src/components/phonetics/highlight-example.tsx b/src/components/phonetics/highlight-example.tsx index 6ffae0f..1734b1d 100644 --- a/src/components/phonetics/highlight-example.tsx +++ b/src/components/phonetics/highlight-example.tsx @@ -1,21 +1,24 @@ import React, { ReactNode } from "react"; -export default function highlightExample(text: string, highlight: number[][]): ReactNode { - if (!highlight.length) { - return text; - } - let index = 0; - // @ts-ignore - const pText = highlight.reduce((acc, curr, i): ReactNode => { - const isLastElement = i === (highlight.length - 1); - const section = [ - ...acc, - curr[0] > 0 ? text.slice(index, curr[0]) : "", - {text.slice(curr[0], curr[1] + 1)}, - isLastElement ? text.slice(curr[1] + 1) : "", - ]; - index = curr[1] + 1; - return section; - }, []); - return pText; +export default function highlightExample( + text: string, + highlight: number[][] +): ReactNode { + if (!highlight.length) { + return text; + } + let index = 0; + // @ts-ignore + const pText = highlight.reduce((acc, curr, i): ReactNode => { + const isLastElement = i === highlight.length - 1; + const section = [ + ...acc, + curr[0] > 0 ? text.slice(index, curr[0]) : "", + {text.slice(curr[0], curr[1] + 1)}, + isLastElement ? text.slice(curr[1] + 1) : "", + ]; + index = curr[1] + 1; + return section; + }, []); + return pText; } diff --git a/src/components/phonetics/phonemes.tsx b/src/components/phonetics/phonemes.tsx index 2130173..1d904af 100644 --- a/src/components/phonetics/phonemes.tsx +++ b/src/components/phonetics/phonemes.tsx @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ export const letters: IAlphabet = { export const diacritics = { zwar: "َ", - zwarakey: "ٙ", + zwarakay: "ٙ", zer: "ِ", pesh: "ُ", sukun: "ْ", @@ -116,30 +116,28 @@ export const diacritics = { fathahan: "ً", }; -export type PhonemeExample = ( - T.PsString & - { - pHighlight: number[][], - fHighlight: number[][], - a?: string, - audio?: { externalLink: string }, -}); +export type PhonemeExample = T.PsString & { + pHighlight: number[][]; + fHighlight: number[][]; + a?: string; + audio?: { externalLink: string }; +}; export type Phoneme = { - phoneme: string, - a?: string, - quickExplanation: string | JSX.Element, - specialConsonant?: boolean, - shortVowel?: boolean, - longVowel?: boolean, - addAlefToStart?: boolean, - fiveYs?: boolean, - canBeIgnored?: boolean, - ipa: any, - onlyOnEnd?: boolean, - endingLetter?: ILetter, - examples: PhonemeExample[], -} & ({ possibleLetters: ILetter[] } | { diacritic: string }) + phoneme: string; + a?: string; + quickExplanation: string | JSX.Element; + specialConsonant?: boolean; + shortVowel?: boolean; + longVowel?: boolean; + addAlefToStart?: boolean; + fiveYs?: boolean; + canBeIgnored?: boolean; + ipa: any; + onlyOnEnd?: boolean; + endingLetter?: ILetter; + examples: PhonemeExample[]; +} & ({ possibleLetters: ILetter[] } | { diacritic: string }); export const phonemes = [ // consonants @@ -567,9 +565,9 @@ export const phonemes = [ examples: [ { p: "وږی", - f: "wuGey", + f: "wuGay", e: "hungry", - a: "wuggey", + a: "wuggay", pHighlight: [[1, 1]], fHighlight: [[2, 2]], }, @@ -824,8 +822,7 @@ export const phonemes = [ quickExplanation: "l with back of tongue higher up", ipa: { letter: "l", - link: - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants#Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant", + link: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants#Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant", }, examples: [ { @@ -833,8 +830,14 @@ export const phonemes = [ f: "leekul", e: "to write", a: "leekul", - pHighlight: [[0, 0], [3, 3]], - fHighlight: [[0, 0], [5, 5]], + pHighlight: [ + [0, 0], + [3, 3], + ], + fHighlight: [ + [0, 0], + [5, 5], + ], }, ], }, @@ -940,8 +943,8 @@ export const phonemes = [ examples: [ { p: "وږی", - f: "wuGey", - a: "wuggey", + f: "wuGay", + a: "wuggay", e: "hungry", pHighlight: [[0, 0]], fHighlight: [[0, 0]], @@ -994,9 +997,9 @@ export const phonemes = [ examples: [ { p: "سَړی", - f: "saRey", + f: "saRay", e: "man", - a: "sarrey", + a: "sarray", pHighlight: [[1, 1]], fHighlight: [[1, 1]], }, @@ -1059,7 +1062,7 @@ export const phonemes = [ { phoneme: "u", shortVowel: true, - diacritic: diacritics.zwarakey, + diacritic: diacritics.zwarakay, quickExplanation: ( <> shwa sound similar to u in bud @@ -1200,11 +1203,7 @@ export const phonemes = [ longVowel: true, fiveYs: true, addAlefToStart: true, - quickExplanation: ( - <> - close to ee in bee but more open - - ), + quickExplanation: <>'ee' sound but with mouth slightly more open, ipa: { letter: "e", }, @@ -1220,15 +1219,15 @@ export const phonemes = [ ], }, { - phoneme: "ey", - a: "ey", + phoneme: "ay", + a: "ay", possibleLetters: [letters.naareenaYe], longVowel: true, fiveYs: true, addAlefToStart: true, quickExplanation: ( <> - similar to ay in day + short 'a' sound + y. similar to ay in day ), ipa: { @@ -1237,32 +1236,31 @@ export const phonemes = [ examples: [ { p: "سړی", - f: "saRey", + f: "saRay", e: "man", - a: "saRey", + a: "saRay", pHighlight: [[2, 2]], fHighlight: [[3, 4]], }, ], }, { - phoneme: "eyy", - a: "eyy", + phoneme: "ey", + a: "ey", possibleLetters: [letters.faailiyaYe], longVowel: true, fiveYs: true, onlyOnEnd: true, - quickExplanation: - "Close or the same as 'uy'. Starts with a ‘ey’ sound and glides into an ‘ee’ at the end", + quickExplanation: "‘e’ sound + y", ipa: { letter: "əi", }, examples: [ { p: "کښېنئ", - f: "kxeneyy", + f: "kxeney", e: "please sit", - a: "kxeneyy", + a: "kxeney", pHighlight: [[4, 4]], fHighlight: [[4, 6]], }, @@ -1274,8 +1272,7 @@ export const phonemes = [ possibleLetters: [letters.xudzeenaYe], longVowel: true, fiveYs: true, - quickExplanation: - "Starts with a ‘u’ (schwa) sound and glides into an ‘ee’ at the end", + quickExplanation: "‘u’ (schwa) sound + y", ipa: { letter: "əi", }, diff --git a/src/components/phonetics/sounds.ts b/src/components/phonetics/sounds.ts index 340b6ce..443d2aa 100644 --- a/src/components/phonetics/sounds.ts +++ b/src/components/phonetics/sounds.ts @@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ import e from "./audio/e.m4a"; // @ts-ignore import ee from "./audio/ee.m4a"; // @ts-ignore -import ey from "./audio/ey.m4a"; +import ay from "./audio/ey.m4a"; // @ts-ignore -import eyy from "./audio/eyy.m4a"; +import ey from "./audio/eyy.m4a"; // @ts-ignore import gh from "./audio/gh.m4a"; // @ts-ignore @@ -144,10 +144,76 @@ import naayee from "./audio/naayee.mp3"; import fojee from "./audio/fojee.mp3"; export default { - a, aa, aasmaan, d, D, DoDuy, dwa, dz, dzaay, dzungul, e, ee, ey, - eyy, gh, gharma, h, halaat, i, injuluy, islaam, joR, jz, jzwund, kadoo, - kh, khwux, kxeneyy, l, leekul, lUtfan, maalTa, maNa, meena, N, o, oo, - oox, ooy, paaNa, poza, puxto, q, qaazee, r, R, rang, saRey, t, tor, ts, - tsomra, T, u, uu, uy, w, wuGey, waadu, x, xudza, xudze, zooy, sheen, chaa, - baad, kor, gUl, maat, maruy, naayee, fojee, + a, + aa, + aasmaan, + d, + D, + DoDuy, + dwa, + dz, + dzaay, + dzungul, + e, + ee, + ay, + ey, + gh, + gharma, + h, + halaat, + i, + injuluy, + islaam, + joR, + jz, + jzwund, + kadoo, + kh, + khwux, + kxeneyy, + l, + leekul, + lUtfan, + maalTa, + maNa, + meena, + N, + o, + oo, + oox, + ooy, + paaNa, + poza, + puxto, + q, + qaazee, + r, + R, + rang, + saRey, + t, + tor, + ts, + tsomra, + T, + u, + uu, + uy, + w, + wuGey, + waadu, + x, + xudza, + xudze, + zooy, + sheen, + chaa, + baad, + kor, + gUl, + maat, + maruy, + naayee, + fojee, }; diff --git a/src/components/phonetics/views.tsx b/src/components/phonetics/views.tsx index 5fe0f82..5e472cf 100644 --- a/src/components/phonetics/views.tsx +++ b/src/components/phonetics/views.tsx @@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ const views: {

Long vowels are always written in Pashto script. When - long vowels come at the beginning of a word, they are prefixed with a letter alef (ا). + long vowels come at the beginning of a word, they are prefixed with a + letter alef (ا).

for example:

    @@ -46,8 +47,9 @@ const views: {

- Note: When ey - ی or ee - ي are written in the middle of a word, both appear as ـیـ. - To differentiate ee - ي from ey - ی you can (optionally) add a ◌ِ diacritic. (eg. شِین - sheen) + Note: When ay - ی or ee - ي are written in the middle of a word, both + appear as ـیـ. To differentiate ee - ي from ay - ی you can + (optionally) add a ◌ِ diacritic. (eg. شِین - sheen)

), diff --git a/src/content/compound-verbs/dynamic-compounds.mdx b/src/content/compound-verbs/dynamic-compounds.mdx index f7d7b31..a1fa346 100644 --- a/src/content/compound-verbs/dynamic-compounds.mdx +++ b/src/content/compound-verbs/dynamic-compounds.mdx @@ -3,17 +3,14 @@ title: Dynamic Compounds --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - RootsAndStems, - getVerbInfo, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, PerfectiveHead, Camera, Video, Complement, BlockTerm, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; +import { KingIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; import Image from "../../components/Image"; @@ -23,16 +20,19 @@ import helperVerbsSummaryChartDynamic from "./helper-verbs-summary-chart-dynamic Dynamic compounds are actually a lot simpler than stative compounds. They're just made up of an helper verb--often --and an action (noun) that gets done. - + ]} +/> For helper verbs, we will use the **dynamic** / verbs, as well as some others. @@ -40,68 +40,633 @@ For helper verbs, we will use the **dynamic** is made up of these two parts. +Most of the time you will see dynamic compounds that are _transitive_. And the great thing about them is that they **bring their own object with them!** The noun that comes along with the compound is always the object of the phrase. For example the dynamic compound verb is made up of these two parts. - -
کار
-
work
-
, + bottom: "Noun", + inside: ( +
+
کار
+
work
+
+ ), }, "+", { - bottom: "Helper Verb", - inside:
-
کول
-
to do
-
, + bottom: "Helper Verb", + inside: ( +
+
کول
+
to do
+
+ ), }, -]} /> + ]} +/> Then when we use this in a phrase we see that **the noun in the compound functions as the object of the phrase**. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8044672663678827,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.10318373385739488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812732,"i":9892,"p":"کار کول","f":"kaar kawul","g":"kaarkawul","e":"to work","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527822084,"ec":"work"},"complement":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8044672663678827, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.10318373385739488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9890, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812732, + i: 9892, + p: "کار کول", + f: "kaar kawul", + g: "kaarkawul", + e: "to work", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527822084, + ec: "work", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9890, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} There's no strange welding or squishing or any of that business that we saw with stative compounds. All we have is a block for the object that is included in the compound, and helper verb. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8044672663678827,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.10318373385739488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812732,"i":9892,"p":"کار کول","f":"kaar kawul","g":"kaarkawul","e":"to work","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527822084,"ec":"work"},"complement":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8044672663678827, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.10318373385739488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9890, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812732, + i: 9892, + p: "کار کول", + f: "kaar kawul", + g: "kaarkawul", + e: "to work", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527822084, + ec: "work", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9890, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} And now we see that takes an prefix, just like normal verbs. So whenever you see with an prefix, you know it's a dynamic compound, and not stative. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5608245556287987, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.47307113655502064, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527817312, + i: 2783, + p: "پوښتنه کول", + f: "poxtuna kawul", + g: "poxtunakawul", + e: "to ask", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527815184, + ec: "ask", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Remember that with these compounds the **object is always the noun that comes in the compound**, so with the past tense the verb will always agree with this object. (In past tense transitive verbs, the object is king ) - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5608245556287987, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.47307113655502064, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527817312, + i: 2783, + p: "پوښتنه کول", + f: "poxtuna kawul", + g: "poxtunakawul", + e: "to ask", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527815184, + ec: "ask", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5608245556287987, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.47307113655502064, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527817312, + i: 2783, + p: "پوښتنه کول", + f: "poxtuna kawul", + g: "poxtunakawul", + e: "to ask", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527815184, + ec: "ask", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5608245556287987, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 6, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.47307113655502064, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527817312, + i: 2783, + p: "پوښتنه کول", + f: "poxtuna kawul", + g: "poxtunakawul", + e: "to ask", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527815184, + ec: "ask", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815184, + i: 2782, + p: "پوښتنه", + f: "poxtuna", + g: "poxtuna", + e: "question", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ### Using other helper verbs @@ -109,57 +674,324 @@ Remember that with these compounds the **object is always the noun that comes in There are a lot of dynamic compounds that use help verbs like , , and a bunch of others. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2282887799187998,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.09221260732991587,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812939,"i":12830,"p":"منډې وهل","f":"munDe wahul","g":"munDewahul","e":"to run","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527815805,"ec":"run,runs,running,ran,run"},"complement":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","i":12183,"tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2282887799187998, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 6, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.09221260732991587, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815805, + i: 12827, + p: "منډه", + f: "múnDa", + g: "munDa", + e: "run, running", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812939, + i: 12830, + p: "منډې وهل", + f: "munDe wahul", + g: "munDewahul", + e: "to run", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.", + l: 1527815805, + ec: "run,runs,running,ran,run", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815805, + i: 12827, + p: "منډه", + f: "múnDa", + g: "munDa", + e: "run, running", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + i: 12183, + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} That's literally, "We're hitting (verb) runs (object)" - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2282887799187998,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.09221260732991587,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812939,"i":12830,"p":"منډې وهل","f":"munDe wahul","g":"munDewahul","e":"to run","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527815805,"ec":"run,runs,running,ran,run"},"complement":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","i":12183,"tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2282887799187998, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 6, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.09221260732991587, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815805, + i: 12827, + p: "منډه", + f: "múnDa", + g: "munDa", + e: "run, running", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812939, + i: 12830, + p: "منډې وهل", + f: "munDe wahul", + g: "munDewahul", + e: "to run", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.", + l: 1527815805, + ec: "run,runs,running,ran,run", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815805, + i: 12827, + p: "منډه", + f: "múnDa", + g: "munDa", + e: "run, running", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + i: 12183, + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.12190484642898336,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":10,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4307469889296207,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527819087,"i":11684,"p":"ماته","f":"maata","g":"maata","e":"defeat","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527819089,"i":11685,"p":"ماته خوړل","f":"maata khoRul","g":"maatakhoRul","e":"to be defeated, beaten by someone","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527819087,"ec":"be","ep":"defeated"},"complement":{"ts":1527819087,"i":11684,"p":"ماته","f":"maata","g":"maata","e":"defeat","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812790,"p":"خوړل","f":"khoRul","g":"","e":"to eat, to bite","c":"v. trans.","i":4769,"psp":"خور","psf":"khor","tppp":"خوړ","tppf":"khoR"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.12190484642898336, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 10, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.4307469889296207, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527819087, + i: 11684, + p: "ماته", + f: "maata", + g: "maata", + e: "defeat", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527819089, + i: 11685, + p: "ماته خوړل", + f: "maata khoRul", + g: "maatakhoRul", + e: "to be defeated, beaten by someone", + c: "v. dyn. comp. trans.", + l: 1527819087, + ec: "be", + ep: "defeated", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527819087, + i: 11684, + p: "ماته", + f: "maata", + g: "maata", + e: "defeat", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812790, + p: "خوړل", + f: "khoRul", + g: "", + e: "to eat, to bite", + c: "v. trans.", + i: 4769, + psp: "خور", + psf: "khor", + tppp: "خوړ", + tppf: "khoR", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Or literally, they ate (verb) defeat. (object) ### Attaching other actors -We'll notice that these compounds include an object, and in Pashto **there can be one object in a sentence**. So what do we do when we have a verb like but we want to say that we're serving *someone* (another object?) +We'll notice that these compounds include an object, and in Pashto **there can be one object in a sentence**. So what do we do when we have a verb like but we want to say that we're serving _someone_ (another object?) -Well we have to attach the object to the phrase either as a possesor to the noun, or as an AP/Sandwich in the phrase. (Some might call this an *indirect object* but we'll avoid that term because it probably creates extra confusion.) +Well we have to attach the object to the phrase either as a possesor to the noun, or as an AP/Sandwich in the phrase. (Some might call this an _indirect object_ but we'll avoid that term because it probably creates extra confusion.) -For instance if we want to say "I will serve *the people*" we have to say something like "I will do service *of the people*" +For instance if we want to say "I will serve _the people_" we have to say something like "I will do service _of the people_" - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه به **د خلکو خدمت** کوم", - f: "zu ba **du khalko khidmat** kawum", - e: "I will serve the people", - sub: "lit. I will do the service (object) of the people", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه به **د خلکو خدمت** کوم", + f: "zu ba **du khalko khidmat** kawum", + e: "I will serve the people", + sub: "lit. I will do the service (object) of the people", + }, + ])} -If we want to use say "I asked you", well we already have as the object, so we have to say "I did a question (object) *from you* (sandwich)." +If we want to use say "I asked you", well we already have as the object, so we have to say "I did a question (object) _from you_ (sandwich)." - {psmd([ - { - p: "ما **تا نه** پوښتنه وکړه", - f: "maa **taa na** poxtuna óokRa", - e: "I asked you", - sub: "lit. I did a question (object) **from you**", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ما **تا نه** پوښتنه وکړه", + f: "maa **taa na** poxtuna óokRa", + e: "I asked you", + sub: "lit. I did a question (object) **from you**", + }, + ])} ## Intransitive Dynamic Compounds @@ -169,31 +1001,30 @@ If a dynamic compound was made with - {[ - { - p: "ما کار وکړ", - f: "maa kaar óokuR", - e: "I worked", - sub: "Transitive - with کول (to do)" - }, - { - p: "کار وشو", - f: "kaar óosho", - e: "The work happened", - sub: "Intransitive - with کېدل (to happen)", - }, - { - p: "هغوي پوښتنې کوي", - f: "haghwee poxtúne kawee", - e: "They are asking questions", - sub: "Transitive - with کول (to do)", - }, - { - p: "پوښتنې کېږي", - f: "poxtúne kéGee", - e: "Questions are being asked", - sub: "Intransitive - with کېدل (to happen)", - }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "ما کار وکړ", + f: "maa kaar óokuR", + e: "I worked", + sub: "Transitive - with کول (to do)", + }, + { + p: "کار وشو", + f: "kaar óosho", + e: "The work happened", + sub: "Intransitive - with کېدل (to happen)", + }, + { + p: "هغوي پوښتنې کوي", + f: "haghwee poxtúne kawee", + e: "They are asking questions", + sub: "Transitive - with کول (to do)", + }, + { + p: "پوښتنې کېږي", + f: "poxtúne kéGee", + e: "Questions are being asked", + sub: "Intransitive - with کېدل (to happen)", + }, + ]} - diff --git a/src/content/compound-verbs/helper-verbs.mdx b/src/content/compound-verbs/helper-verbs.mdx index 9c7ccd8..cfaddb5 100644 --- a/src/content/compound-verbs/helper-verbs.mdx +++ b/src/content/compound-verbs/helper-verbs.mdx @@ -3,32 +3,34 @@ title: Helper Verbs (کول / کېدل) --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - RootsAndStems, - getVerbInfo, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + RootsAndStems, + getVerbInfo, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, PerfectiveHead, Camera, Video, Complement, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; +import { + PerfectiveHead, + Camera, + Video, + Complement, + BlocksIcon, +} from "../../components/terms-links"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import helperVerbsSummaryChart from "./helper-verbs-summary-chart.svg"; -import welding from "./welding.svg"; -import separateBlocks from "./separate.svg"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; export function RootsAndStemsDisplay(props) { - return
-
- -
- + return ( +
+
+ +
+
+ ); } Pashto uses a number of helper verbs (auxillary verbs) to form compounds. @@ -36,13 +38,13 @@ Pashto uses a number of helper verbs (auxillary verbs) to form compounds. The most important ones are these four: - Intransitive - - - - + - + - - Transitive - - - - + - + - -Wait, how are these *four* verbs, and not *two*?? 🤔🤔 Don't the pairs look exactly the same? When you look at this you may feel like this lady does in this video. +Wait, how are these _four_ verbs, and not _two_?? 🤔🤔 Don't the pairs look exactly the same? When you look at this you may feel like this lady does in this video. @@ -59,46 +61,452 @@ There's a big difference between Here are some example phrases uses this verb. Try to identify the which roots/stems the examples use and figure out the tense. You can click on the to see the tense and what formula was used. Try playing around with these phrases, and watch how they work with the blocks. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7004599909397782,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9886,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.9564388674146864,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812754,"i":10696,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"happen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7004599909397782, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9564388674146864, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812754, + i: 10696, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to happen, occur", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "وش", + ssf: "óosh", + prp: "وشول", + prf: "óoshwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "happen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7004599909397782,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9886,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.9564388674146864,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812754,"i":10696,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"happen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7004599909397782, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9564388674146864, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812754, + i: 10696, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to happen, occur", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "وش", + ssf: "óosh", + prp: "وشول", + prf: "óoshwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "happen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7004599909397782,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815166,"i":2937,"p":"پېښه","f":"péxa","g":"pexa","e":"event, occurance, happeing, case","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.9564388674146864,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812754,"i":10696,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"happen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7004599909397782, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815166, + i: 2937, + p: "پېښه", + f: "péxa", + g: "pexa", + e: "event, occurance, happeing, case", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9564388674146864, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812754, + i: 10696, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to happen, occur", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "وش", + ssf: "óosh", + prp: "وشول", + prf: "óoshwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "happen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8938126585721999,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812907,"i":13121,"p":"مېله","f":"mela","g":"mela","e":"picnic, feast, celebration","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.3685906255385354,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812754,"i":10696,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"happen"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8938126585721999, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812907, + i: 13121, + p: "مېله", + f: "mela", + g: "mela", + e: "picnic, feast, celebration", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.3685906255385354, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812754, + i: 10696, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to happen, occur", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "وش", + ssf: "óosh", + prp: "وشول", + prf: "óoshwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "happen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8938126585721999,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812907,"i":13121,"p":"مېله","f":"mela","g":"mela","e":"picnic, feast, celebration","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.3685906255385354,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812754,"i":10696,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"happen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8938126585721999, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812907, + i: 13121, + p: "مېله", + f: "mela", + g: "mela", + e: "picnic, feast, celebration", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.3685906255385354, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812754, + i: 10696, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to happen, occur", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "وش", + ssf: "óosh", + prp: "وشول", + prf: "óoshwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "happen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8938126585721999,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812907,"i":13121,"p":"مېله","f":"mela","g":"mela","e":"picnic, feast, celebration","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.3685906255385354,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812754,"i":10696,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to happen, occur","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"وش","ssf":"óosh","prp":"وشول","prf":"óoshwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"happen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8938126585721999, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812907, + i: 13121, + p: "مېله", + f: "mela", + g: "mela", + e: "picnic, feast, celebration", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.3685906255385354, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812754, + i: 10696, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to happen, occur", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "وش", + ssf: "óosh", + prp: "وشول", + prf: "óoshwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "happen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} To summarize about this verb : @@ -112,16 +520,97 @@ To summarize about this verb prefix, no ! -And this verb has a completely different meaning as well. We're not talking about something happening, **we're talking about something *becoming* \_\_\_\_**. The subject is changed into a state of being \_\_\_\_. And that \_\_\_\_ is what we'll call a **complement**. For example, in the phrase: +And this verb has a completely different meaning as well. We're not talking about something happening, **we're talking about something _becoming_ \_\_\_\_**. The subject is changed into a state of being \_\_\_\_. And that \_\_\_\_ is what we'll call a **complement**. For example, in the phrase: - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812798,"i":5645,"p":"خفه","f":"khufa","g":"khufa","e":"sad, upset, angry; choked, suffocated","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812798, + i: 5645, + p: "خفه", + f: "khufa", + g: "khufa", + e: "sad, upset, angry; choked, suffocated", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} We have: @@ -129,18 +618,148 @@ We have: - A **subject**: - A **complement**: -So with this verb we add a - something that the subject is *becoming*. +So with this verb we add a - something that the subject is _becoming_. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812792,"i":5826,"p":"خوشاله","f":"khoshaala","g":"khoshaala","e":"happy, glad","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812792, + i: 5826, + p: "خوشاله", + f: "khoshaala", + g: "khoshaala", + e: "happy, glad", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Notice how the **if the is an adjective in will inflect according to the subject**. @@ -148,36 +767,296 @@ Notice how the **if the is an adjective in will inflect according Also notice how the complement actually gets welded together with the verb when we're not using the perfective . Check out the blocks . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 6, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} When we get start using the perfective aspect of this verb, we notice that it starts looking really different from . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Notice how now there's no prefix! Instead the complement stays seperate from the verb and fills in an holds the same place as a would in a different verb. Have a look at the blocks . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8034429811171007,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.19673719282869384,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10697,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8034429811171007, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.19673719282869384, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10697, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} To summarize about this verb -- It's intransitive and takes: +- It's intransitive and takes: - a **subject** (something this is changed) - a (a word that describes the change) - The complement is welded together with the verb when we're not using the perfective . @@ -187,65 +1066,578 @@ To summarize about this verb is like the transitive brother of . It's also used to talk about actions happening but this one takes a subject *and* an object. +The verb is like the transitive brother of . It's also used to talk about actions happening but this one takes a subject _and_ an object. -- a **subject** - the *doer* of the action -- an **object** - the *action/activity* the subject does +- a **subject** - the _doer_ of the action +- an **object** - the _action/activity_ the subject does -Like its brother , this verb also has an prefix as a . +Like its brother , this verb also has an prefix as a . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9944733199260127,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9445085317003405,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9886,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":10630,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9944733199260127,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9445085317003405,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9886,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":10630,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - 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} + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - 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} + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9944733199260127,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9445085317003405,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9886,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":10630,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - 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} + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9944733199260127,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9445085317003405,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9886,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":10630,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9944733199260127, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9445085317003405, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527822084, + i: 9886, + p: "کار", + f: "kaar", + g: "kaar", + e: "work, job, business, stuff to do", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812752, + i: 10630, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + ec: "do,does,doing,did,done", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} To summarize about this verb : - It's transitive, so it takes: - - a subject (the doer of the action) - - an object (the action/activity the subject does) + - a subject (the doer of the action) + - an object (the action/activity the subject does) - It has a prefix as a - We will use it for **dynamic** compounds, because it talks about doing an action/activity @@ -268,8 +1660,24 @@ The subject "you" put the object "me" into a new state: "hungry" Have a look at the roots and stems for Like its brother , this verb also has no prefix. Instead we will use the in the exact same way. @@ -280,60 +1688,628 @@ Like its brother separate, sitting as a in front of the verb - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Notice how **if the is an adjective it will inflect according the object**. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Notice how with the imperfective/past participle the is welded together with the verb, but with the perfective it's separate. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.049217458592629715,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7895952701078488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10631,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made","ep":"_____"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7598,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.049217458592629715, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.7895952701078488, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10631, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + ep: "_____", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7598, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} To summarize about this verb : -- It's intransitive and takes: +- It's intransitive and takes: - a **subject** (something that is acting on the object) - an **object** (something that is changed) - a (a word that describes the change) @@ -345,5 +2321,9 @@ To summarize about this verb - Pashto helper verbs summary chart + Pashto helper verbs summary chart
diff --git a/src/content/compound-verbs/intro.mdx b/src/content/compound-verbs/intro.mdx index 7c922c7..faf41f1 100644 --- a/src/content/compound-verbs/intro.mdx +++ b/src/content/compound-verbs/intro.mdx @@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ title: Intro to Compound Verbs --- -import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; -import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; +import { defaultTextOptions as opts, InlinePs } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import cookingPotatoes from "./cooking-potatoes.svg"; import doingWork from "./doing-work.svg"; import stativeCompoundTransitive from "./stative-compound-transitive.svg"; @@ -19,73 +11,86 @@ import dynamicCopmoundTransitive from "./dynamic-compound-transitive.svg"; Compound verbs are verbs made up from a helper verb and some other word. These are extremely common in Pashto. In fact, 70% of the verbs in the [LingDocs Pashto Dictionary](https://dictionary.lingdocs.com) are compound verbs. Here are some examples:
    +
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In order to understand how compound verbs work it's important to know that they fall into two different categories: - **stative** compound verbs - - involve *something being changed* + - involve _something being changed_ - **dynamic** compound verbs - - involve *an action being done* + - involve _an action being done_ -These two types of compounds look very similary but they *behave completely differently*. Unfortunately this is an area of Pashto grammar that is not very well known or explained, and so, learners often get quite confused about compound verbs and why they behave the way they do. +These two types of compounds look very similary but they _behave completely differently_. Unfortunately this is an area of Pashto grammar that is not very well known or explained, and so, learners often get quite confused about compound verbs and why they behave the way they do. Before we understand how these compounds are made and how they work, it might be helpful to quickly picture them as little machines. -With **stative compounds**, we are taking some object and changing it by "making" it something else. We have something that is changing *"state,"* hence the name "stative." For example - if we *melt* ice, we are changing the state of the water from frozen to liquid. We are *making* the ice into liquid. +With **stative compounds**, we are taking some object and changing it by "making" it something else. We have something that is changing _"state,"_ hence the name "stative." For example - if we _melt_ ice, we are changing the state of the water from frozen to liquid. We are _making_ the ice into liquid.
- +
If we cook potatoes, we are changing the state of the potatoes from raw to cooked.
- +
-With **dynamic compounds**, we are simply *doing* some action. The action is the object and the subject "does" it. So these compounds look like much simpler machines. +With **dynamic compounds**, we are simply _doing_ some action. The action is the object and the subject "does" it. So these compounds look like much simpler machines.
- +
For example, with the compound verb we have as the object/action that gets done.
- +
Don't worry if this doesn't fully make sense yet. We will explain how these compounds work in the chapters ahead. For now, the important thing to know is that there are these two kinds of compounds, and they are **very different**. @@ -93,4 +98,4 @@ Don't worry if this doesn't fully make sense yet. We will explain how these comp - **stative compounds** are used **to make** something different - **dynamic compounds** are used **to do** an action -For each type of compound we have a completely different structure and set of rules. If a student is just told that there are "compound verbs" in Pashto and then try to understand what's going on with them, they are in for a world of pain. 😫 But if we know that there are both stative and dynamic compounds, **everything will make sense**. 🙂 +For each type of compound we have a completely different structure and set of rules. If a student is just told that there are "compound verbs" in Pashto and then try to understand what's going on with them, they are in for a world of pain. 😫 But if we know that there are both stative and dynamic compounds, **everything will make sense**. 🙂 diff --git a/src/content/compound-verbs/more-on-compounds.mdx b/src/content/compound-verbs/more-on-compounds.mdx index 9da777c..17be22a 100644 --- a/src/content/compound-verbs/more-on-compounds.mdx +++ b/src/content/compound-verbs/more-on-compounds.mdx @@ -3,21 +3,16 @@ title: More on Compounds --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - RootsAndStems, - getVerbInfo, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, PerfectiveHead, Camera, Video, Complement, BlockTerm, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; +import { KingIcon, Complement } from "../../components/terms-links"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; -import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; +import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; import Image from "../../components/Image"; -import helperVerbsSummaryChart from "./helper-verbs-summary-chart.svg"; import generativeStativeCompound from "./generative-stative-compound.svg"; import ironingStative from "./ironing-stative.svg"; @@ -47,7 +42,7 @@ But there are a couple of special cases to watch out for which can cause more co ## Some can be dynamic or stative -Some compounds can be used as either dynamic *or* stative compounds. For instance with the compound verb you can use it either as: +Some compounds can be used as either dynamic _or_ stative compounds. For instance with the compound verb you can use it either as: - a stative compound - as in "to iron \_\_\_\_" (to make \_\_\_\_ ironed) @@ -58,8 +53,8 @@ Some compounds can be used as either dynamic *or* stative compounds. For instanc With the stative version we are using - - as a noun. - - as "to make" +- as a noun. +- as "to make" So we are talking about making an object ironed. @@ -68,15 +63,163 @@ So we are talking about making an object ironed. In the past tense, the verb will always agree with the object that's being ironed (the of the phrase). - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815718,"i":10413,"p":"کمیس","f":"kamees","g":"kamees","e":"shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8393288429274519, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.4708124056055294, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815718, + i: 10413, + p: "کمیس", + f: "kamees", + g: "kamees", + e: "shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1658796089458, + i: 507, + p: "استري کول", + f: "istree kawul", + g: "istreekawul", + e: "to iron (clothes etc.)", + c: "v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1658795458148, + ec: "iron", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1658795458148, + i: 506, + p: "استري", + f: "istree", + g: "istree", + e: "iron (for ironing clothes)", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: true, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815718,"i":10413,"p":"کمیس","f":"kamees","g":"kamees","e":"shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8393288429274519, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.4708124056055294, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815718, + i: 10413, + p: "کمیس", + f: "kamees", + g: "kamees", + e: "shirt, undershirt, slip, kameez", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1658796089458, + i: 507, + p: "استري کول", + f: "istree kawul", + g: "istreekawul", + e: "to iron (clothes etc.)", + c: "v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1658795458148, + ec: "iron", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1658795458148, + i: 506, + p: "استري", + f: "istree", + g: "istree", + e: "iron (for ironing clothes)", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: true, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Also we notice that since we are using as the helper verb, there is no prefix. @@ -85,57 +228,159 @@ Also we notice that since we are using dynamic version of this compound if we use -- as an action noun/object -- as the helper verb +- as an action + noun/object +- as the helper + verb Now instead of talking about making something ironed (stative), we are talking about **doing the action of ironing** - -
استري
-
iron
-
, + bottom: "Noun/Object", + inside: ( +
+
استري
+
iron
+
+ ), }, "+", { - bottom: "Helper Verb", - inside:
-
کول
-
to do
-
, + bottom: "Helper Verb", + inside: ( +
+
کول
+
to do
+
+ ), }, -]} /> + ]} +/> - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8393288429274519,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4708124056055294,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658796089458,"i":507,"p":"استري کول","f":"istree kawul","g":"istreekawul","e":"to iron (clothes etc.)","c":"v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.","l":1658795458148,"ec":"iron"},"complement":{"ts":1658795458148,"i":506,"p":"استري","f":"istree","g":"istree","e":"iron (for ironing clothes)","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":true},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8393288429274519, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.4708124056055294, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1658795458148, + i: 506, + p: "استري", + f: "istree", + g: "istree", + e: "iron (for ironing clothes)", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + dynamicComplement: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1658796089458, + i: 507, + p: "استري کول", + f: "istree kawul", + g: "istreekawul", + e: "to iron (clothes etc.)", + c: "v. dyn./stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1658795458148, + ec: "iron", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1658795458148, + i: 506, + p: "استري", + f: "istree", + g: "istree", + e: "iron (for ironing clothes)", + c: "n. f.", + }, + }, + dynAuxVerb: { + entry: { + i: 10058, + ts: 1527812752, + g: "", + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + e: "to do (an action or activity)", + c: "v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.", + ssp: "وکړ", + ssf: "óokR", + prp: "وکړل", + prf: "óokRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + diacExcept: true, + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "dynamic", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: true, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Now the object of the phrase is , so in the past tense, the verb will always agree with . Even if you add a possesor to to say what she was ironing, is still the object. - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغې **د کمیس استري** وکړه", - f: "haghé **du kamees istree** óokRa", - e: "She ironed the shirt", - sub: "lit. She did the **ironing of the shirt**." - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغې **د کمیس استري** وکړه", + f: "haghé **du kamees istree** óokRa", + e: "She ironed the shirt", + sub: "lit. She did the **ironing of the shirt**.", + }, + ])} - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغې **د کمیسونه استري** وکړه", - f: "haghé **du kameesoona istree** óokRa", - e: "She ironed the shirt", - sub: "lit. She did the **ironing of the shirts**." - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغې **د کمیسونه استري** وکړه", + f: "haghé **du kameesoona istree** óokRa", + e: "She ironed the shirt", + sub: "lit. She did the **ironing of the shirts**.", + }, + ])} #### Other examples @@ -145,107 +390,119 @@ Another compound that can be used as either stative or dynamic is - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغه **درې کسان** قتل کړل", - f: "haghú **dre kesaan** qatul kRul", - e: "He murdered **three people**", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه **درې کسان** قتل کړل", + f: "haghú **dre kesaan** qatul kRul", + e: "He murdered **three people**", + }, + ])} In this example: - - is a noun - - is the object - - the verb agrees with the object - - there is no prefix because we're using +- is a noun +- is the object +- the verb agrees with the object +- there is no prefix because we're using #### As dynamic - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغه **د درې کسان قتل** وکړ", - f: "haghú **du dre kesaano qatul** óokuR", - e: "He murdered three people", - sub: "lit. He did **the murder of three people**", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه **د درې کسان قتل** وکړ", + f: "haghú **du dre kesaano qatul** óokuR", + e: "He murdered three people", + sub: "lit. He did **the murder of three people**", + }, + ])} In this example: - - is the object - - the verb agrees with the object - - there is a prefix because we're using +- is the object +- the verb agrees with the object +- there is a prefix because we're using ## Generative stative compounds - + There are a number of compound verbs like: -- -- -- +- +- +- that can be used either as dynamic compounds or as **generative stative compounds**. That means that these can be used as stative compounds, but **with an unspoken complement** that describes something "existing." generative stative compound diagram So with you could say: - {[ - { - p: "هغې چیغه وکړه", - f: "haghé chéegha óokRa", - e: "She screamed", - sub: "DYNAMIC - lit. she did a scream" - }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "هغې چیغه وکړه", + f: "haghé chéegha óokRa", + e: "She screamed", + sub: "DYNAMIC - lit. she did a scream", + }, + ]} -or +or - {[ - { - p: "هغې چیغه کړه", - f: "haghé chéegha kRa", - e: "She screamed", - sub: "GENERATIVE STATIVE - lit. she made a scream existing (she let out/created a scream)" - }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "هغې چیغه کړه", + f: "haghé chéegha kRa", + e: "She screamed", + sub: "GENERATIVE STATIVE - lit. she made a scream existing (she let out/created a scream)", + }, + ]} You might also hear something like, - {[ - { - p: "ما منډه کړه", - f: "maa múnDa kRa", - e: "I ran", - sub: "GENERATIVE STATIVE - lit. I made a run existing (I let out/created a run)", - }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "ما منډه کړه", + f: "maa múnDa kRa", + e: "I ran", + sub: "GENERATIVE STATIVE - lit. I made a run existing (I let out/created a run)", + }, + ]} And these can work the the intransitive versions as well - {[ - { - p: "چیغه شوه", - f: "chéegha shwa", - e: "A scream was let out", - sub: "GENERATIVE STATIVE - lit. A scream became existing", - }, - ]} - \ No newline at end of file + {[ + { + p: "چیغه شوه", + f: "chéegha shwa", + e: "A scream was let out", + sub: "GENERATIVE STATIVE - lit. A scream became existing", + }, + ]} + diff --git a/src/content/compound-verbs/stative-compounds.mdx b/src/content/compound-verbs/stative-compounds.mdx index d38e459..8ec3e1f 100644 --- a/src/content/compound-verbs/stative-compounds.mdx +++ b/src/content/compound-verbs/stative-compounds.mdx @@ -3,34 +3,38 @@ title: Stative Compounds --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - RootsAndStems, - getVerbInfo, - conjugateVerb, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, PerfectiveHead, Camera, Video, Complement, BlockTerm, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; +import { + PerfectiveHead, + Camera, + Video, + Complement, + BlockTerm, + BlocksIcon, +} from "../../components/terms-links"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import helperVerbsSummaryChartStative from "./helper-verbs-summary-chart-stative.svg"; import stativeCompoundIntransitive from "./stative-compound-intransitive.svg"; import stativeCompoundTransitive from "./stative-compound-transitive.svg"; import becomingTired from "./becoming-tired.svg"; import makingTired from "./making-tired.svg"; import welding from "./welding.svg"; -import separateBlocks from "./separate.svg"; import weldingAndSquishing from "./welding-and-squishing.jpg"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; import Image from "../../components/Image"; -Stative compound verbs are used to talk about something being changed or put into a different "state." To make these compounds we will use the *stative* helper verbs. +Stative compound verbs are used to talk about something being changed or put into a different "state." To make these compounds we will use the _stative_ helper verbs. We use the two stative helper verbs to make the intransitive and transitive forms of these compounds: + - Intransitive: + - Transitive: + @@ -40,57 +44,287 @@ Instransitive stative compounds are used to talk about a **subject** changing in -For example, the compound is a combination of: +For example, the compound is a combination of: -

+

+

+ +{" "} + +

We use this verb to describe a **subject** changing into a new state described by the . So here we have "him" changing into / becoming "tired." - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.32458466385023566,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.02209534971051208,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1591033069786,"i":7602,"p":"ستړی کېدل","f":"stuRey kedul","g":"stuReykedul","e":"to get tired, fatigued","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527815306,"ec":"get","ep":"tired"},"complement":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.32458466385023566, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.02209534971051208, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1591033069786, + i: 7602, + p: "ستړی کېدل", + f: "stuRay kedul", + g: "stuRaykedul", + e: "to get tired, fatigued", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527815306, + ec: "get", + ep: "tired", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.32458466385023566,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.02209534971051208,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1591033069786,"i":7602,"p":"ستړی کېدل","f":"stuRey kedul","g":"stuReykedul","e":"to get tired, fatigued","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527815306,"ec":"get","ep":"tired"},"complement":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.32458466385023566, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.02209534971051208, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1591033069786, + i: 7602, + p: "ستړی کېدل", + f: "stuRay kedul", + g: "stuRaykedul", + e: "to get tired, fatigued", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527815306, + ec: "get", + ep: "tired", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Go ahead and edit the examples above. Notice how the inflection of the complement changes depending on what the *subject* is. +Go ahead and edit the examples above. Notice how the inflection of the complement changes depending on what the _subject_ is. ## Transitive Stative Compounds With transitive stative compounds we have a **subject** that does something to change an **object**, or put it in a different state. For this, we use the helper verb .
- +
-For example, the compound is a combination of: +For example, the compound is a combination of: -

+

+

+ +{" "} + +

We use this verb to describe a **subject** that does something to change an **object** into a new state described by the . So here we have "I" (subject) making "him" (object) "tired." (complement) - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9251654828746088,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.22651100938791546,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1591033078746,"i":7601,"p":"ستړی کول","f":"stuRey kawul","g":"stuReykawul","e":"to make tired, wear out","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1527815306,"ec":"make","ep":"tired"},"complement":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9251654828746088, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.22651100938791546, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1591033078746, + i: 7601, + p: "ستړی کول", + f: "stuRay kawul", + g: "stuRaykawul", + e: "to make tired, wear out", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1527815306, + ec: "make", + ep: "tired", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9251654828746088,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.22651100938791546,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1591033078746,"i":7601,"p":"ستړی کول","f":"stuRey kawul","g":"stuReykawul","e":"to make tired, wear out","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1527815306,"ec":"make","ep":"tired"},"complement":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9251654828746088, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.22651100938791546, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1591033078746, + i: 7601, + p: "ستړی کول", + f: "stuRay kawul", + g: "stuRaykawul", + e: "to make tired, wear out", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1527815306, + ec: "make", + ep: "tired", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Go ahead and edit the examples above. Notice how the inflection of the complement changes depending on what the *object* is. +Go ahead and edit the examples above. Notice how the inflection of the complement changes depending on what the _object_ is. So far we've seen the parts that make up the stative compounds: @@ -115,74 +349,336 @@ And now we'll learn about something very special that happens to certain forms o ### Welding 👨🏻‍🏭 -When we're *not* using the perfective aspect of the verb (ie. if the verb is imperfective/past participle/perfect) the complement gets **welded together with the verb** to make **one single, indivisible **. +When we're _not_ using the perfective aspect of the verb (ie. if the verb is imperfective/past participle/perfect) the complement gets **welded together with the verb** to make **one single, indivisible **.
- -
vecteezy.com
+ +
vecteezy.com
That means that even though it looks like there might be two separate words, they are actually one . That means that and you can never, ever put anything in between them. It also means that the complement **loses it's accent in the welding process**. The complement just becomes the first part of the verb. -For example, we have an accent on the first part of the word but if we weld it together with the complement loses its accent. +For example, we have an accent on the first part of the word but if we weld it together with the complement loses its accent. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7090037057284271,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.07622523068621034,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1591033069786,"i":7604,"p":"ستړی کېدل","f":"stuRey kedul","g":"stuReykedul","e":"to get tired, fatigued","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527815306,"ec":"get","ep":"tired"},"complement":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7602,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7090037057284271, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.07622523068621034, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1591033069786, + i: 7604, + p: "ستړی کېدل", + f: "stuRay kedul", + g: "stuRaykedul", + e: "to get tired, fatigued", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527815306, + ec: "get", + ep: "tired", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7602, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Notice you'll never hear a Pashtun say ! When it's welded together with the verb, the consonant loses it's accent and just rolls along into the verb which carries the accent. +Notice you'll never hear a Pashtun say ! When it's welded together with the verb, the consonant loses it's accent and just rolls along into the verb which carries the accent. Remember that the welding does not happen in the perfective aspect . If we say something in the perfective aspect , then the complement splits out and it gets its accent back. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7090037057284271,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.07622523068621034,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1591033069786,"i":7604,"p":"ستړی کېدل","f":"stuRey kedul","g":"stuReykedul","e":"to get tired, fatigued","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527815306,"ec":"get","ep":"tired"},"complement":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7602,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7090037057284271, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.07622523068621034, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1591033069786, + i: 7604, + p: "ستړی کېدل", + f: "stuRay kedul", + g: "stuRaykedul", + e: "to get tired, fatigued", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527815306, + ec: "get", + ep: "tired", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7602, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Also, when the complement and verb are welded together, even though there might be a space and they *look* like two words on paper, you can never, ever put anything between them. For example, if you add a to the phrase it has to go in front of the welded complement/verb block. +Also, when the complement and verb are welded together, even though there might be a space and they _look_ like two words on paper, you can never, ever put anything between them. For example, if you add a to the phrase it has to go in front of the welded complement/verb block. + - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7483472617346707,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.07721876881104794,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658537932357,"i":11670,"p":"لېونی کېدل","f":"lewaney kedul","g":"lewaneykedul","e":"to go crazy, to go mad, to go insane","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527820680,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","ep":"crazy"},"complement":{"ts":1527820680,"i":11668,"p":"لېونی","f":"lewanéy","g":"lewaney","e":"crazy, insane, mad person","c":"n. m. anim. unisex / adj."}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7483472617346707, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.07721876881104794, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1658537932357, + i: 11670, + p: "لېونی کېدل", + f: "lewanay kedul", + g: "lewanaykedul", + e: "to go crazy, to go mad, to go insane", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527820680, + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + ep: "crazy", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527820680, + i: 11668, + p: "لېونی", + f: "lewanáy", + g: "lewanay", + e: "crazy, insane, mad person", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex / adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Here has been welded into one block. Have a look at the blocks and see. +Here has been welded into one block. Have a look at the blocks and see. -So you *cannot* put the in the middle of the block and say, +So you _cannot_ put the in the middle of the block and say, - {[ - { p: "❌ زه به لېونی نه کېږم ❌", f: "❌ zu ba lewaney nú kéGum ❌" }, - ]} + {[{ p: "❌ زه به لېونی نه کېږم ❌", f: "❌ zu ba lewanay nú kéGum ❌" }]} -because has been welded into one block, and nothing can go in-between those two words. +because has been welded into one block, and nothing can go in-between those two words. The same thing goes for the perfect/past participle forms. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7483472617346707,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.07721876881104794,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658537932357,"i":11670,"p":"لېونی کېدل","f":"lewaney kedul","g":"lewaneykedul","e":"to go crazy, to go mad, to go insane","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527820680,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","ep":"crazy"},"complement":{"ts":1527820680,"i":11668,"p":"لېونی","f":"lewanéy","g":"lewaney","e":"crazy, insane, mad person","c":"n. m. anim. unisex / adj."}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7483472617346707, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.07721876881104794, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1658537932357, + i: 11670, + p: "لېونی کېدل", + f: "lewanay kedul", + g: "lewanaykedul", + e: "to go crazy, to go mad, to go insane", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527820680, + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + ep: "crazy", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527820680, + i: 11668, + p: "لېونی", + f: "lewanáy", + g: "lewanay", + e: "crazy, insane, mad person", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex / adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -But when we use the *perfective* aspect then the complement stays separate, and just sits in front of the verb like a would. +But when we use the _perfective_ aspect then the complement stays separate, and just sits in front of the verb like a would. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7483472617346707,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.07721876881104794,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658537932357,"i":11670,"p":"لېونی کېدل","f":"lewaney kedul","g":"lewaneykedul","e":"to go crazy, to go mad, to go insane","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1527820680,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","ep":"crazy"},"complement":{"ts":1527820680,"i":11668,"p":"لېونی","f":"lewanéy","g":"lewaney","e":"crazy, insane, mad person","c":"n. m. anim. unisex / adj."}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7483472617346707, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.07721876881104794, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1658537932357, + i: 11670, + p: "لېونی کېدل", + f: "lewanay kedul", + g: "lewanaykedul", + e: "to go crazy, to go mad, to go insane", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1527820680, + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + ep: "crazy", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1527820680, + i: 11668, + p: "لېونی", + f: "lewanáy", + g: "lewanay", + e: "crazy, insane, mad person", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex / adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Now we can't say - {[ - { p: "❌ زه به نه لیونی شم ❌", f: "❌ zu ba nú lewaney shum ❌" }, - ]} + {[{ p: "❌ زه به نه لیونی شم ❌", f: "❌ zu ba nú lewanay shum ❌" }]} because the goes in front of the verb block, which is separate from the complement. @@ -201,21 +697,190 @@ To do the squishing we remove the + = -- + = -- + = -- + = +- + = +- + = +- + = +- + = - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5224750093174901,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.27229739847476364,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527811425,"i":6125,"p":"دروازه","f":"darwaaza","g":"darwaaza","e":"door","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527821309,"i":1740,"p":"بندول","f":"bandawul","g":"bandawul","e":"to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1577301753727,"ec":"close"},"complement":{"ts":1577301753727,"i":1728,"p":"بند","f":"band","g":"band","e":"closed, blocked, stopped","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5224750093174901, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.27229739847476364, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527811425, + i: 6125, + p: "دروازه", + f: "darwaaza", + g: "darwaaza", + e: "door", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527821309, + i: 1740, + p: "بندول", + f: "bandawul", + g: "bandawul", + e: "to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1577301753727, + ec: "close", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1577301753727, + i: 1728, + p: "بند", + f: "band", + g: "band", + e: "closed, blocked, stopped", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5224750093174901,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.27229739847476364,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527811425,"i":6125,"p":"دروازه","f":"darwaaza","g":"darwaaza","e":"door","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527821309,"i":1740,"p":"بندول","f":"bandawul","g":"bandawul","e":"to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1577301753727,"ec":"close"},"complement":{"ts":1577301753727,"i":1728,"p":"بند","f":"band","g":"band","e":"closed, blocked, stopped","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5224750093174901, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.27229739847476364, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527811425, + i: 6125, + p: "دروازه", + f: "darwaaza", + g: "darwaaza", + e: "door", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527821309, + i: 1740, + p: "بندول", + f: "bandawul", + g: "bandawul", + e: "to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1577301753727, + ec: "close", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1577301753727, + i: 1728, + p: "بند", + f: "band", + g: "band", + e: "closed, blocked, stopped", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Because the is squished together with the helper verb **it can't inflect** to match the subject/object that's changing. @@ -223,77 +888,617 @@ Because the is squished together with the helper verb **it can't But when we stop using the imperfective roots/stems the squishing stops, and we need to inflect the complement if it's an adjective. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5224750093174901,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.27229739847476364,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527811425,"i":6125,"p":"دروازه","f":"darwaaza","g":"darwaaza","e":"door","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527821309,"i":1740,"p":"بندول","f":"bandawul","g":"bandawul","e":"to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1577301753727,"ec":"close"},"complement":{"ts":1577301753727,"i":1728,"p":"بند","f":"band","g":"band","e":"closed, blocked, stopped","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5224750093174901, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.27229739847476364, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527811425, + i: 6125, + p: "دروازه", + f: "darwaaza", + g: "darwaaza", + e: "door", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527821309, + i: 1740, + p: "بندول", + f: "bandawul", + g: "bandawul", + e: "to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1577301753727, + ec: "close", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1577301753727, + i: 1728, + p: "بند", + f: "band", + g: "band", + e: "closed, blocked, stopped", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5224750093174901,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.27229739847476364,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527811425,"i":6125,"p":"دروازه","f":"darwaaza","g":"darwaaza","e":"door","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527821309,"i":1740,"p":"بندول","f":"bandawul","g":"bandawul","e":"to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1577301753727,"ec":"close"},"complement":{"ts":1577301753727,"i":1728,"p":"بند","f":"band","g":"band","e":"closed, blocked, stopped","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5224750093174901, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.27229739847476364, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527811425, + i: 6125, + p: "دروازه", + f: "darwaaza", + g: "darwaaza", + e: "door", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527821309, + i: 1740, + p: "بندول", + f: "bandawul", + g: "bandawul", + e: "to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1577301753727, + ec: "close", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1577301753727, + i: 1728, + p: "بند", + f: "band", + g: "band", + e: "closed, blocked, stopped", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5224750093174901,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.27229739847476364,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527811425,"i":6125,"p":"دروازه","f":"darwaaza","g":"darwaaza","e":"door","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527821309,"i":1740,"p":"بندول","f":"bandawul","g":"bandawul","e":"to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back","c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1577301753727,"ec":"close"},"complement":{"ts":1577301753727,"i":1728,"p":"بند","f":"band","g":"band","e":"closed, blocked, stopped","c":"adj."}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5224750093174901, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.27229739847476364, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527811425, + i: 6125, + p: "دروازه", + f: "darwaaza", + g: "darwaaza", + e: "door", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527821309, + i: 1740, + p: "بندول", + f: "bandawul", + g: "bandawul", + e: "to close, block, stop, barricade, cut off, restrain, hold back", + c: "v. stat. comp. trans.", + l: 1577301753727, + ec: "close", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1577301753727, + i: 1728, + p: "بند", + f: "band", + g: "band", + e: "closed, blocked, stopped", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} #### With #4 "Pashtoon" pattern nouns/adjectives When a complement is a noun/adjective in the #4 "Pashtoon" pattern and ends in a consonant/ then we squish it even tighter by just taking the first syllable from the 2nd inflection / femine form. -- + = -- + = -- + = -- + = +- + = +- + = +- + = +- + = Again with the imperfective roots/stems you won't be able to inflect the complement because it's been squished together with the complement, but in other cases you will need to inflect the complement if it's an adjective. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9326674075253254,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527820648,"i":794,"p":"الو","f":"aloo","g":"aloo","e":"potato","c":"n. m.","ppp":"الوګان","ppf":"aloogáan"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.8555588472544122,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581906176268,"i":2297,"p":"پخېدل","f":"pakhedul","g":"pakhedul","e":"to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook"},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":2739,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9326674075253254, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527820648, + i: 794, + p: "الو", + f: "aloo", + g: "aloo", + e: "potato", + c: "n. m.", + ppp: "الوګان", + ppf: "aloogáan", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8555588472544122, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581906176268, + i: 2297, + p: "پخېدل", + f: "pakhedul", + g: "pakhedul", + e: "to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1574867531681, + ec: "cook", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1574867531681, + i: 2739, + p: "پوخ", + f: "pokh", + g: "pokh", + e: "cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "پاخه", + infaf: "paakhu", + infbp: "پخ", + infbf: "pakh", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9326674075253254,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527820648,"i":794,"p":"الو","f":"aloo","g":"aloo","e":"potato","c":"n. m.","ppp":"الوګان","ppf":"aloogáan"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.8555588472544122,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581906176268,"i":2297,"p":"پخېدل","f":"pakhedul","g":"pakhedul","e":"to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook"},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":2739,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9326674075253254, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527820648, + i: 794, + p: "الو", + f: "aloo", + g: "aloo", + e: "potato", + c: "n. m.", + ppp: "الوګان", + ppf: "aloogáan", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8555588472544122, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581906176268, + i: 2297, + p: "پخېدل", + f: "pakhedul", + g: "pakhedul", + e: "to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1574867531681, + ec: "cook", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1574867531681, + i: 2739, + p: "پوخ", + f: "pokh", + g: "pokh", + e: "cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "پاخه", + infaf: "paakhu", + infbp: "پخ", + infbf: "pakh", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9326674075253254,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527820648,"i":794,"p":"الو","f":"aloo","g":"aloo","e":"potato","c":"n. m.","ppp":"الوګان","ppf":"aloogáan"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.8555588472544122,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581906176268,"i":2297,"p":"پخېدل","f":"pakhedul","g":"pakhedul","e":"to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook"},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":2739,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9326674075253254, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527820648, + i: 794, + p: "الو", + f: "aloo", + g: "aloo", + e: "potato", + c: "n. m.", + ppp: "الوګان", + ppf: "aloogáan", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8555588472544122, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581906176268, + i: 2297, + p: "پخېدل", + f: "pakhedul", + g: "pakhedul", + e: "to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1574867531681, + ec: "cook", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1574867531681, + i: 2739, + p: "پوخ", + f: "pokh", + g: "pokh", + e: "cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "پاخه", + infaf: "paakhu", + infbp: "پخ", + infbf: "pakh", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9326674075253254,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527820648,"i":794,"p":"الو","f":"aloo","g":"aloo","e":"potato","c":"n. m.","ppp":"الوګان","ppf":"aloogáan"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.8555588472544122,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581906176268,"i":2297,"p":"پخېدل","f":"pakhedul","g":"pakhedul","e":"to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured","c":"v. stat. comp. intrans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook"},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":2739,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9326674075253254, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527820648, + i: 794, + p: "الو", + f: "aloo", + g: "aloo", + e: "potato", + c: "n. m.", + ppp: "الوګان", + ppf: "aloogáan", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8555588472544122, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581906176268, + i: 2297, + p: "پخېدل", + f: "pakhedul", + g: "pakhedul", + e: "to be cooked, prepared, ripened, matured", + c: "v. stat. comp. intrans.", + l: 1574867531681, + ec: "cook", + }, + complement: { + ts: 1574867531681, + i: 2739, + p: "پوخ", + f: "pokh", + g: "pokh", + e: "cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "پاخه", + infaf: "paakhu", + infbp: "پخ", + infbf: "pakh", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: "stative", + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} To review:
    +
  • + welding +
    • +
    • - welding + means joining the complement and verb into one
      • -
        -
      • means joining the complement and verb into one
        • -
      • happens to everthing except the perfective root/stem.
        • -
      -
    • - squishing -
      • -
        -
      • means mashing the complement and verb together into one word
        • -
      • happens only when the complement is an adjective or noun
        • -
      • happens to only the imperefective root/stem.
        • -
      +
    • happens to everthing except the perfective root/stem.
      • +
    +
  • + squishing +
    • +
      +
    • means mashing the complement and verb together into one word
      • +
    • happens only when the complement is an adjective or noun
      • +
    • happens to only the imperefective root/stem.
      • +
- diff --git a/src/content/equatives/WithTailChoice.tsx b/src/content/equatives/WithTailChoice.tsx index d851db6..da6c889 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/WithTailChoice.tsx +++ b/src/content/equatives/WithTailChoice.tsx @@ -1,56 +1,73 @@ import { - Types as T, - concatPsString, - ButtonSelect, - InlinePs, - grammarUnits, + Types as T, + concatPsString, + ButtonSelect, + InlinePs, + grammarUnits, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import { useState } from "react"; import EquativeFormChoice from "../../components/EquativeFormChoice"; -function WithTailChoice({ opts, ba }: { opts: T.TextOptions, ba: boolean }) { - const [choice, setChoice] = useState("aay"); - const waay = concatPsString( - {p: "و", f: "w"}, - choice === "aay" ? { p: "ای", f: "aay" } : { p: "ی", f: "ey" }, - ); - return ( -
-
-
- The spelling/pronunciation of the non-inflecting tail can vary based on dialect -
- , value: "aay" }, - { label: , value: "ey" }, - ]} - value={choice} - handleChange={(p) => setChoice(p)} - /> -
- +function WithTailChoice({ opts, ba }: { opts: T.TextOptions; ba: boolean }) { + const [choice, setChoice] = useState("aay"); + const waay = concatPsString( + { p: "و", f: "w" }, + choice === "aay" ? { p: "ای", f: "aay" } : { p: "ی", f: "ay" } + ); + return ( +
+
+
+ + The spelling/pronunciation of the non-inflecting tail can vary based + on dialect +
- ); + , + value: "aay", + }, + { + label: , + value: "ay", + }, + ]} + value={choice} + handleChange={(p) => setChoice(p)} + /> +
+ +
+ ); } export default WithTailChoice; diff --git a/src/content/equatives/habitual-equative.mdx b/src/content/equatives/habitual-equative.mdx index 4096af9..e97ebea 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/habitual-equative.mdx +++ b/src/content/equatives/habitual-equative.mdx @@ -3,90 +3,85 @@ title: Habitual Equative --- import { - addToForm, - defaultTextOptions, - grammarUnits, - Examples, - concatPsString, - InlinePs, + addToForm, + defaultTextOptions, + grammarUnits, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; -import Markdown from "markdown-to-jsx"; import EquativeFormChoice from "../../components/EquativeFormChoice"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; export const opts = defaultTextOptions; import grassBeWet from "../../images/grass-be-wet.jpg"; -import { - equativeGameHabitual, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { equativeGameHabitual } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; -In the last section we looked at the present equative, which we use to say something *is* something currently, or is categorically, always something. What if we want to say that something *tends to be something* or *is habitually something*? +In the last section we looked at the present equative, which we use to say something _is_ something currently, or is categorically, always something. What if we want to say that something _tends to be something_ or _is habitually something_? ## Habitual Equative Form - This form is used to say that something is something (A = B) **habitually, generally, or repeatedly**. - {psmd([ - { - p: "سحار کې چمن لوند **وي**", - f: "saháar ke chaman loond **wee**", - e: "The grass **is** wet in the morning. (generally, habitually)", - }, - { - p: "هغه تر ماښامه پورې په دوکان کې **وي**", - f: "haghá tur maaxaama pore pu dookáan ke **wee**", - e: "He's in the shop until evening. (generally, habitually)", - }, - { - p: "اتو بجو نه بعد دوکان بند **وي**.", - f: "atu bajo na bad dookáan band **wee**", - e: "The shop is closed after 8 o'clock. (generally, habitually)", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "سحار کې چمن لوند **وي**", + f: "saháar ke chaman loond **wee**", + e: "The grass **is** wet in the morning. (generally, habitually)", + }, + { + p: "هغه تر ماښامه پورې په دوکان کې **وي**", + f: "haghá tur maaxaama pore pu dookáan ke **wee**", + e: "He's in the shop until evening. (generally, habitually)", + }, + { + p: "اتو بجو نه بعد دوکان بند **وي**.", + f: "atu bajo na bad dookáan band **wee**", + e: "The shop is closed after 8 o'clock. (generally, habitually)", + }, + ])} -⚠ **Warning**: For English speakers **it take some time to get used to choosing between the *present* and *habitual* equatives**. Standard English uses the same form for both, but in Pashto the forms change! +⚠ **Warning**: For English speakers **it take some time to get used to choosing between the _present_ and _habitual_ equatives**. Standard English uses the same form for both, but in Pashto the forms change! - {psmd([ - { - p: "دوکان بند **دی**.", - f: "dookáan band **dey**.", - e: "The shop **is** closed. (right now, at this moment)", - sub: "1. Present Form" - }, - { - p: "دوکان هر وخت بند **وي**", - f: "dookáan hăr wakht band **wee**", - e: "The shop **is** always closed. (generally, every day)", - sub: "2. Habitual Form" - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "دوکان بند **دی**.", + f: "dookáan band **day**.", + e: "The shop **is** closed. (right now, at this moment)", + sub: "1. Present Form", + }, + { + p: "دوکان هر وخت بند **وي**", + f: "dookáan hăr wakht band **wee**", + e: "The shop **is** always closed. (generally, every day)", + sub: "2. Habitual Form", + }, + ])} In English, we just say "is" in both situations. But **in Pashto, you have to pick between the two forms**. Use the present form for things that are something in the moment, and use the habitual form for things are generally or habitually something. @@ -96,46 +91,78 @@ Interestingly, there is also a separate [habitual equative](https://en.wikipedia
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
FormStandard EnglishAAVEPashto
Present -
The grass is wet
-
right now
- 		The grass is wet - - {[ - { p: <>چمن لوند دی, f: <>chaman loond dey }, - ]} - -
Habitual -
The grass is wet in the morning
-
generally
- 		The grass be wet in the morning - - {[{ p: <>په سحار کې چمن لوند وي, f: <>pu sahaar ke chaman loond wee }]} - -
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FormStandard EnglishAAVEPashto
Present +
+ The grass is wet +
+
right now
+ 		+ The grass is wet + + + {[ + { + p: ( + <> + چمن لوند دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + chaman loond day + + ), + }, + ]} + +
Habitual +
+ The grass is wet in the morning +
+
generally
+ 		+ The grass be wet in the morning + + + {[ + { + p: ( + <> + په سحار کې چمن لوند وي + + ), + f: ( + <> + pu sahaar ke chaman loond wee + + ), + }, + ]} + +
diff --git a/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx b/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx index 418135b..06285e5 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx +++ b/src/content/equatives/other-equatives.mdx @@ -3,14 +3,11 @@ title: Other Equatives --- import { - addToForm, - defaultTextOptions as opts, - grammarUnits, - VerbFormDisplay, - ButtonSelect, - concatPsString, - InlinePs, - Examples, + addToForm, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + grammarUnits, + InlinePs, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import EquativeFormChoice from "../../components/EquativeFormChoice"; @@ -18,12 +15,12 @@ import WithTailChoice from "./WithTailChoice"; import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import { - equativeGameSubjunctive, - equativeGameFuture, - equativeGamePast, - equativeGameWouldBe, - equativeGamePastSubjunctive, - equativeGameWouldHaveBeen, + equativeGameSubjunctive, + equativeGameFuture, + equativeGamePast, + equativeGameWouldBe, + equativeGamePastSubjunctive, + equativeGameWouldHaveBeen, } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; import { KidsSection } from "../../components/terms-links"; @@ -31,42 +28,43 @@ import { KidsSection } from "../../components/terms-links"; ## Subjunctive Equative The subjunctive equative is used to talk about something being something when the statement involves: + - a hypothetical condition - a wish, desire, hope - a purpose - statement of whether it should or shouldn't be - {[ - psmd({ - p: "امید لرم چې خوشحاله **وي**", - f: "Umeed larum che khosháala **wee**", - e: "I hope he **is** happy", - }), - ]} + {[ + psmd({ + p: "امید لرم چې خوشحاله **وي**", + f: "Umeed larum che khosháala **wee**", + e: "I hope he **is** happy", + }), + ]} - #### Purpose @@ -74,13 +72,13 @@ The subjunctive equative is used to talk about something being something when th The subjunctive is used in clauses that express a purpose or an aim of something being something. - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه به درته سندره وایم، چې ته خوشحاله **وې**", - f: "zu ba taa ta sandura waayum, che tu khoshaala **we**.", - e: "I'll sing to you, so that you'll **be** happy.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه به درته سندره وایم، چې ته خوشحاله **وې**", + f: "zu ba taa ta sandura waayum, che tu khoshaala **we**.", + e: "I'll sing to you, so that you'll **be** happy.", + }, + ])} #### Judgement/obligation @@ -88,49 +86,49 @@ The subjunctive is used in clauses that express a purpose or an aim of something The subjunctive form can be used to talk about it being being good or bad, necessary, or required that something is something. - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغوي باید په ښووونځي کې **وي**", - f: "hagwee baayad pu xowoondzee ke **wee**.", - e: "They have to be in school.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغوي باید په ښووونځي کې **وي**", + f: "hagwee baayad pu xowoondzee ke **wee**.", + e: "They have to be in school.", + }, + ])} #### Desire - {psmd([ - { - p: "امید لرم چې هلته **وي**", - f: "Umeed larum che halta **wee**.", - e: "I hope they're there.", - }, - { - p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې **وو**", - f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke **woo**.", - e: "He wants us to be home.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "امید لرم چې هلته **وي**", + f: "Umeed larum che halta **wee**.", + e: "I hope they're there.", + }, + { + p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې **وو**", + f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke **woo**.", + e: "He wants us to be home.", + }, + ])} #### Conditions -The subjunctive form is also used to talk about conditions or possibilities. *If A = B, then...* or *It could be that A = B ...* +The subjunctive form is also used to talk about conditions or possibilities. _If A = B, then..._ or _It could be that A = B ..._ - {psmd([ - { - p: "که دوکان کې وریژې **وي** نو وایې خله", - f: "ku dokaan ke wrejze **wee**, no waa-ye-khla", - e: "If there's rice in the store, buy it", - }, - { - p: "کېدی شي چې ډوډۍ تیاره **وي**", - f: "kedey shee che DoDúy tayaara **wee**", - e: "The food could be ready", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "که دوکان کې وریژې **وي** نو وایې خله", + f: "ku dokaan ke wrejze **wee**, no waa-ye-khla", + e: "If there's rice in the store, buy it", + }, + { + p: "کېدی شي چې ډوډۍ تیاره **وي**", + f: "keday shee che DoDúy tayaara **wee**", + e: "The food could be ready", + }, + ])} #### Important Note on Common Use: @@ -138,20 +136,20 @@ The subjunctive form is also used to talk about conditions or possibilities. *If This is the standard/written form of the subjunctive equative. However in many dialects you will find that people use the same forms as the habitual equative when speaking. For example: - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې **وو**", - f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke **woo**.", - e: "He wants us to be home.", - sub: "proper / standard", - }, - { - p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې **یو**", - f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke **yoo**.", - e: "He wants us to be home.", - sub: "often spoken / colloquial", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې **وو**", + f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke **woo**.", + e: "He wants us to be home.", + sub: "proper / standard", + }, + { + p: "هغه غواړي چې مونږ په کور کې **یو**", + f: "haghá ghwaaRee che moonG pu kor ke **yoo**.", + e: "He wants us to be home.", + sub: "often spoken / colloquial", + }, + ])} @@ -164,72 +162,73 @@ This is used for: 2. To guess or surmise about something being something (now or in the future). ("I'll be...") - + habitual equative + +{" "} + habitual equative
- Note: The goes in the . + Note: The goes in the{" "} + .
#### Examples - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه **به** په کور کې **یم**.", - f: "zu **ba** pu kor ke **yum**.", - e: "I **will be** at home.", - }, - { - p: "مونږ **به** ستړي **یو**", - f: "moonG ba stúRee **yoo**.", - e: "We **will be** tired.", - }, - { - p: "ډوډۍ **به** تیاره **وي**.", - f: "DoDúy **ba** tayáara **wee**.", - e: "The food **will be** ready.", - }, - { - p: "تاسو **به** وږي **یئ**، که نه؟", - f: "taaso **ba** wuGee **yeyy**, ku nu?", - e: "You**'ll be** hungry, won't you?", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **به** په کور کې **یم**.", + f: "zu **ba** pu kor ke **yum**.", + e: "I **will be** at home.", + }, + { + p: "مونږ **به** ستړي **یو**", + f: "moonG ba stúRee **yoo**.", + e: "We **will be** tired.", + }, + { + p: "ډوډۍ **به** تیاره **وي**.", + f: "DoDúy **ba** tayáara **wee**.", + e: "The food **will be** ready.", + }, + { + p: "تاسو **به** وږي **یئ**، که نه؟", + f: "taaso **ba** wuGee **yey**, ku nu?", + e: "You**'ll be** hungry, won't you?", + }, + ])} @@ -241,62 +240,63 @@ This is used to say that something was something in the past. ("I was...") It is usually used in the short form. - + past verb endings + +{" "} + past verb endings ### Examples - {psmd([ - { - p: "ته چېرته **وې**؟", - f: "tu cherta **we**?", - e: "Where **were** you?", - }, - { - p: "زه په کور کې **وم**.", - f: "zu pu kor ke **wum**.", - e: "I **was** at home.", - }, - { - p: "هغه ډېر ستړی **و**.", - f: "haghá Der stúRey **wo**.", - e: "He **was** very tired.", - }, - { - p: "هغه ډېره ستړې **وه**.", - f: "haghá Déra stúRe **wa**.", - e: "She **was** very tired.", - }, - { - p: "مونږ خفه **وو**", - f: "moonG khúfa **woo**.", - e: "We **were** sad.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ته چېرته **وې**؟", + f: "tu cherta **we**?", + e: "Where **were** you?", + }, + { + p: "زه په کور کې **وم**.", + f: "zu pu kor ke **wum**.", + e: "I **was** at home.", + }, + { + p: "هغه ډېر ستړی **و**.", + f: "haghá Der stúRay **wo**.", + e: "He **was** very tired.", + }, + { + p: "هغه ډېره ستړې **وه**.", + f: "haghá Déra stúRe **wa**.", + e: "She **was** very tired.", + }, + { + p: "مونږ خفه **وو**", + f: "moonG khúfa **woo**.", + e: "We **were** sad.", + }, + ])} @@ -304,6 +304,7 @@ It is usually used in the short form. ## "Would be" Equative This is used to: + - say A was B habitually/repeatedly in past - to presume or guess about A being B in the past - or to talk about the outcome of hypothetical conditions @@ -312,45 +313,46 @@ This is used to: Like the past equative that it's based on, it's usually used with the short form. - + past equative + +{" "} + past equative
- Note: The goes in the . + Note: The goes in the{" "} + .
### Examples @@ -358,42 +360,42 @@ Like the past equative that it's based on, it's #### Presuming something about the past - {psmd([ - { - p: "ته **به** خبر **وې** که نه؟", - f: "tu **ba** khabúr **we**, ka na?.", - e: "You would have known, wouldn't you?", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ته **به** خبر **وې** که نه؟", + f: "tu **ba** khabúr **we**, ka na?.", + e: "You would have known, wouldn't you?", + }, + ])} #### Habitual Past - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه **به** هر سهار هلته **وم**", - f: "zu **ba** hăr saháar halta **wum**", - e: "I would be there every morning", - }, - { - p: "زما مور **به** دلته ناسته **وه**.", - f: "zmaa mor **ba** dalta naasta **wa**.", - e: "My mom would be sitting here.", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **به** هر سهار هلته **وم**", + f: "zu **ba** hăr saháar halta **wum**", + e: "I would be there every morning", + }, + { + p: "زما مور **به** دلته ناسته **وه**.", + f: "zmaa mor **ba** dalta naasta **wa**.", + e: "My mom would be sitting here.", + }, + ])} #### Hypothetical outcome - {psmd([ - { - p: "که خوب مې نه وای کړی، زه **به** ستړی **وم**.", - f: "ku khob me nu waay kúRey, zu **ba** stúRey **wum**.", - e: "If I hadn't slept, I **would have been** tired.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "که خوب مې نه وای کړی، زه **به** ستړی **وم**.", + f: "ku khob me nu waay kúRay, zu **ba** stúRay **wum**.", + e: "If I hadn't slept, I **would have been** tired.", + }, + ])} @@ -403,69 +405,68 @@ Like the past equative that it's based on, it's This is used to talk about: - If A were hypothetically B but it isn't - - also if A *had been* hypothetically B, but it isn't + - also if A _had been_ hypothetically B, but it isn't - If you wish A were B - If A should have been B - A had to be B (it was necessary/good for A to be B) - In prayers and blessings (in some dialects) -Because this is based on the the non-inflecting tail, *it doesn't change at all, no matter what the subject is*. +Because this is based on the the non-inflecting tail, _it doesn't change at all, no matter what the subject is_. - + non-inflecting tail + + non-inflecting tail ### Examples -#### If A were B +#### If A were B - {psmd([ - { - p: "که زه ستا پر ځای **وای**", - f: "ku zu staa pur dzaay **waay**", - e: "If I **were** in your place", - }, - { - p: "که مونږ خبر **وای**، نه راتلو.", - f: "ku moonG khabúr **waay**, nú raatloo.", - e: "If had known, we wouldn't have come.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "که زه ستا پر ځای **وای**", + f: "ku zu staa pur dzaay **waay**", + e: "If I **were** in your place", + }, + { + p: "که مونږ خبر **وای**، نه راتلو.", + f: "ku moonG khabúr **waay**, nú raatloo.", + e: "If had known, we wouldn't have come.", + }, + ])} #### You wish A were B - {psmd([ - { - p: "**کاشکې ته دلته **وای!", - f: "kaashke tu dălta **waay**!", - e: "If only you were here!", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**کاشکې ته دلته **وای!", + f: "kaashke tu dălta **waay**!", + e: "If only you were here!", + }, + ])} #### A should have been B - {psmd([ - { - p: "د باید دلته **وای**!", - f: "tu baayad dălta **waay**!", - e: "You should have been here!", - }, - { - p: "د باید دلته **وای**", - f: "tu baayad dălta **waay**", - e: "You had to be here", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "د باید دلته **وای**!", + f: "tu baayad dălta **waay**!", + e: "You should have been here!", + }, + { + p: "د باید دلته **وای**", + f: "tu baayad dălta **waay**", + e: "You had to be here", + }, + ])} - ## "Would have been" Equative @@ -476,7 +477,8 @@ This is used to talk about: - A should have been B, or it would have been good if A would have been B - + past subjunctive + +{" "} + past subjunctive @@ -485,17 +487,26 @@ This is used to talk about: ## Overview of 8 Equatives -
1. Present Equative
+
+ 1. Present Equative +
- A is B currently - A is B categorically, definately -
2. Habitual Equative
+
+ 2. Habitual Equative +
- A is B habitually, repeatedly, generally - A tends to be B -
3.Subjunctive Equative
+
+ 3. + + Subjunctive Equative + +
- One desires or wants A to be B - A should/must be B (judgement) @@ -503,31 +514,51 @@ This is used to talk about: - if A is B - ...so that A is B (purpose) -
4. Future Equative
+
+ 4.{" "} + Future Equative +
- A will be B - presuming or guessing that A will be B -
5. Past Equative
+
+ 5. Past Equative +
- A was B - (if) A turns out to be B -
6. "Would be" Equative
+
+ 6.{" "} + + "Would be" Equative + +
- A was B habitually - Presuming or guessing that A was B - A would have been B (as the result of a hypothetical outcome) - A should have been B -
7. Past Subjunctive Equative
+
+ 7.{" "} + + Past Subjunctive Equative + +
- A should have been B - A had to be B (it was necessary/good for A to be B) - If A were B (unreal conditional)... - I wish/if only A were B! -
8. "Would have been" Equative
+
+ 8.{" "} + + "Would have been" Equative + +
- (given some hypothetical condition) A would have been B diff --git a/src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx b/src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx index 6c4a99b..135a41e 100644 --- a/src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx +++ b/src/content/equatives/present-equative.mdx @@ -4,20 +4,15 @@ title: Present Equative import Link from "../../components/Link"; import Carousel from "../../components/Carousel"; -import { useState } from "react"; import { - grammarUnits, - Examples, - defaultTextOptions, - ButtonSelect, - addToForm, - InlinePs, + grammarUnits, + Examples, + defaultTextOptions, + addToForm, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { - equativeGamePresent, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { equativeGamePresent } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import EquativeFormChoice from "../../components/EquativeFormChoice"; ## Present Equative Form @@ -29,86 +24,154 @@ Here are the **present equative endings** that you have to use depending on the Not that this is **only for making statements about what is currently or 100% true**. If something tends to be true, or is habitually true, then you will need to use the habitual equative. - -**Note**: in colloquial speech with some dialects, people will use for both masculine and feminine subjects. +**Note**: in colloquial speech with some dialects, people will use for both masculine and feminine subjects. Flip through the following examples and notice how the equative changes depending on the subject. - ({ - title: item.title, - body: {[item.ex]}, - })} + ({ + title: item.title, + body: {[item.ex]}, + })} /> -## Examples +## Examples - + { + p: "تاسو ډاکټران یئ؟", + f: "taaso DakTaráan yey?", + e: "Are you (pl.) doctors?", + }, + { p: "دا ستا کور دی", f: "daa staa kor day", e: "That's your house" }, + { + p: "دا ستا کورونه دي", + f: "daa staa koróona dee", + e: "Those are your houses", + }, + ]} +/> -Notice how the equative agrees with the subject, but also how the complement can inflect (change) depending on the gender and number. We'll understand more about how this works when we look at *inflection*. +Notice how the equative agrees with the subject, but also how the complement can inflect (change) depending on the gender and number. We'll understand more about how this works when we look at _inflection_. - + { + p: "تاسو پښتانه یې؟", + f: "taaso puxtaanu yey?", + e: "Are you (m. pl.) Pashtuns?", + }, + { + p: "تاسو پښتنې یې؟", + f: "taaso puxtane yey?", + e: "Are you (f. pl.) Pashtuns?", + }, + ]} +/> -Note: To understand why/how these words are changing, you will need to read up on *inflection*. +Note: To understand why/how these words are changing, you will need to read up on _inflection_. ## Notes on word order When you're asking a question, all you have to do is change the intonation. You don't have to change the word order like you do in English. - + ]} +/> **99.9% of the time the equative will go at the end of the sentence.** But in poetry the order often gets flipped around. You can also flip the order around to make an emphatic point. - + diff --git a/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx b/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx index d7fd5ea..d3b3e53 100644 --- a/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx +++ b/src/content/inflection/inflection-intro.mdx @@ -2,31 +2,27 @@ title: Intro to Inflection --- - - -import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import Carousel from "../../components/Carousel"; +import { defaultTextOptions as opts, InlinePs } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Table from "../../components/Table"; import InlineInflectionButton from "../../components/InlineInflectionButton"; -import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import catInflectionGif from "../../images/cat-inflection.gif"; export const singleInflectionHeadRow = [ -
-
-
Plain
-
, -
-
-
Inflected
-
, +
+
+ +
+
Plain
+
, +
+
+ +
+
Inflected
+
, ]; -In Pashto, *nouns and adjectives get morphed or changed in certain situations*. We call this **inflection**. +In Pashto, _nouns and adjectives get morphed or changed in certain situations_. We call this **inflection**. In this chapter we will explain **why** inflection happens (in what situations words inflect). In the following chapters we will explain **how** inflection happens with different types of words (how exactly the words change). @@ -43,16 +39,26 @@ For any of these three reasons, you do the same thing to the word: inflect it! If we think of a word as a little button , then we can think of inflection as pressing down the button and modifying the word slightly.
- a cat pressing a button for Pashto inflections + a cat pressing a button for Pashto inflections
### Inflecting for Reason #1 - Plural - {[ - [{p:"سړی", f:"saRey", e:"man"}, {p:"سړي", f:"saRee", e:"men"}], - [{p:"ښځه", f:"xudza", e:"woman"}, {p:"ښځې", f:"xudze", e:"women"}], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" }, + { p: "سړي", f: "saRee", e: "men" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښځه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, + { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }, + ], + ]}
### Inflecting for Reason #2 - Sandwich @@ -60,10 +66,24 @@ If we think of a word as a little button , then we can Let's attach a little sandwich to the same words and watch what happens. - {[ - [{p:"سړی", f:"saRey", e:"man"}, {p:"د سړي نوم څه دی؟", f:"du saRee noom tsu dey?", e:"What's the man's name?"}], - [{p:"ښځه", f:"xudza", e:"woman"}, {p:"د ښځې نوم څه دی؟", f:"du xudze noom tsu dey?", e:"What's the woman's name?"}], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" }, + { + p: "د سړي نوم څه دی؟", + f: "du saRee noom tsu day?", + e: "What's the man's name?", + }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښځه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, + { + p: "د ښځې نوم څه دی؟", + f: "du xudze noom tsu day?", + e: "What's the woman's name?", + }, + ], + ]}
### Inflecting for Reason #3 - Subject of a transitive past tense verb @@ -71,65 +91,126 @@ Let's attach a little - {[ - [{p:"سړی", f:"saRey", e:"man"}, {p:"سړي ډوډۍ وخوړه", f:"saRee DoDuy óokhoRa", e:"The man ate food."}], - [{p:"ښځه", f:"xudza", e:"woman"}, {p:"ښځې ډوډۍ وخوړه", f:"xudze DoDuy óokhoRa", e:"The woman ate food."}], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" }, + { p: "سړي ډوډۍ وخوړه", f: "saRee DoDuy óokhoRa", e: "The man ate food." }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښځه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, + { + p: "ښځې ډوډۍ وخوړه", + f: "xudze DoDuy óokhoRa", + e: "The woman ate food.", + }, + ], + ]} -Notice how for all these reasons, the exact same thing happened to the words. +Notice how for all these reasons, the exact same thing happened to the words. -***It doesn't matter if you're inflecting it for reason #1, reason #2, or reason #3. The inflection always looks the same.*** 🤯 +**_It doesn't matter if you're inflecting it for reason #1, reason #2, or reason #3. The inflection always looks the same._** 🤯 ## Double Inflection -So what happens if you need to inflect for two reasons at once? 🤔 +So what happens if you need to inflect for two reasons at once? 🤔 Once a word gets inflected, you can push or bend it even further a second time. Think of the word as a button that gets pushed halfway down, (1st inflection) then all the way down (2nd inflection). - -
-
Plain
+
+ +
+
Plain
,
-
-
1st Inflection
+
+ +
+
1st Inflection
,
-
-
2nd Inflection
+
+ +
+
2nd Inflection
, -]} opts={opts}> - {[ - [ - {p:"سړی", f:"saRey", e:"man"}, - {p:"سړي", f:"saRee"}, - {p:"سړیو", f:"saRiyo"}, - ], - [ - {p:"ښځه", f:"xudza", e:"woman"}, - {p:"ښځې", f:"xudze"}, {p:"ښځو", f:"xudzo"} - ], - [ - {p:"دا سړی پښتون دی", f:"daa saRey puxtoon dey", e:"That man is a Pashtun", sub:"no reason to inflect"}, - {p:"هغوي سړي دي", f:"haghwee saRee dee", e:"They are men", sub:"inflect for plural"}, - {p:"د سړیو کور هلته دی", f:"du saRiyo kor halta dey", e:"The men's house is there", sub:"inflect for plural and sandwich"}, - ], - [ - null, - {p:"د سړي کور هلته دی", f:"du saRee kor halta dey", e:"The man's house is there", sub:"inflect for sandwich"}, - null, - ], - [ - {p:"دا ښځه پښتنه ده", f:"daa xudza puxtana da", e:"That woman is a Pashtun", sub:"no reason to inflect"}, - {p:"هغوي ښځې دي", f:"haghwee xudze dee", e:"They are women", sub:"inflect for plural"}, - {p:"د ښځو کور هلته دی", f:"du xudzo kor halta dey", e:"The ladies' house is there", sub:"inflect for plural and sandwich"}, - ], - [ - null, - {p:"د ښځې کور هلته دی", f:"du xudze kor halta dey", e:"The woman's house is there", sub:"inflect for sandwich"}, - null, - ], - ]} + ]} + opts={opts} +> + {[ + [ + { p: "سړی", f: "saRay", e: "man" }, + { p: "سړي", f: "saRee" }, + { p: "سړیو", f: "saRiyo" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ښځه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, + { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze" }, + { p: "ښځو", f: "xudzo" }, + ], + [ + { + p: "دا سړی پښتون دی", + f: "daa saRay puxtoon day", + e: "That man is a Pashtun", + sub: "no reason to inflect", + }, + { + p: "هغوي سړي دي", + f: "haghwee saRee dee", + e: "They are men", + sub: "inflect for plural", + }, + { + p: "د سړیو کور هلته دی", + f: "du saRiyo kor halta day", + e: "The men's house is there", + sub: "inflect for plural and sandwich", + }, + ], + [ + null, + { + p: "د سړي کور هلته دی", + f: "du saRee kor halta day", + e: "The man's house is there", + sub: "inflect for sandwich", + }, + null, + ], + [ + { + p: "دا ښځه پښتنه ده", + f: "daa xudza puxtana da", + e: "That woman is a Pashtun", + sub: "no reason to inflect", + }, + { + p: "هغوي ښځې دي", + f: "haghwee xudze dee", + e: "They are women", + sub: "inflect for plural", + }, + { + p: "د ښځو کور هلته دی", + f: "du xudzo kor halta day", + e: "The ladies' house is there", + sub: "inflect for plural and sandwich", + }, + ], + [ + null, + { + p: "د ښځې کور هلته دی", + f: "du xudze kor halta day", + e: "The woman's house is there", + sub: "inflect for sandwich", + }, + null, + ], + ]}
diff --git a/src/content/inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx b/src/content/inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx index 24bd53a..5de0e9e 100644 --- a/src/content/inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx +++ b/src/content/inflection/inflection-patterns.mdx @@ -2,31 +2,22 @@ title: Inflection Patterns --- - - - import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - grammarUnits, - InflectionsTable, - inflectWord, - typePredicates as tp, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, + typePredicates as tp, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import InflectionCarousel from "../../components/InflectionCarousel"; import { nouns, adjectives } from "../../words/words"; import { startingWord } from "../../lib/starting-word"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; -export const words = [ - ...nouns.filter(tp.isUnisexNounEntry), - ...adjectives, -]; +export const words = [...nouns.filter(tp.isUnisexNounEntry), ...adjectives]; export const femNouns = nouns.filter(tp.isFemNounEntry); import { - inflectionPatternsGame1, - inflectionPatternsGame2, + inflectionPatternsGame1, + inflectionPatternsGame2, } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; @@ -45,28 +36,25 @@ These words always end in: - **Masculine:** - consonant or a shwa ( vowel) - **Feminine:** - - + **Note:** See exception below. -## 2. Words ending in an unstressed ی - ey +## 2. Words ending in an unstressed ی - ay - +{" "} -## 3. Words ending in a stressed ی - éy +## 3. Words ending in a stressed ی - áy This is very similar to pattern #2, but with the stress on the last syllable the feminine inflection changes. - +{" "} ## 4. Words with the "Pashtoon" pattern @@ -75,10 +63,9 @@ These words are a little irregular but you can see a common patten based around: - lengthening the 1st masculine inflection with - shortening the other forms and adding the , , endings - + **Note:** See exception below. @@ -86,32 +73,38 @@ These words are a little irregular but you can see a common patten based around: These are also a little irregular but instead of lengthening the 1st masculine inflection they compress it as well and take just an on the end. - +{" "} ## 6. Inanimate feminine nouns ending in ي - ee There is one more pattern which only works for **inanimate feminine nouns ending in **. - + Animate nouns like will not inflect like this, and masculine nouns like also will not inflect. ## Not all words inflect -It's important to know that *not all words can be inflected*. If a word doesn't fit into one of these 6 patterns, you can't inflect it. For example, if an adjective ends in an in the masculine form, you can't inflect it because it doesn't fit any of the patterns above. 🙅‍♂️ +It's important to know that _not all words can be inflected_. If a word doesn't fit into one of these 6 patterns, you can't inflect it. For example, if an adjective ends in an in the masculine form, you can't inflect it because it doesn't fit any of the patterns above. 🙅‍♂️ - {[ - { p: "خفه", f: "khufa", e: "sad", sub: "...is also sad because it can't inflect like all the other words 😢" }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "خفه", + f: "khufa", + e: "sad", + sub: "...is also sad because it can't inflect like all the other words 😢", + }, + ]} ## Exceptions -Whatever kind of word you're using, it will always inflect for the three reasons that we mentioned earlier. However, there are two big exceptions. +Whatever kind of word you're using, it will always inflect for the three reasons that we mentioned earlier. However, there are two big exceptions. ### Pattern 1 words in sandwiches starting with په - pu @@ -120,118 +113,146 @@ When you put a pattern 1 - b For example, let's put the word inside the sandwich . It doesn't inflect! - {psmd([ - { p: "زه **په کوټه کې** یم", f: "zu **pu koTa ke** yum", e: "I am **in the room**" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **په کوټه کې** یم", + f: "zu **pu koTa ke** yum", + e: "I am **in the room**", + }, + ])} -But if you make it plural, it *will* use the second inflection. Only the first inflection is skipped. +But if you make it plural, it _will_ use the second inflection. Only the first inflection is skipped. - {psmd([ - { p: "مونږ **په کوټو کې** یو", f: "moonG **pu koTo ke** yoo", e: "We are **in the rooms**" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "مونږ **په کوټو کې** یو", + f: "moonG **pu koTo ke** yoo", + e: "We are **in the rooms**", + }, + ])} Remember that in any other kind of sandwich, you still use the first inflection with these pattern 1 words. - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه **کوټې ته** ځم", - f: "zu **koTé ta** dzum", - e: "I'm going to the room", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **کوټې ته** ځم", + f: "zu **koTé ta** dzum", + e: "I'm going to the room", + }, + ])} Other sandwiches starting with like are a bit flexible with these pattern 1 words. Sometimes people will inflect them and sometimes they won't. - {psmd([ - { p: "هغه **په ښځه باندې** ډوډۍ پخوي", f: "hagha **pu xudza baande** DoDuy pakhawee", e: "He gets his wife to cook the food", sub: "not inflected" }, - { p: "هغه **په ښځې باندې** ډوډۍ پخوي", f: "hagha **pu xudze baande** DoDuy pakhawee", e: "He gets his wife to cook the food", sub: "inflected" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه **په ښځه باندې** ډوډۍ پخوي", + f: "hagha **pu xudza baande** DoDuy pakhawee", + e: "He gets his wife to cook the food", + sub: "not inflected", + }, + { + p: "هغه **په ښځې باندې** ډوډۍ پخوي", + f: "hagha **pu xudze baande** DoDuy pakhawee", + e: "He gets his wife to cook the food", + sub: "inflected", + }, + ])} ### Pattern 4 masculine animate nouns -

Pattern 4 masculine animate nouns (ie. a person or animal) in this pattern will often only use the first inflection for the plural. (In some dialects and formal written text though, they will still use the inflection for all three reasons.)

+

+ + Pattern 4 + + {` `} + masculine animate nouns (ie. a person or animal) in this + pattern will often{` `} + only use the first inflection for the plural. (In some dialects + and formal written text though, they will still use the inflection for all three + reasons.) +

#### In sandwiches -For example, if we put the the singular word in a sandwich, *usually* people will not inflect it. +For example, if we put the the singular word in a sandwich, _usually_ people will not inflect it. - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه **له پښتون سره** ناست یم", - f: "zu **la puxtoon sara** naast yum", - e: "I'm (m.) sitting **with the Pashtun** (m.)", - sub: "masc - not inflected", - }, - { - p: "زه **له پښتنې سره** ناسته یم", - f: "zu **la puxtane sara** naasta yum", - e: "I'm (f.) sitting **with the Pashtun** (f.)", - sub: "fem - inflected", - }, - { - p: "**د پښتون** نوم څه دی؟", - f: "**du puxtoon** (m.) noom tsu dey?", - e: "What is the **Pashtun's** (m.) name", - sub: "masc - not inflected", - }, - { - p: "زه **له پښتنو سره** ناست یم", - f: "zu **la puxtano sara** naast yum", - e: "I'm sitting **with the Pashtuns**", - }, - { - p: "**د پښتنو** نومونه څه دی؟", - f: "**du puxtano** noomoona tsu dee?", - e: "What are the **Pashtun's** names", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **له پښتون سره** ناست یم", + f: "zu **la puxtoon sara** naast yum", + e: "I'm (m.) sitting **with the Pashtun** (m.)", + sub: "masc - not inflected", + }, + { + p: "زه **له پښتنې سره** ناسته یم", + f: "zu **la puxtane sara** naasta yum", + e: "I'm (f.) sitting **with the Pashtun** (f.)", + sub: "fem - inflected", + }, + { + p: "**د پښتون** نوم څه دی؟", + f: "**du puxtoon** (m.) noom tsu day?", + e: "What is the **Pashtun's** (m.) name", + sub: "masc - not inflected", + }, + { + p: "زه **له پښتنو سره** ناست یم", + f: "zu **la puxtano sara** naast yum", + e: "I'm sitting **with the Pashtuns**", + }, + { + p: "**د پښتنو** نومونه څه دی؟", + f: "**du puxtano** noomoona tsu dee?", + e: "What are the **Pashtun's** names", + }, + ])} #### As subjects of past tense transitive verbs - {psmd([ - { - p: "**پښتون** زه ولیدم", - f: "**puxtoon** zu óoledum", - e: "The Pashtun saw me", - sub: "not inflected", - }, - { - p: "**پښتنو** زه ولیدم", - f: "**puxtano** zu óoledum", - e: "The Pashtuns saw me", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**پښتون** زه ولیدم", + f: "**puxtoon** zu óoledum", + e: "The Pashtun saw me", + sub: "not inflected", + }, + { + p: "**پښتنو** زه ولیدم", + f: "**puxtano** zu óoledum", + e: "The Pashtuns saw me", + }, + ])} #### Plural -But these words will *always* use the first inflection for the plural. +But these words will _always_ use the first inflection for the plural. - {psmd([ - { - p: "دلته **پښتانه** اوسېږي", - f: "dalta **puxtaanu** oseGee", - e: "**Pashtuns** live here", - }, - { - p: "دا **د پښتنو** رواج دی", - f: "daa **du puxtano** rawaaj dey", - e: "This is **the Pashtuns'** custom" - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "دلته **پښتانه** اوسېږي", + f: "dalta **puxtaanu** oseGee", + e: "**Pashtuns** live here", + }, + { + p: "دا **د پښتنو** رواج دی", + f: "daa **du puxtano** rawaaj day", + e: "This is **the Pashtuns'** custom", + }, + ])} - \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx b/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx index 33ae7cd..88678a4 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx @@ -2,26 +2,25 @@ title: Arabic Plural Nouns --- -import { - Examples, - InlinePs, - defaultTextOptions as opts, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import { InlinePs, defaultTextOptions as opts } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Table from "../../components/Table"; export function ArabicPluralTable({ children }) { - return ( - -
Singular
- , -
-
Arabic Plural
-
, - ]} opts={opts}> - {children} -
- ); + return ( + +
Singular
+ , +
+
Arabic Plural
+
, + ]} + opts={opts} + > + {children} +
+ ); } Pashto has many Arabic loan words, and people often **use the Arabic plural forms of these loan words**. We won't get into how plurals work in Arabic here, but you will learn to recognize and use these plural through lots of exposure. @@ -31,61 +30,139 @@ For now, see if you can notice some of the basic patterns. Some of the words change drastically: - {[ - [{p:"حال", f:"haal", e:"condition"}, {p:"احوال", f:"ahwaal", e:"conditions"}], - [{p:"لفظ", f:"lafz", e:"word"}, {p:"الفاظ", f:"alfaaz", e:"words"}], - [{p:"مکتب", f:"maktab", e:"school"}, {p:"مکاتب", f:"makaatib", e:"schools"}], - [{p:"نبي", f:"nabee", e:"prophet"}, {p:"انبیا", f:"ambiyáa", e:"prophets"}], - [{p:"فرد",f:"fard", e:"person"},{p:"افراد", f:"afráad", e:"people"}], - [{p:"قانون", f:"qaanóon", e:"law"},{p:"قوانین", f:"qawaanéen", e:"laws"}], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "حال", f: "haal", e: "condition" }, + { p: "احوال", f: "ahwaal", e: "conditions" }, + ], + [ + { p: "لفظ", f: "lafz", e: "word" }, + { p: "الفاظ", f: "alfaaz", e: "words" }, + ], + [ + { p: "مکتب", f: "maktab", e: "school" }, + { p: "مکاتب", f: "makaatib", e: "schools" }, + ], + [ + { p: "نبي", f: "nabee", e: "prophet" }, + { p: "انبیا", f: "ambiyáa", e: "prophets" }, + ], + [ + { p: "فرد", f: "fard", e: "person" }, + { p: "افراد", f: "afráad", e: "people" }, + ], + [ + { p: "قانون", f: "qaanóon", e: "law" }, + { p: "قوانین", f: "qawaanéen", e: "laws" }, + ], + ]} Some add an on the end: - {[ - [{p:"توجیه", f:"tawjeeh", e:"justification"}, {p:"توجیهات", f:"tawjeehaat", e:"justifications"}], - [{p:"ملاحظه", f:"mUlaahiza", e:"consideration"}, {p:"ملاحظات", f:"mUlaahizaat", e:"considerations"}] - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "توجیه", f: "tawjeeh", e: "justification" }, + { p: "توجیهات", f: "tawjeehaat", e: "justifications" }, + ], + [ + { p: "ملاحظه", f: "mUlaahiza", e: "consideration" }, + { p: "ملاحظات", f: "mUlaahizaat", e: "considerations" }, + ], + ]} And some add an on the end: - {[ - [{p:"مجاهد", f:"mUjaahíd", e:"religious warrior"}, {p:"مجاهدین", f:"mUjaahidéen", e:"religious warriors"}], - [{p:"متحد", f:"mUtahíd", e:"ally/allied"}, {p:"متحدین", f:"mUtahidéen", e:"allies"}], - [{p:"معتاد", f:"mUtáad", e:"addict"}, {p:"معتادین", f:"mUtaadéen", e:"addicts"}], - [{p:"مهاجر", f:"mUhaajir", e:"immigrant"}, {p:"مهاجرین", f:"mUhaajiréen", e:"immigrants"}], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "مجاهد", f: "mUjaahíd", e: "religious warrior" }, + { p: "مجاهدین", f: "mUjaahidéen", e: "religious warriors" }, + ], + [ + { p: "متحد", f: "mUtahíd", e: "ally/allied" }, + { p: "متحدین", f: "mUtahidéen", e: "allies" }, + ], + [ + { p: "معتاد", f: "mUtáad", e: "addict" }, + { p: "معتادین", f: "mUtaadéen", e: "addicts" }, + ], + [ + { p: "مهاجر", f: "mUhaajir", e: "immigrant" }, + { p: "مهاجرین", f: "mUhaajiréen", e: "immigrants" }, + ], + ]} ## Notes ### Arabic Plurals are Always Masculine -Once a word is put into it's special Arabic plural form, it's always a *masculine plural* (based on the consonant ending) even if the singular version of the word was feminine. +Once a word is put into it's special Arabic plural form, it's always a _masculine plural_ (based on the consonant ending) even if the singular version of the word was feminine. - {[ - [ - {p:"ملاحظه", f:"mUlaahiza", e:"consideration (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"}, - {p:"ملاحظات", f:"mUlaahizaat", e:"considerations (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, - ], - [ - {p:"تجربه", f:"tajraba", e:"experience (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"}, - {p:"تجارب", f:"tajaarab", e:"experiences (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, - ], - [ - {p:"لفظ", f:"lafz", e:"word (m.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, - {p:"الفاظ", f:"alfaaz", e:"words (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, - ], - [ - {p:"قبیله", f:"qabeela", e:"tribe (f.)", sub: "feminine", gender: "f"}, - {p:"قبایل", f:"qabaayul", e:"tribes (m. pl.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m"}, - ], - ]} + {[ + [ + { + p: "ملاحظه", + f: "mUlaahiza", + e: "consideration (f.)", + sub: "feminine", + gender: "f", + }, + { + p: "ملاحظات", + f: "mUlaahizaat", + e: "considerations (m. pl.)", + sub: "masculine", + gender: "m", + }, + ], + [ + { + p: "تجربه", + f: "tajraba", + e: "experience (f.)", + sub: "feminine", + gender: "f", + }, + { + p: "تجارب", + f: "tajaarab", + e: "experiences (m. pl.)", + sub: "masculine", + gender: "m", + }, + ], + [ + { p: "لفظ", f: "lafz", e: "word (m.)", sub: "masculine", gender: "m" }, + { + p: "الفاظ", + f: "alfaaz", + e: "words (m. pl.)", + sub: "masculine", + gender: "m", + }, + ], + [ + { + p: "قبیله", + f: "qabeela", + e: "tribe (f.)", + sub: "feminine", + gender: "f", + }, + { + p: "قبایل", + f: "qabaayul", + e: "tribes (m. pl.)", + sub: "masculine", + gender: "m", + }, + ], + ]} ### Arabic Plurals are Not Always Used @@ -93,22 +170,21 @@ Once a word is put into it's special Arabic plural form, it's always a *masculin For many words, people may either use the regular Pashto plural endings or the special Arabic form. Here are a couple examples of words that are often said either way. - {[ - [ - {p:"مکتب", f:"maktab", e:"school"}, - {p:"مکاتب", f:"makáatib", e:"schools"}, - {p:"مکتبونه", f:"maktaboona", e:"schools"}, - ], - [ - {p:"مهاجر", f:"mUhaajir", e:"immigrant"}, - {p:"مهاجرین", f:"mUhaajiréen", e:"immigrants"}, - {p:"مهاجران", f:"mUhaajiráan", e:"immigrants"}, - ], - [ - {p:"رابطه", f:"raabitá", e:"connection"}, - {p:"روابط", f:"rawáabit", e:"connections"}, - {p:"رابطې", f:"raabité", e:"connections"}, - ], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "مکتب", f: "maktab", e: "school" }, + { p: "مکاتب", f: "makáatib", e: "schools" }, + { p: "مکتبونه", f: "maktaboona", e: "schools" }, + ], + [ + { p: "مهاجر", f: "mUhaajir", e: "immigrant" }, + { p: "مهاجرین", f: "mUhaajiréen", e: "immigrants" }, + { p: "مهاجران", f: "mUhaajiráan", e: "immigrants" }, + ], + [ + { p: "رابطه", f: "raabitá", e: "connection" }, + { p: "روابط", f: "rawáabit", e: "connections" }, + { p: "رابطې", f: "raabité", e: "connections" }, + ], + ]}
- diff --git a/src/content/nouns/bundled-plurals.mdx b/src/content/nouns/bundled-plurals.mdx index b5363cc..b2fdf3b 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/bundled-plurals.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/bundled-plurals.mdx @@ -2,43 +2,39 @@ title: Bundled Plurals --- -import { - Examples, - InlinePs, - defaultTextOptions as opts, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import { InlinePs, defaultTextOptions as opts } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Table from "../../components/Table"; import penBundle from "../../images/pen-bundle.jpg"; export function BundledPluralTable({ children, inflection }) { - return ( - - {children} -
- ); + return ( + + {children} +
+ ); } For many nouns ending in a consonant, we can make a special kind of **"bundled plural"** to show that the things are closely lumped together.
- +
To make this "bundled plural" we add a to the end of the noun. - {[ - [ - { p: "کال", f: "kaal", e: "year" }, - { p: "کاله", f: "kaala", e: "years" }, - ], - [ - { p: "کس", f: "kas", e: "person" }, - { p: "کسه", f: "kasa", e: "people" }, - ], - [ - { p: "کرت", f: "karat", e: "time" }, - { p: "کرته", f: "karata", e: "times" }, - ], - ]} + {[ + [ + { p: "کال", f: "kaal", e: "year" }, + { p: "کاله", f: "kaala", e: "years" }, + ], + [ + { p: "کس", f: "kas", e: "person" }, + { p: "کسه", f: "kasa", e: "people" }, + ], + [ + { p: "کرت", f: "karat", e: "time" }, + { p: "کرته", f: "karata", e: "times" }, + ], + ]} diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx index 1373fb0..4ad2dd8 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-gender.mdx @@ -3,28 +3,24 @@ title: Nouns and Gender --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, - firstVariation, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + firstVariation, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import genderColors from "../../lib/gender-colors"; import GenderTable from "../../components/GenderTable"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; export const femColor = genderColors.f; export const mascColor = genderColors.m; -import { - nounGenderGame1, - nounGenderGame2, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { nounGenderGame1, nounGenderGame2 } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; export const Masc = () => ( - masculine + masculine ); export const Fem = () => ( - feminine + feminine ); All nouns in Pashto are either or . Thankfully, you can pretty much always tell the gender of a word by its ending. @@ -33,77 +29,82 @@ All nouns in Pashto are either or . Thankfully, you can pretty m **Masculine words end in:** - - a consonant - - - - - - or +- a consonant +- +- +- or **Feminine words end in:** - - all the other vowels (, , , , etc.) +- all the other vowels (, , , , etc.) - + ]} +/> **A couple of other things to watch out for:** @@ -121,24 +122,33 @@ Some words have had their words that have lost their ending: export const femEndingWConsonant = [ - { p: "لار", f: "laar", e: "road" }, - { p: "میاشت", f: "myaasht", e: "month" }, - { p: "غېږ", f: "gheG", e: "bosom" }, - { p: "څنګل", f: "tsangul", e: "elbow" }, - { p: "بړستن", f: "bRastun", e: "blanket" }, - { p: "ږمنځ", f: "Gmundz", e: "comb" }, - { p: "ستن", f: "stun", e: "needle" }, - { p: "لمن", f: "lamun", e: "skirt" }, + { p: "لار", f: "laar", e: "road" }, + { p: "میاشت", f: "myaasht", e: "month" }, + { p: "غېږ", f: "gheG", e: "bosom" }, + { p: "څنګل", f: "tsangul", e: "elbow" }, + { p: "بړستن", f: "bRastun", e: "blanket" }, + { p: "ږمنځ", f: "Gmundz", e: "comb" }, + { p: "ستن", f: "stun", e: "needle" }, + { p: "لمن", f: "lamun", e: "skirt" }, ]; export function IrregularFem() { - return
    - {femEndingWConsonant.map((entry) => ( -
  • - -
    • - ))} -
; + return ( +
    + {femEndingWConsonant.map((entry) => ( +
  • + +
    • + ))} +
+ ); } @@ -147,33 +157,35 @@ Note that some words can be said with or without an + ]} +/> diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx index 11a937f..881f9f4 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx @@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the + pattern #3 ), @@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the + pattern #3 ), @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)", sub: ( - + pattern #2 ), @@ -222,8 +222,8 @@ This is _usually_ only used with animate things (people or animals), but there a {[ [ - { p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" }, - { p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" }, + { p: "شی", f: "shay", e: "thing" }, + { p: "شیان", f: "shayáan", e: "things" }, ], ]} @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms. {[ [ { p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" }, - { p: "خویندې", f: "khweynde", e: "sisters" }, + { p: "خویندې", f: "khwaynde", e: "sisters" }, ], [ { p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" }, @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms. ], [ { p: "ترور", f: "tror", e: "aunt" }, - { p: "تریندې", f: "treynde", e: "aunts" }, + { p: "تریندې", f: "traynde", e: "aunts" }, ], [ { p: "لور", f: "loor", e: "daughter" }, @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms. ], [ { p: "نږور", f: "nGor", e: "daughter-in-law" }, - { p: "نږیندې", f: "nGeynde", e: "daughter-in-laws" }, + { p: "نږیندې", f: "nGaynde", e: "daughter-in-laws" }, ], ]} diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-unisex.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-unisex.mdx index 674e1ed..128db44 100644 --- a/src/content/nouns/nouns-unisex.mdx +++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-unisex.mdx @@ -2,12 +2,7 @@ title: Unisex Nouns --- -import { - Examples, - InlinePs, - defaultTextOptions as opts, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import Table from "../../components/Table"; +import { InlinePs, defaultTextOptions as opts } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import GenderTable from "../../components/GenderTable"; import { unisexNounGame } from "../../games/games"; @@ -23,203 +18,213 @@ To make the male and female forms you just follow the basic pattern, you add an on the end to make them feminine. - + ]} +/> -### 2. Words ending in an unstressed ی - ey +### 2. Words ending in an unstressed ی - ay -The feminine form the on the end becomes . See pattern. +The feminine form the on the end becomes . See pattern. - + ]} +/> -### 3. Words ending in a stressed ی - éy +### 3. Words ending in a stressed ی - áy -If the accent comes on the end of the word, the femine form is a little different. With these words the on the end becomes . See pattern. +If the accent comes on the end of the word, the femine form is a little different. With these words the on the end becomes . See pattern. - + ]} +/> ### 4. Words with the "Pashtoon" pattern See pattern. - + }, + fem: { + ex: { + p: "کوربنه", + f: "korbaná", + e: "female host", + }, + }, + }, + ]} +/> ### 5. Shorter words that squish See pattern. - + }, + fem: { + ex: { + p: "خره", + f: "khra", + e: "female donkey", + }, + }, + }, + ]} +/> diff --git a/src/content/participles/intro.mdx b/src/content/participles/intro.mdx index 5beeb8e..5e4a6d5 100644 --- a/src/content/participles/intro.mdx +++ b/src/content/participles/intro.mdx @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ --- title: Intro to Participles --- + import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import participleMeme from "./participle-meme.jpg"; @@ -13,41 +14,46 @@ import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; Participles words that are **made from verbs** but **act as a noun or adjective**.
- participle meme + participle meme
There are 3 types of participles. -1. Root/Infinitive -2. suffix +1. Root/Infinitive +2. suffix{" "} 3. Past Participle ## Root/Infinitive This is the easiest to make. It's just the imperfective root, which is the infinitive or "dictionary form" of a verb. For example, for the verb , it's... . That's right, it looks exactly the same, but when it's a participle it functions as a **3rd person plural noun** in the sentence. -Here's an example where we use to describe *the activity or action* of writing. And, as with all these kind of participles, it functions as a **3rd person plural noun**. +Here's an example where we use to describe _the activity or action_ of writing. And, as with all these kind of participles, it functions as a **3rd person plural noun**. - {psmd([ - { - p: "**لیکل** ښه دي", - f: "**leekul** xu dee", - e: "**Writing** is good", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**لیکل** ښه دي", + f: "**leekul** xu dee", + e: "**Writing** is good", + }, + ])} These kinds of participles are used like the "-ing" present particple in English, or like the "to be" infinitives in English. - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه **لیکل** غواړم", - f: "zu **leekul** ghwaaRum", - e: "I want **to write**", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **لیکل** غواړم", + f: "zu **leekul** ghwaaRum", + e: "I want **to write**", + }, + ])} ### Inflecting the Root/Infinitive Participle @@ -62,18 +68,18 @@ And just like with other plural nouns, they are inflected by adding an - {psmd([ - { - p: "**د لیکلو لپاره** څه نشته", - f: "**du leekulo lapaara** tsu nushta", - e: "There's nothing to write", - }, - { - p: "زه **د پاڅېدلو** توان نه لرم", - f: "zu **du patsedulo** twaan nu larum", - e: "I don't have the strength to get up", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**د لیکلو لپاره** څه نشته", + f: "**du leekulo lapaara** tsu nushta", + e: "There's nothing to write", + }, + { + p: "زه **د پاڅېدلو** توان نه لرم", + f: "zu **du patsedulo** twaan nu larum", + e: "I don't have the strength to get up", + }, + ])} #### 2. Inflecting as a subject of a past tense transitive verb @@ -81,180 +87,180 @@ And just like with other plural nouns, they are inflected by adding an - {psmd([ - { - p: "**لیکل** ما ستړی کوي", - f: "**leekul** maa stuRey kawee.", - e: "Writing makes me tired", - sub: "subject of a present tense transitive verb (not inflected)" - }, - { - p: "**لیکلو** زه ستړی کړم", - f: "**leekulo** zu stuRey kRum", - e: "**Writing** made me tired", - sub: "subject of a past tense transitive verb (inflected)" - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**لیکل** ما ستړی کوي", + f: "**leekul** maa stuRay kawee.", + e: "Writing makes me tired", + sub: "subject of a present tense transitive verb (not inflected)", + }, + { + p: "**لیکلو** زه ستړی کړم", + f: "**leekulo** zu stuRay kRum", + e: "**Writing** made me tired", + sub: "subject of a past tense transitive verb (inflected)", + }, + ])} -## ونکی - óonkey suffix +## ونکی - óonkay suffix -This type of participle is formed by adding to the end of the short version of the imperfective root of a verb. +This type of participle is formed by adding to the end of the short version of the imperfective root of a verb. ### As an adjective -This form can be used to transform verbs into adjectives. For example, from the verb , we can add the suffix and get the adjective . +This form can be used to transform verbs into adjectives. For example, from the verb , we can add the suffix and get the adjective . -These "adjectives" will inflect just like any other adjectives ending with an unstressed . +These "adjectives" will inflect just like any other adjectives ending with an unstressed . - {psmd([ - { - p: "دا یوه **دردونکې** کیسه ده", - f: "daa yawa **dardawóonke** keesa da", - e: "That's a sad story", - sub: "(fem. sing.)" - }, - { - p: "دا یو **دردونکی** ناول دی", - f: "daa yo **dardawóonkey** naawul dey", - e: "That's a sad novel", - sub: "(masc. sing.)" - }, - { - p: "دا **دردونکي** ناولونه دي", - f: "daa **dardawóonkee** naawuloona dee", - e: "Those are sad novels", - sub: "(masc. plural.)" - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "دا یوه **دردونکې** کیسه ده", + f: "daa yawa **dardawóonke** keesa da", + e: "That's a sad story", + sub: "(fem. sing.)", + }, + { + p: "دا یو **دردونکی** ناول دی", + f: "daa yo **dardawóonkay** naawul day", + e: "That's a sad novel", + sub: "(masc. sing.)", + }, + { + p: "دا **دردونکي** ناولونه دي", + f: "daa **dardawóonkee** naawuloona dee", + e: "Those are sad novels", + sub: "(masc. plural.)", + }, + ])} ### As an agent noun -This suffix can also be used to make verbs into agent nouns. This is like how in English we use "-er" or "-or" suffixes to make nouns like "worker", "player", "cutter", "gamer". +This suffix can also be used to make verbs into agent nouns. This is like how in English we use "-er" or "-or" suffixes to make nouns like "worker", "player", "cutter", "gamer". export const agentNounExamples = [ - [ - { - p: "زده کول", - f: "zda kawul", - e: "to learn", - }, - { - p: "زده کوونکی", - f: "zda kawóonkey", - e: "student/learner", - }, - ], - [ - { - p: "ښوول", - f: "xowul", - e: "to teach", - }, - { - p: "ښووونکی", - f: "xowóonkey", - e: "teacher", - }, - ], - [ - { - p: "لیدل", - f: "leedul", - e: "to see", - }, - { - p: "لیدونکی", - f: "leedóonkey", - e: "viewer", - }, - ], - [ - { - p: "اورېدل", - f: "awredul", - e: "to hear", - }, - { - p: "اورېدونکی", - f: "awredoonkey", - e: "listener", - }, - ], + [ + { + p: "زده کول", + f: "zda kawul", + e: "to learn", + }, + { + p: "زده کوونکی", + f: "zda kawóonkay", + e: "student/learner", + }, + ], + [ + { + p: "ښوول", + f: "xowul", + e: "to teach", + }, + { + p: "ښووونکی", + f: "xowóonkay", + e: "teacher", + }, + ], + [ + { + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + e: "to see", + }, + { + p: "لیدونکی", + f: "leedóonkay", + e: "viewer", + }, + ], + [ + { + p: "اورېدل", + f: "awredul", + e: "to hear", + }, + { + p: "اورېدونکی", + f: "awredoonkay", + e: "listener", + }, + ], ]; - - - - - - - - {agentNounExamples.map(a => ( - - - - - ))} - + + + + + + + + {agentNounExamples.map((a) => ( + + + + + ))} +
VerbAgent Noun
- {a[0]} - - {a[1]} -
VerbAgent Noun
+ {a[0]} + + {a[1]} +
-Of course, these nouns will inflect just like any other nounse ending with an unstressed . +Of course, these nouns will inflect just like any other nounse ending with an unstressed . - {psmd([ - { - p: "**زده کوونکي** مکتب ته ځي", - f: "**zda kawoonkee** maktab to dzee", - e: "The **students (male)** are going to school", - }, - { - p: "**زده کوونکې** مکتب ته ځي", - f: "**zda kawoonke** maktab to dzee", - e: "The **students (female)** are going to school", - }, - { - p: "ګرانو **لیدونکو**، ستړي مه شئ", - f: "graano **leedóonko**, stuRee ma sheyy", - e: "Hello dear viewers", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**زده کوونکي** مکتب ته ځي", + f: "**zda kawoonkee** maktab to dzee", + e: "The **students (male)** are going to school", + }, + { + p: "**زده کوونکې** مکتب ته ځي", + f: "**zda kawoonke** maktab to dzee", + e: "The **students (female)** are going to school", + }, + { + p: "ګرانو **لیدونکو**، ستړي مه شئ", + f: "graano **leedóonko**, stuRee ma shey", + e: "Hello dear viewers", + }, + ])} ## Past Participle -{/* These are formed by adding a to the end of the imperfective root of a verb. */} +{/* These are formed by adding a to the end of the imperfective root of a verb. */} They work as an adjective... EXPLANATION COMING SOON. - {psmd([ - { - p: "د موټړو په ښیښو **لیکې** خبرې", - f: "du moTur pu xeexo **leekúle** khabure", - e: "Words **written** on car windows", - }, - { - p: "کلاس په **ټاکلي** وخت کې پیل شو", - f: "klaas pu **Takúlee** wakht peyl sho", - e: "Class started at the **appointed** time", - }, - { - p: "**راغلي** خلک هلته ناست دي", - f: "**raaghúlee** khalk halta naast dee", - e: "The people **that came** are sitting there", - }, - { - p: "هغوي له **راغلو** خلکو سره مرسته کوي", - f: "haghwee la **raaghúlo** khalko sara mrasta kawee", - e: "They are helping the people that came.", - } - ])} - \ No newline at end of file + {psmd([ + { + p: "د موټړو په ښیښو **لیکې** خبرې", + f: "du moTur pu xeexo **leekúle** khabure", + e: "Words **written** on car windows", + }, + { + p: "کلاس په **ټاکلي** وخت کې پیل شو", + f: "klaas pu **Takúlee** wakht payl sho", + e: "Class started at the **appointed** time", + }, + { + p: "**راغلي** خلک هلته ناست دي", + f: "**raaghúlee** khalk halta naast dee", + e: "The people **that came** are sitting there", + }, + { + p: "هغوي له **راغلو** خلکو سره مرسته کوي", + f: "haghwee la **raaghúlo** khalko sara mrasta kawee", + e: "They are helping the people that came.", + }, + ])} + diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/ap.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/ap.mdx index a6668d0..0110a7e 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/ap.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/ap.mdx @@ -2,18 +2,9 @@ title: APs --- -import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, - makeNounSelection, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; +import { defaultTextOptions as opts, InlinePs } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import EditableBlock, { - EditIcon, -} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableBlock"; -import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableBlock from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableBlock"; import EditableEPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx"; import { EP, VP } from "../../components/terms-links.tsx"; @@ -24,198 +15,333 @@ An AP is either: - an adverb, or - a sandwich - ### Adverb An adverb is a word or expression that modifies the time, manner, place, etc. of a phrase. - { - { - type: "AP", - selection: { - type: "adverb", - entry: {"ts":1527815160,"i":2394,"p":"پرون","f":"paroon","g":"paroon","e":"yesterday","c":"adv."}, - }, - } - } + {{ + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527815160, + i: 2394, + p: "پرون", + f: "paroon", + g: "paroon", + e: "yesterday", + c: "adv.", + }, + }, + }} - { - { - type: "AP", - selection: { - type: "adverb", - entry: {"ts":1527819967,"i":5428,"p":"خامخا","f":"khaamakhaa","g":"khaamakhaa","e":"definitely, for sure, whether someone wants or not, willy-nilly (this last use more in Urdu)","c":"adv."}, - }, - } - } + {{ + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527819967, + i: 5428, + p: "خامخا", + f: "khaamakhaa", + g: "khaamakhaa", + e: "definitely, for sure, whether someone wants or not, willy-nilly (this last use more in Urdu)", + c: "adv.", + }, + }, + }} #### Note on inflecting adverbs -Adverbs don't normally inflect, but they *will inflect* if they are words that can also be used as an adjective. +Adverbs don't normally inflect, but they _will inflect_ if they are words that can also be used as an adjective. -Notice how the adverb inflects depending on who is sitting in this example: +Notice how the adverb inflects depending on who is sitting in this example: - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.3252190155472441,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"adverb","entry":{"ts":1527812558,"i":6352,"p":"دلته","f":"dălta","g":"dalta","e":"here","c":"loc. adv."}}}},{"key":0.015377073636430039,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"adverb","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7722,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj. / adv."}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815106,"i":13461,"p":"ناست","f":"naast","g":"naast","e":"sitting, seated","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.23089213205851067, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.3252190155472441, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527812558, + i: 6352, + p: "دلته", + f: "dălta", + g: "dalta", + e: "here", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.015377073636430039, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7722, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj. / adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815106, + i: 13461, + p: "ناست", + f: "naast", + g: "naast", + e: "sitting, seated", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} When an adverb can also be used as an adjective it will inflect to agree with: - - With : the subject - - With : the object, or if there's no object NP, the subject - +- With : the subject +- With : the object, or if there's no object NP, the subject ### Sandwich 🥪 -In English we have have [prepositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition) like "with", "at", "towards", "under" that we put *in front* of nouns. Other langagues have [prepositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition) that you add to the *end* of nouns. In Pashto we have [adpostions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition), which are little sets of words that go *in front and behind* nouns. Sometimes they only go on one side, and sometimes they surround the word on both sides. Because of this we'll call them **sandwiches**. +In English we have have [prepositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition) like "with", "at", "towards", "under" that we put _in front_ of nouns. Other langagues have [prepositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition) that you add to the _end_ of nouns. In Pashto we have [adpostions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition), which are little sets of words that go _in front and behind_ nouns. Sometimes they only go on one side, and sometimes they surround the word on both sides. Because of this we'll call them **sandwiches**. These "sandwiches" are also used as an adverb to give more information for the phrase. They take an NP in the middle. For example if we want to say "in the house" we take the sandwich and put the NP inside of it. - { - { - type: "AP", - selection: { - type: "sandwich", - before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, - after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, - e: "in", - inside: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812828,"i":10539,"p":"کور","f":"kor","g":"kor","e":"house, home","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - possesor: undefined, - }, - }, - }, - } - } + {{ + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, + after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, + e: "in", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812828, + i: 10539, + p: "کور", + f: "kor", + g: "kor", + e: "house, home", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + possesor: undefined, + }, + }, + }, + }} Because the inside of a sandwich is an NP we can also spice it up by adding adjectives. - { - { - type: "AP", - selection: { - type: "sandwich", - before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, - after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, - e: "in", - inside: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812828,"i":10539,"p":"کور","f":"kor","g":"kor","e":"house, home","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [{ - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527812625,"i":9128,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","c":"adj."}, - }], - possesor: undefined, - }, - }, + {{ + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, + after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, + e: "in", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812828, + i: 10539, + p: "کور", + f: "kor", + g: "kor", + e: "house, home", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812625, + i: 9128, + p: "غټ", + f: "ghuT, ghaT", + g: "ghuT,ghaT", + e: "big, fat", + c: "adj.", + }, }, - } - } + ], + possesor: undefined, + }, + }, + }, + }} We can also add a possesor it hangs outside of the sandwich. All together it's still all considered one AP block though. - {{ - type: "AP", + {{ + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, + after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, + e: "in", + inside: { + type: "NP", selection: { - type: "sandwich", - before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, - after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, - e: "in", - inside: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812828,"i":10539,"p":"کور","f":"kor","g":"kor","e":"house, home","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [{ - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527812625,"i":9128,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","c":"adj."}, - }], - possesor: { - shrunken: false, - np: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527815251,"i":7802,"p":"سړی","f":"saRéy","g":"saRey","e":"man","c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - possesor: undefined, - }, - }, - }, - }, + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812828, + i: 10539, + p: "کور", + f: "kor", + g: "kor", + e: "house, home", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812625, + i: 9128, + p: "غټ", + f: "ghuT, ghaT", + g: "ghuT,ghaT", + e: "big, fat", + c: "adj.", + }, }, + ], + possesor: { + shrunken: false, + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815251, + i: 7802, + p: "سړی", + f: "saRáy", + g: "saRay", + e: "man", + c: "n. m.", + ec: "man", + ep: "men", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + possesor: undefined, + }, + }, + }, }, - }} + }, + }, + }} Here's another example using the sandwich : - {{ - type: "AP", + {{ + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "له", f: "la" }, + after: { p: "سره", f: "sara" }, + e: "with", + inside: { + type: "NP", selection: { - type: "sandwich", - before: { p: "له", f: "la" }, - after: { p: "سره", f: "sara" }, - e: "with", - inside: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527814159,"i":12723,"p":"ملګری","f":"malgúrey","g":"malgurey","e":"friend, companion","c":"n. m. anim. unisex"}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: true, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - possesor: { - shrunken: false, - np: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "pronoun", - distance: "far", - person: 0, - }, - }, - }, - }, + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527814159, + i: 12723, + p: "ملګری", + f: "malgúray", + g: "malguray", + e: "friend, companion", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + possesor: { + shrunken: false, + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "pronoun", + distance: "far", + person: 0, + }, }, + }, }, - }} + }, + }, + }} -Notice how when we put the word inside the sandwich it inflects. You always inflect the inside of the sandwich except for two exceptions. \ No newline at end of file +Notice how when we put the word inside the sandwich it inflects. You always inflect the inside of the sandwich except for two exceptions. diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids.mdx index 2b139dc..9d44cce 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/blocks-and-kids.mdx @@ -2,23 +2,15 @@ title: Blocks and Kids --- -import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; +import { defaultTextOptions as opts, InlinePs } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import EditableBlock, { - EditIcon, -} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableBlock"; import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; import { AP, NP, Complement } from "../../components/terms-links"; import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import EditableEPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx"; export function BlocksIcon() { - return + return ; } Pashto phrases are built with **blocks** 🧱 and **kids** 👶. It's important to know what these parts are and how they fit together. @@ -34,38 +26,208 @@ Blocks are units of speech like , or verbs, e Wherever you see an example phrase with a you can click it to see the blocks that make up the phrase. Try clicking the to see the blocks that make up the examples below. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.21116655057859535,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"adverb","entry":{"ts":1527815160,"i":2394,"p":"پرون","f":"paroon","g":"paroon","e":"yesterday","c":"adv."}}}},{"key":0.3303626365055592,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.03422215123934946,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11610,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.21116655057859535, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527815160, + i: 2394, + p: "پرون", + f: "paroon", + g: "paroon", + e: "yesterday", + c: "adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.3303626365055592, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.03422215123934946, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11610, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7595,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":true},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7595, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: true }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.3303626365055592,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.03422215123934946,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11610,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.3303626365055592, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.03422215123934946, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11610, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} You will see a bunch of different blocks. Don't worry about learning what they all are, but if you want here's a complete list: +
- All the blocks -
    -
    • -
    • -
    • -
  • Verb
    • -
  • The perfective head of a Verb (a perfective prefix like )
    • -
  • Equative
    • -
  • Past Participle (in a perfect verb)
    • -
  • The negative or
    • -
  • The ability auxilary verb (ie. the in )
    • -
-
+ All the blocks +
    +
  • + +
    • +
  • + +
    • +
  • + +
    • +
  • Verb
    • +
  • + The perfective head of a Verb (a perfective prefix like{" "} + ) +
    • +
  • Equative
    • +
  • Past Participle (in a perfect verb)
    • +
  • + The negative {" "} + or +
    • +
  • + The ability auxilary verb (ie. the{" "} + in{" "} + ) +
    • +
+ ## The Kids' Section @@ -81,42 +243,221 @@ The **kids' section is always after the first block**. Click on the on the following examples to see where the kids' section lies. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.27231313024586834,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6810015291689175,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11610,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":true}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.27231313024586834, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6810015291689175, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11610, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: true }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"loc. adv.","entry":{"ts":1527812558,"i":6251,"p":"دلته","f":"dălta","g":"dalta","e":"here","c":"loc. adv."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"future","negative":true},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + shrunken: true, + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "loc. adv.", + entry: { + ts: 1527812558, + i: 6251, + p: "دلته", + f: "dălta", + g: "dalta", + e: "here", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "future", negative: true }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.27231313024586834,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6810015291689175,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11610,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":true,"shrinkServant":true}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.27231313024586834, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6810015291689175, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11610, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "perfect", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: true, shrinkServant: true }, + }} Here are the kids go in the kids' section, and they always line up **in this order**.
    -
  • The emphatic particle
    • -
  • The particle
    • -
  • The jussive
    • -
  • Mini-pronouns:
    • -
      -
      • -
      • -
      • -
      • -
    -
    • +
  • + The emphatic particle +
    • +
  • + The particle +
    • +
  • + The jussive +
    • +
  • + Mini-pronouns: +
    • +
      +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    +
  • + +
-

Mini-pronouns will always line up in 1st, 2rd, 3rd person order.

+

+ Mini-pronouns will always line up + in 1st, 2rd, 3rd person order. +

-**Note**: You'll also see as a connector or *outsite of the kids' section*. But all the other kids have to stay in the kids' section always! +**Note**: You'll also see as a connector or _outsite of the kids' section_. But all the other kids have to stay in the kids' section always! ## Connectors @@ -126,13 +467,16 @@ Phrases are connected using conjuctions like: - - -These **connectors do not count as blocks**. The kids' section will always come after the first *block*. +These **connectors do not count as blocks**. The kids' section will always come after the first _block_. Phrases also might start with little directional words like: - - -- +- - - - diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/complement.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/complement.mdx index 3337c0e..9082464 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/complement.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/complement.mdx @@ -3,28 +3,122 @@ title: Complement --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import { NP, VP, EP, BlocksIcon, Sandwich } from "../../components/terms-links"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import EditableEPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx"; -import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; ## What's a complement? -A **complement** is a separate block in a or that describes an (subject or object). +A **complement** is a separate block in a or that describes an (subject or object). For example, in the phrase: - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527822049,"i":3621,"p":"تکړه","f":"takRá","g":"takRa","e":"strong, energetic, skillful, great, competent","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527822049, + i: 3621, + p: "تکړه", + f: "takRá", + g: "takRa", + e: "strong, energetic, skillful, great, competent", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} Here is a complement that describes the object, . Incidentally, that whole sentence is a compliment, which is a flattering or affirming remark (see [complement vs. compliment](https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/complement-and-compliment-usage-difference)), so yes, you will often use complements in compliments. 😅 @@ -32,9 +126,79 @@ Here i Complements also show up in other places too. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.6125075141659033,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.1352596942418407,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10633,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812798,"i":5647,"p":"خفه","f":"khufa","g":"khufa","e":"sad, upset, angry; choked, suffocated","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.6125075141659033, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.1352596942418407, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10633, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812798, + i: 5647, + p: "خفه", + f: "khufa", + g: "khufa", + e: "sad, upset, angry; choked, suffocated", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Here is a complement that describes the object, . @@ -52,40 +216,424 @@ In Pashto a **complement** can be one of four things: ### Adjective -Adjectives seem like the most natural and common things to use as a complement. In the section we saw how adjectives can be joined to a noun to describe it. We can also use adjectives *on their* own, as a complement, separate from the . +Adjectives seem like the most natural and common things to use as a complement. In the section we saw how adjectives can be joined to a noun to describe it. We can also use adjectives _on their_ own, as a complement, separate from the . Click on the to see what the complement is in the examples below. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812792,"i":5828,"p":"خوشاله","f":"khoshaala","g":"khoshaala","e":"happy, glad","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812792, + i: 5828, + p: "خوشاله", + f: "khoshaala", + g: "khoshaala", + e: "happy, glad", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.6407963893481012,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6392166687010554,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10699,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812792,"i":5828,"p":"خوشاله","f":"khoshaala","g":"khoshaala","e":"happy, glad","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.6407963893481012, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6392166687010554, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10699, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812792, + i: 5828, + p: "خوشاله", + f: "khoshaala", + g: "khoshaala", + e: "happy, glad", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Notice that the adjective will inflect to match the that it is describing. Try editing the examples below and see how the adjective changes when you change the it describes. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.6407963893481012,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6392166687010554,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581086654898,"i":10699,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.6407963893481012, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 6, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6392166687010554, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10699, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2936852927534954,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9001306626884367,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1579015359582,"i":10633,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to make ____ ____ (as in \"He's making me angry.\")","c":"v. trans. irreg.","ssp":"کړ","ssf":"kR","prp":"کړل","prf":"kRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","noOo":true,"ec":"make,makes,making,made,made"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"externalComplement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7600,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2936852927534954, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9001306626884367, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1579015359582, + i: 10633, + p: "کول", + f: "kawul", + g: "kawul", + e: 'to make ____ ____ (as in "He\'s making me angry.")', + c: "v. trans. irreg.", + ssp: "کړ", + ssf: "kR", + prp: "کړل", + prf: "kRul", + pprtp: "کړی", + pprtf: "kúRay", + noOo: true, + ec: "make,makes,making,made,made", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + externalComplement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7600, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ### Locative Adverb @@ -93,15 +641,201 @@ Notice that the adjective will inflect to match the that it is describing You can also use an **adverb that describes a location** as a complement. These do not inflect. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"loc. adv.","entry":{"ts":1527812558,"i":6256,"p":"دلته","f":"dălta","g":"dalta","e":"here","c":"loc. adv."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "loc. adv.", + entry: { + ts: 1527812558, + i: 6256, + p: "دلته", + f: "dălta", + g: "dalta", + e: "here", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"loc. adv.","entry":{"ts":1527812449,"i":13967,"p":"هلته","f":"hálta, álta","g":"halta,alta","e":"there","c":"loc. adv."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"past","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "loc. adv.", + entry: { + ts: 1527812449, + i: 13967, + p: "هلته", + f: "hálta, álta", + g: "halta,alta", + e: "there", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "past", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} ### Sandwich @@ -109,43 +843,259 @@ You can also use an **adverb that describes a location** as a complement. These You can also use a as a complement to describe an (where it is, who it's with, what it's for etc. etc.) - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "له", f: "la" }, + after: { p: "سره", f: "sara" }, + e: "with", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7559632995928578,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10018,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815177,"i":2535,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m. anim."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815451,"i":7256,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}}],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11709,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"shrunken":false}}},"Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"د","f":"du"},"after":{"p":"لپاره","f":"lapaara"},"e":"for","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11715,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7559632995928578, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 10018, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2535, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m. anim.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7256, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11709, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + shrunken: false, + }, + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "complement", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "د", f: "du" }, + after: { p: "لپاره", f: "lapaara" }, + e: "for", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11715, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} ### Complement Noun -Here's where things get weird... In Pashto, we can use a **noun** as a complement. In English, this sounds really funny, because we're always used to having *adjectives* as complements. For example, a native English speaker would never say, "I am **confusion**. (noun)" +Here's where things get weird... In Pashto, we can use a **noun** as a complement. In English, this sounds really funny, because we're always used to having _adjectives_ as complements. For example, a native English speaker would never say, "I am **confusion**. (noun)" You'd have to say, "I am **confused**. (adjective)" But Pashto doesn't play by that rule. -There are a lot of compounds (stative and dynamic) that use nouns to describe an change made to an or action being done. These nouns can be used as complements in places where an English speaker would think we *have* to use an adjective. +There are a lot of compounds (stative and dynamic) that use nouns to describe an change made to an or action being done. These nouns can be used as complements in places where an English speaker would think we _have_ to use an adjective. For example, we have the compound which is a combination of: - - - noun - - - verb +- - noun +- - verb The complement noun gets used almost as if it were an adjective (in an English brain). - {psmd([ - { - f: "مسئله **حل** شوه", - p: "masala **hal** shwa", - e: "The problem was solved", - sub: "lit. The problem became **solution**", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + f: "مسئله **حل** شوه", + p: "masala **hal** shwa", + e: "The problem was solved", + sub: "lit. The problem became **solution**", + }, + ])} Notice this is a **noun** in this sentence, not an adjective. That means that: @@ -155,20 +1105,23 @@ Notice this is a **noun** in this sentence, not an adjective. That means that: We also have the the dynamic compound which is a combination of: - - - - +- +- So we can use as a complement noun. You might here someone say: - {psmd([ - { - p: "اوپخښه. ته **استرحات** وې؟", - f: "oobakhxa. tu **istiraháat** we?", - e: "Sorry. Were you resting?", - sub: "lit. Sorry. Were you **relaxation**?", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "اوپخښه. ته **استرحات** وې؟", + f: "oobakhxa. tu **istiraháat** we?", + e: "Sorry. Were you resting?", + sub: "lit. Sorry. Were you **relaxation**?", + }, + ])} -Again this makes absolutely no sense to the English brain, but it happens in all the time in Pashto (and many other languages), so you'll just have to accept it. \ No newline at end of file +Again this makes absolutely no sense to the English brain, but it happens in all the time in Pashto (and many other languages), so you'll just have to accept it. diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/ep.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/ep.mdx index 9166841..6fdc323 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/ep.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/ep.mdx @@ -3,25 +3,26 @@ title: EPs --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, - makeNounSelection, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import EquativeIllustration from "../../components/EquativeIllustration"; -import EditableEPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx"; -import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks" +import EditableEPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx"; +import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; -**There is no "to be" verb in Pashto**. 🤯 Let that sink in for a second. There's no infinitive "to be" form. You can't say "It's good *to be* here." We can't use "to be" as a verb and make normal verb phrases like we do in other languages. +**There is no "to be" verb in Pashto**. 🤯 Let that sink in for a second. There's no infinitive "to be" form. You can't say "It's good _to be_ here." We can't use "to be" as a verb and make normal verb phrases like we do in other languages. In Pashto, we use a special structure called an **equative phrase (EP)** when we talk about something being something. Basically with an equative phrase we have three main parts: - **"A"** a subject (the thing we are talking about) -- **"B"** a predicate (what the thing *is*) +- **"B"** a predicate (what the thing _is_) - **"="** an equative at the end to join them together Notice how the word order is different than it is in English. @@ -30,18 +31,25 @@ Notice how the word order is different than it is in English. There are two ways to build an equative phrase: -1. NP + Complement + Equative -2. NP + NP + Equative +1. NP + + Complement + + Equative +2. NP + + NP + + Equative{" "} -The equative will **always agree with the last NP** in the phrase. So for #1 it will agree with the *subject* and for #2 it will agree with the *predicate*. +The equative will **always agree with the last NP** in the phrase. So for #1 it will agree with the _subject_ and for #2 it will agree with the _predicate_. ## 1. NP + Complement -EP complement to describe the subject NP. @@ -61,15 +69,77 @@ Let's look at some examples using each of these kinds of complements. Click on t An adjective is a word that describes what the subject is like. Notice that if possible, it will inflect to agree with the subject. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7595,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7595, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812792,"i":5823,"p":"خوشاله","f":"khoshaala","g":"khoshaala","e":"happy, glad","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812792, + i: 5823, + p: "خوشاله", + f: "khoshaala", + g: "khoshaala", + e: "happy, glad", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} #### With a location adverb @@ -77,15 +147,77 @@ An adjective is a word that describes what the subject is like. Notice that if p A location adverb is a word that describes the location of the subject. Don't worry, it doesn't inflect. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":10,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"loc. adv.","entry":{"ts":1527812558,"i":6251,"p":"دلته","f":"dălta","g":"dalta","e":"here","c":"loc. adv."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 10, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "loc. adv.", + entry: { + ts: 1527812558, + i: 6251, + p: "دلته", + f: "dălta", + g: "dalta", + e: "here", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"loc. adv.","entry":{"ts":1527812449,"i":13954,"p":"هلته","f":"hálta, álta","g":"halta,alta","e":"there","c":"loc. adv."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "loc. adv.", + entry: { + ts: 1527812449, + i: 13954, + p: "هلته", + f: "hálta, álta", + g: "halta,alta", + e: "there", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} #### With a sandwich @@ -93,75 +225,356 @@ A location adverb is a word that describes the location of the subject. Don't wo You can also use any kind of sandwich to describe the subject of an EP. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":3,"distance":"far"}}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "له", f: "la" }, + after: { p: "سره", f: "sara" }, + e: "with", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 3, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"په","f":"pu"},"after":{"p":"کې","f":"ke"},"e":"in","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812828,"i":10540,"p":"کور","f":"kor","g":"kor","e":"house, home","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, + after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, + e: "in", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812828, + i: 10540, + p: "کور", + f: "kor", + g: "kor", + e: "house, home", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} #### With a complement noun -In Pashto there are a lot of [compound verbs](https://www.lingdocs.com/blog/pashto-compound-verbs) that use *nouns* as the complement. For example, to become angry uses the complement . This complement noun can also be used with an equative, for instance. +In Pashto there are a lot of [compound verbs](https://www.lingdocs.com/blog/pashto-compound-verbs) that use _nouns_ as the complement. For example, to become angry uses the complement . This complement noun can also be used with an equative, for instance. - {psmd([ - { p: "هغه **غوسه** دی", f: "hagha **ghwUsa** dey", e: "He is **angry**" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { p: "هغه **غوسه** دی", f: "hagha **ghwUsa** day", e: "He is **angry**" }, + ])} In English it would [sound funny](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/U7X7cEh5au8) to say "I am anger," but in Pashto it's normal. These complement nouns get treated almost as if they were adjectives. Except... -You will notice how when people use these complement nouns with equatives they *don't inflect* based on the subject. For instance you could ask if someone is resting using the word from the compound verb . +You will notice how when people use these complement nouns with equatives they _don't inflect_ based on the subject. For instance you could ask if someone is resting using the word from the compound verb . - {psmd([ - { p: "ته استرحات یې؟", f: "tu istirahaat ye?", e: "Are you (m.) **resting**?" }, - { p: "ته استرحات یې؟", f: "tu istirahaat ye?", e: "Are you (f.) **resting**?" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ته استرحات یې؟", + f: "tu istirahaat ye?", + e: "Are you (m.) **resting**?", + }, + { + p: "ته استرحات یې؟", + f: "tu istirahaat ye?", + e: "Are you (f.) **resting**?", + }, + ])} You don't inflect the because it's a noun, not an adjective. -It's not always that straightforward though. Some complement nouns get used so much they get treated (by some people) as adjectives and *will* inflect. A good example of this is the in . Some people will inflect it, and some people won't. +It's not always that straightforward though. Some complement nouns get used so much they get treated (by some people) as adjectives and _will_ inflect. A good example of this is the in . Some people will inflect it, and some people won't. - {psmd([ - { p: "زه **خبر** یم", f: "zu **khabúr** yum", e: "I (f.) am aware", sub: "not inflected" }, - { p: "زه **خبره** یم", f: "zu **khabúra** yum", e: "I (f.) am aware", sub: "inflected" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **خبر** یم", + f: "zu **khabúr** yum", + e: "I (f.) am aware", + sub: "not inflected", + }, + { + p: "زه **خبره** یم", + f: "zu **khabúra** yum", + e: "I (f.) am aware", + sub: "inflected", + }, + ])} ## 2. NP + NP -NP is an NP. The equative always agrees with the last NP. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10010,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"NP","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527819521,"i":5824,"p":"خوشالي","f":"khoshaalee","g":"khoshaalee","e":"happiness (خوشحالي)","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 10010, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "NP", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527819521, + i: 5824, + p: "خوشالي", + f: "khoshaalee", + g: "khoshaalee", + e: "happiness (خوشحالي)", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527819521,"i":5824,"p":"خوشالي","f":"khoshaalee","g":"khoshaalee","e":"happiness (خوشحالي)","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"NP","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10010,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527819521, + i: 5824, + p: "خوشالي", + f: "khoshaalee", + g: "khoshaalee", + e: "happiness (خوشحالي)", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "NP", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 10010, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812903,"i":13128,"p":"مینه","f":"meena","g":"meena","e":"love","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"NP","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815268,"i":8554,"p":"شی","f":"shey","g":"shey","e":"thing","c":"n. m.","ppp":"شیان، شیونه","ppf":"sheyáan, sheyóona"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":8655,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","c":"adj."}}]}},"Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7595,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812903, + i: 13128, + p: "مینه", + f: "meena", + g: "meena", + e: "love", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "NP", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815268, + i: 8554, + p: "شی", + f: "shay", + g: "shay", + e: "thing", + c: "n. m.", + ppp: "شیان، شیونه", + ppf: "shayáan, shayóona", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812796, + i: 8655, + p: "ښه", + f: "xu", + g: "xu", + e: "good", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + ], + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7595, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} ## Adding APs @@ -169,9 +582,94 @@ Sometimes you need to say that an NP is You can add as many APs as you like to a phrase. For example if we wanted to say that the weather is good here we can add the AP . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.925654634890972,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"adverb","entry":{"ts":1527812558,"i":6251,"p":"دلته","f":"dălta","g":"dalta","e":"here","c":"loc. adv."}}}},{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812672,"i":14045,"p":"هوا","f":"hawaa","g":"hawaa","e":"air, atmosphere; weather","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10010,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":8655,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.925654634890972, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527812558, + i: 6251, + p: "دلته", + f: "dălta", + g: "dalta", + e: "here", + c: "loc. adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812672, + i: 14045, + p: "هوا", + f: "hawaa", + g: "hawaa", + e: "air, atmosphere; weather", + c: "n. f.", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 10010, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812796, + i: 8655, + p: "ښه", + f: "xu", + g: "xu", + e: "good", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: false, + }} Try adding clicking the and adding other APs to this or other examples above. @@ -181,13 +679,115 @@ Try adding clicking the and adding other - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.0539623363055568,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":10010,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}},"Complement":{"type":"EQComp","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527815306,"i":7595,"p":"ستړی","f":"stúRey","g":"stuRey","e":"tired","c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":true} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.0539623363055568, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 1, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + predicate: { + type: "Complement", + NP: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 10010, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + Complement: { + type: "EQComp", + selection: { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815306, + i: 7595, + p: "ستړی", + f: "stúRay", + g: "stuRay", + e: "tired", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + equative: { tense: "present", negative: false }, + omitSubject: true, + }} diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/my-data.ts b/src/content/phrase-structure/my-data.ts deleted file mode 100644 index 1830158..0000000 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/my-data.ts +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -export const data = { - name: "bill", - age: 34, -}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/np.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/np.mdx index af72e59..21e98c7 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/np.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/np.mdx @@ -3,16 +3,15 @@ title: NPs --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import EditableBlock, { - EditIcon, + EditIcon, } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableBlock"; -import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; A noun phrase (NP) in Pashto is one of the following three things: @@ -25,186 +24,330 @@ A noun phrase (NP) in Pashto is one of the following three things: A **noun** is a word that we use to identify people, places, things, or ideas. One of these words by itself it forms a NP, one of the basic building blocks. - { - { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812817,"i":9999,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - possesor: undefined, - }, - } - } - + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 9999, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + possesor: undefined, + }, + }} + #### Adding adjectives -We can also **extend our noun by adding *adjectives***. Let's add the *adjective* to our NP. +We can also **extend our noun by adding _adjectives_**. Let's add the _adjective_ to our NP. - { + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 9999, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812817,"i":9999,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [{ - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527815451,"i":7245,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}, - }], - possesor: undefined, - } - } - } + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7245, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: undefined, + }, + }} Now we have two words, but it's still **one NP**, one building block. We can add as many adjectives as we want, and it still stays as one single building block. Click on the icon below to try adding or removing more adjectives. - { + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 9999, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812817,"i":9999,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [ - { - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527812625,"i":9119,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","c":"adj."}, - }, - { - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527815451,"i":7245,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}, - }, - { - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1578329248464,"i":7542,"p":"سپین","f":"speen","g":"speen","e":"white (fig. clear, honest, beautiful)","c":"adj."}, - }, - ], - possesor: undefined, - } - } - } + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527812625, + i: 9119, + p: "غټ", + f: "ghuT, ghaT", + g: "ghuT,ghaT", + e: "big, fat", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7245, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + { + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1578329248464, + i: 7542, + p: "سپین", + f: "speen", + g: "speen", + e: "white (fig. clear, honest, beautiful)", + c: "adj.", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: undefined, + }, + }} It's important to note that the adjective will inflect according to the noun it's attached to. #### Adding a possesor -We can also add a **possesor** by adding another NP sandwiched in with a . (Notice that the word sandwiched in there will inflect if possible.) Now we have a NP inside of an NP, but it's still all **one NP** or **one building block**. +We can also add a **possesor** by adding another NP sandwiched in with a . (Notice that the word sandwiched in there will inflect if possible.) Now we have a NP inside of an NP, but it's still all **one NP** or **one building block**. - { + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 9999, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812817,"i":9999,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [ - { - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527815451,"i":7245,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}, - }, - ], - possesor: { - shrunken: false, - np: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812881,"i":11694,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: true, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - } - }, - }, + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7245, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + shrunken: false, + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11694, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", }, - } - } + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }} -If our possesor is a noun, we can add a possesor to *it*. Try clicking the icon below and adding possesors to the possesors, you can go forever! 🤯 +If our possesor is a noun, we can add a possesor to _it_. Try clicking the icon below and adding possesors to the possesors, you can go forever! 🤯 - { + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812817, + i: 9999, + p: "کتاب", + f: "kitáab", + g: "kitaab", + e: "book", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [ { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812817,"i":9999,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [ - { - type: "adjective", - entry: {"ts":1527815451,"i":7245,"p":"زوړ","f":"zoR","g":"zoR","e":"old","c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"زاړه","infaf":"zaaRu","infbp":"زړ","infbf":"zaR"}, - }, - ], - possesor: { - shrunken: false, - np: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812881,"i":11694,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: true, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - possesor: { - shrunken: false, - np: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527815177,"i":2530,"p":"پلار","f":"plaar","g":"plaar","e":"father","c":"n. m."}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: false, - number: "singular", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - }, - }, - }, - }, - }, - }, + type: "adjective", + entry: { + ts: 1527815451, + i: 7245, + p: "زوړ", + f: "zoR", + g: "zoR", + e: "old", + c: "adj. irreg.", + infap: "زاړه", + infaf: "zaaRu", + infbp: "زړ", + infbf: "zaR", + }, + }, + ], + possesor: { + shrunken: false, + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11694, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", }, - } - } + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + possesor: { + shrunken: false, + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815177, + i: 2530, + p: "پلار", + f: "plaar", + g: "plaar", + e: "father", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + }} -A possesor can have another possesor which can have another posseser and so-on and on *forever*. The nerdy word for this phenomenon where things reference/repeat themselves is [recursion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion). 🤓 +A possesor can have another possesor which can have another posseser and so-on and on _forever_. The nerdy word for this phenomenon where things reference/repeat themselves is [recursion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion). 🤓
- Click here for another example of what recursion looks like (if you don't have epilepsy) -
- -
-

The starbucks cup has a picture of a starbucks cup, which has a picture of a starbucks cup which has a...

+ + Click here for another example of what recursion looks like + (if you don't have epilepsy) + +
+ +
+

+ The starbucks cup has a picture of a starbucks cup, which has a picture of a + starbucks cup which has a... +

A noun is one of three starting points for making an NP. When you start with a noun you can add adjectives and a possesor to it. (The possesor is another NP, which you can keep building on in the same way.) @@ -216,96 +359,99 @@ A pronoun is a word like "I", "you", "us", "them" that signifies a person or thi You can't add any adjectives or possesors to pronouns in Pashto. They just stand on their own as an NP. - { - { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "pronoun", - person: 0, - distance: "far", - } - } - } + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "pronoun", + person: 0, + distance: "far", + }, + }} - { - { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "pronoun", - person: 11, - distance: "far", - }, - } - } + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "pronoun", + person: 11, + distance: "far", + }, + }} ### Participle -In Pashto you can use the infinitive form of a verb as a participle, meaning you can use it *as noun* in a sentence. For example, we can take the verb and use it as a particple meaning either: +In Pashto you can use the infinitive form of a verb as a participle, meaning you can use it _as noun_ in a sentence. For example, we can take the verb and use it as a particple meaning either: - "to write" or - "writing" - { - { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "participle", - verb: { - entry: {"ts":1527812856,"i":11617,"p":"لیکل","f":"leekul","g":"leekul","e":"to write","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ec":"write,writes,writing,wrote,written"}, - }, - } - } - } + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "participle", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812856, + i: 11617, + p: "لیکل", + f: "leekul", + g: "leekul", + e: "to write", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + ec: "write,writes,writing,wrote,written", + }, + }, + }, + }} Then we can use this NP just like we would any other noun in a sentence. - {psmd([ - { - p: "زه **لیکل** غواړم.", - f: "zu **leekúl** ghwaaRum.", - e: "I want **to write**", - sub: "'to write' - used as an object", - }, - { - p: "**لیکل** سخت دي.", - f: "**leekúl** sakht dee.", - e: "**Writing** is dificult", - sub: "'writing' - used as a subject", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه **لیکل** غواړم.", + f: "zu **leekúl** ghwaaRum.", + e: "I want **to write**", + sub: "'to write' - used as an object", + }, + { + p: "**لیکل** سخت دي.", + f: "**leekúl** sakht dee.", + e: "**Writing** is dificult", + sub: "'writing' - used as a subject", + }, + ])} -The important thing to know about these kinds of NPs (participles) is that they are *always* considered **masculine plural**. +The important thing to know about these kinds of NPs (participles) is that they are _always_ considered **masculine plural**. Notice how in the example above we said - {psmd([ - { - p: "**لیکل** سخت دي.", - f: "**leekúl** sakht dee.", - e: "**Writing** is dificult", - sub: "'writing' - is *masculine plural*", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**لیکل** سخت دي.", + f: "**leekúl** sakht dee.", + e: "**Writing** is dificult", + sub: "'writing' - is *masculine plural*", + }, + ])} -We could *not* say +We could _not_ say - {psmd([ - { - p: "**لیکل** سخت دی. ❌", - f: "**leekúl** sakht dey. ❌", - e: "**Writing** is dificult", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**لیکل** سخت دی. ❌", + f: "**leekúl** sakht day. ❌", + e: "**Writing** is dificult", + }, + ])} We can also **add subjects or objects** to the participle by sandwiching them in with a possesive . @@ -313,51 +459,79 @@ We can also **add subjects or objects** to the participle by - { - { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "participle", - verb: { - entry: {"ts":1527815399,"i":14463,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}, - }, - } - } - } + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "participle", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + i: 14463, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "wahul", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + ec: "hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit", + }, + }, + }, + }} And we can add the word by sandwiching it in like we did with the possesor, we get - { - { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "participle", - verb: { - entry: {"ts":1527815399,"i":14463,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}, - }, - possesor: { - shrunken: false, - np: { - type: "NP", - selection: { - type: "noun", - entry: {"ts":1527812881,"i":11694,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"}, - gender: "masc", - genderCanChange: true, - number: "plural", - numberCanChange: true, - adjectives: [], - }, - }, - }, + {{ + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "participle", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + i: 14463, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "wahul", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + ec: "hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit", + }, + }, + possesor: { + shrunken: false, + np: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11694, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", }, - } - } + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }} -The noun we just attached can be a subject *or* an object of the participle. You just have to know from context. So this NP can mean either: +The noun we just attached can be a subject _or_ an object of the participle. You just have to know from context. So this NP can mean either: - hitting children, or (the kids are the object being hit) - children's hitting (the kids are the subject doing the hitting) @@ -365,11 +539,13 @@ The noun we just attached can be a subject *or* an object of the participle. You And we can use this NP block as noun in a sentence. - {psmd([{ - p: "**د ماشومانو وهل** ښه نه دي.", - f: "**du maashoomaano wahul** xu nu dee.", - e: "**Hitting children** is bad.", - }])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "**د ماشومانو وهل** ښه نه دي.", + f: "**du maashoomaano wahul** xu nu dee.", + e: "**Hitting children** is bad.", + }, + ])} ## Overview @@ -377,16 +553,12 @@ And we can use this NP block as noun in a sentence. An **NP** is one of the following: - a noun - - w/ optional adjectives - - and a possesor, which is an **NP** ↺ + - w/ optional adjectives + - and a possesor, which is an **NP** ↺ - a pronoun, or - a participle - - which can have a subject/object, which is an **NP** ↺ + - which can have a subject/object, which is an **NP** ↺ Notice how NPs can contain other NPs, and therefore go on foreeeever. So you could have like 50 words packed together and it would all be **one single NP**, **one building block** in a sentence. -{/* ## NP Playground - -Now try making your own NPs from scratch! 👩‍🍳 See if you can make really big ones like "hitting my good old friend's brother's father's big dog." - - */} +{/* TODO put NP PLAYGROUND IN HERE */} diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/shortening-vps.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/shortening-vps.mdx index 59151f3..14d4bd3 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/shortening-vps.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/shortening-vps.mdx @@ -3,27 +3,24 @@ title: Shortening VPs --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, - makeNounSelection, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import EquativeIllustration from "../../components/EquativeIllustration"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; -import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; -import InlineInflectionButton from "../../components/InlineInflectionButton"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import VPStructureSummary from "./vp-structure.svg"; import { KidsSection } from "../../components/terms-links"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; export function KingIcon() { - return ; + return ; } export function ServantIcon() { - return ; + return ; } @@ -31,15 +28,25 @@ export function ServantIcon() { Pashto has a very special way of shortening VPs. In a language like English if we want to say "I saw her," we can only say, "I saw her." But in Pashto there are many ways to shorten and to say this. - {[ - { p: "ما هغه ولیده", f: "maa haghá óoleeda", e: "I saw her", sub: "full form" }, - { p: "ما ولیده", f: "maa óoleeda", e: "I saw her", sub: "short form #1" }, - { p: "هغه مې ولیده", f: "haghá me óoleeda", e: "I saw her", sub: "short form #2" }, - { p: "ومې لیده", f: "óo-me leeda", e: "I saw her", sub: "short form #3" }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "ما هغه ولیده", + f: "maa haghá óoleeda", + e: "I saw her", + sub: "full form", + }, + { p: "ما ولیده", f: "maa óoleeda", e: "I saw her", sub: "short form #1" }, + { + p: "هغه مې ولیده", + f: "haghá me óoleeda", + e: "I saw her", + sub: "short form #2", + }, + { p: "ومې لیده", f: "óo-me leeda", e: "I saw her", sub: "short form #3" }, + ]} -So what is going on here? 🧐 This is another behaviour of Pashto that can seem very illogical or confusing to the learner. Thankfully though, there's a very clear rule about how these phrases are shortened up. +So what is going on here? 🧐 This is another behaviour of Pashto that can seem very illogical or confusing to the learner. Thankfully though, there's a very clear rule about how these phrases are shortened up. In Pashto [pronouns can be dropped](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-drop_language) when the verb agrees with them. When the verb doesn't agree with them, they can be shrunken into mini-pronouns. @@ -53,19 +60,23 @@ In the previous chapter on VP structure w The king and servant swap roles between the subject and object, depending on what kind of verb we're using. - with intransitive verbs 🛴 - - the **subject** is the king - - (there is no servant) + - the **subject** is the king + - (there is no servant) - with non-past transitive verbs 🚲 - - the **subject** is the king - - the **object** is the servant + - the **subject** is the king + - the **object** is the servant - with past-tense transitive verbs 🚲🤪 - - the **subject** is the servant - - the **object** is the king + - the **subject** is the servant + - the **object** is the king Or if you want to see it in our little review chart...
- {"VP + {"VP
## The Rule @@ -73,7 +84,10 @@ Or if you want to see it in our little review chart... So, now that we've reviewed the roles of **king** and **servant** all we need to know is one simple rule.
-
To shorten a VP, you can Kill the King and Shrink the Servant
+
+ To shorten a VP, you can Kill the King and{" "} + Shrink the Servant +
This is a litle memory aid to help us remember the two things that we can do to any VP phrase. @@ -88,9 +102,61 @@ This is a litle memory aid to help us remember the two things that we can do to Now we can look at some examples to see how this works. Let's take a very simple sentence: - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} This is a present-tense transitive phrase. See if you can figure out what the king and servant are in this sentence, then click on the to see what they are. @@ -98,25 +164,181 @@ This is a present-tense transi Got it? So now we know we can **kill the king**. Since the king controls the verb, we can just leave it out. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":true,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: true, shrinkServant: false }, + }} The other thing we can do is we can **shrink the servant** 🪄 and turn it into a mini-pronoun. The servant here is so it will get shrunk into the 2nd pers. sing. mini-pronoun, . Because it's a little mini-pronoun 👶 it has to go in the . (After the first block) - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":true}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: true }, + }} -Now if we want to make our sentence *really* short we can **kill the king** *and* **shrink the servant**. +Now if we want to make our sentence _really_ short we can **kill the king** _and_ **shrink the servant**. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":true,"shrinkServant":true}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: true, shrinkServant: true }, + }} It's very important to remember to play by the rules. You can **kill the king** and **shrink the servant** but you cannot kill the servant or shrink the king! 🙅‍♂ (That's another mistake that Pashto learners make a lot!) @@ -128,33 +350,241 @@ Let's try another example with a . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Let's go ahead and **kill the king**, which in this case is the *subject*. +Let's go ahead and **kill the king**, which in this case is the _subject_. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":true,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: true, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Looks quite different, but we're still following the same rule. Now let's **shrink the servant**. 🪄 This time the servant is the *object* so it will get shrunk into the 1nd pers. sing. mini-pronoun, and go in the . +Looks quite different, but we're still following the same rule. Now let's **shrink the servant**. 🪄 This time the servant is the _object_ so it will get shrunk into the 1nd pers. sing. mini-pronoun, and go in the . - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":true}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: true }, + }} -And of course we can do both **kill the king** and **shrink the servant**. +And of course we can do both **kill the king** and **shrink the servant**. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.13415526513680676,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2455033196459333,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":true,"shrinkServant":true}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.13415526513680676, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2455033196459333, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: true, shrinkServant: true }, + }} Notice how our shortened sentences look completely different from the present-tense version above, but they follow the exact same two rules for shortening with the king and servant. This all feels like mental gymnastics to the learner, but Pashtuns will very casually use all these different forms of shortening depending on what they want to emphasize or the flow of conversation. @@ -164,43 +594,361 @@ Notice how our shortened sentences look completely different from the present-te Let's look at another example with an intransitive verb. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2392487764665734,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6268130996406576,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3655,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2392487764665734, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6268130996406576, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815348, + i: 3655, + p: "تلل", + f: "tlul", + g: "tlul", + e: "to go", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + psp: "ځ", + psf: "dz", + ssp: "لاړ ش", + ssf: "láaR sh", + prp: "لاړ", + prf: "láaR", + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -The **king** of this sentence is the *subject* . So we can **kill the king** and leave that out. +The **king** of this sentence is the _subject_ . So we can **kill the king** and leave that out. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2392487764665734,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6268130996406576,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3655,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":true,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2392487764665734, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6268130996406576, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815348, + i: 3655, + p: "تلل", + f: "tlul", + g: "tlul", + e: "to go", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + psp: "ځ", + psf: "dz", + ssp: "لاړ ش", + ssf: "láaR sh", + prp: "لاړ", + prf: "láaR", + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: true, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Notice that we cannot **shrink the servant** because there is no servant in a VP with an intransitive verb. The learner is often tempted to shrink the king into a mini-pronoun, but that is *not allowed!* 🙅‍♂️ +Notice that we cannot **shrink the servant** because there is no servant in a VP with an intransitive verb. The learner is often tempted to shrink the king into a mini-pronoun, but that is _not allowed!_ 🙅‍♂️ ### Other examples Try shortening these other examples. Notice how the (after the first block), and the changes depending on what's in the phrase. If we start the phrase with an AP the mini pronoun will fall right after that first AP. Try shrinking this sentence all the way (click on "both") and see what happens. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5372523258610236,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"په","f":"pu"},"after":{"p":"کې","f":"ke"},"e":"in","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815151,"i":2140,"p":"پارک","f":"paark","g":"paark","e":"park","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}},{"key":0.44012482066169145,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8184810526278858,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5372523258610236, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, + after: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, + e: "in", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815151, + i: 2140, + p: "پارک", + f: "paark", + g: "paark", + e: "park", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.44012482066169145, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8184810526278858, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Or if a phrase is using a perfective verb, then the front part of the verb can split off into a seperate block. This puts the kids' section in an interesting place... see what happens when you hit "both" for this phrase. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.44012482066169145,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8184810526278858,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.44012482066169145, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8184810526278858, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Go ahead, click on the and try making your own phrases and shrinking them. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9914022242777141,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"adverb","entry":{"ts":1527815160,"i":2394,"p":"پرون","f":"paroon","g":"paroon","e":"yesterday","c":"adv."}}}},{"key":0.35863341169816,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.028227454947787223,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":14480,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9914022242777141, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "adverb", + entry: { + ts: 1527815160, + i: 2394, + p: "پرون", + f: "paroon", + g: "paroon", + e: "yesterday", + c: "adv.", + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.35863341169816, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "fem", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.028227454947787223, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + i: 14480, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "wahul", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + ec: "hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} diff --git a/src/content/phrase-structure/vp.mdx b/src/content/phrase-structure/vp.mdx index ef2852b..c914e04 100644 --- a/src/content/phrase-structure/vp.mdx +++ b/src/content/phrase-structure/vp.mdx @@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ title: VPs (King and Servant) --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - Examples, - makeNounSelection, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + Examples, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import EquativeIllustration from "../../components/EquativeIllustration"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; import InlineInflectionButton from "../../components/InlineInflectionButton"; import unoReverseMeme from "../verbs/uno-reverse-meme.jpg"; @@ -21,15 +21,18 @@ import grammTransMeme from "./gramm-trans-yes-no.jpg"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; export function KingIcon() { - return ; + return ; } export function ServantIcon() { - return ; + return ; }
- Note: This is a bit of a longer section. Go through it in small parts if you need to, but it's super important to understand if you want to keep your sanity in learning Pashto (This will help you understand past tense etc.) + Note: This is a bit of a longer section. Go through it in + small parts if you need to, but it's super important to understand if + you want to keep your sanity in learning Pashto (This will help you understand + past tense etc.)
@@ -39,9 +42,13 @@ In the last section we learned how to bu For example, if I say: - {psmd([ - { p: "زه وریژي **خورم**", f: "zu wrijze **khorum**", e: "I am eating rice" } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه وریژي **خورم**", + f: "zu wrijze **khorum**", + e: "I am eating rice", + }, + ])} This is a **VP** built with the verb . @@ -71,34 +78,179 @@ Intransitive verbs are **verbs that don't have an object**. For example, the ver These phrases have the simplest structure. Since we don't have an object we just have a **subject** (an NP) and an intransitive **verb**. - -
-
Subject
-
, bottom: "NP" }, + +
+ +
+
Subject
+ + ), + bottom: "NP", + }, "Verb", -]} /> + ]} +/> We'll call the subject is the **king** of the phrase because it controls the verb. The verb endings will always line up with the king. Check out the following examples. Click on the to see the structure of the phrase in blocks. Click on the to change the subject and see how the verb changes with it. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.6249110810530165,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.1526649374428386,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3655,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.6249110810530165, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.1526649374428386, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815348, + i: 3655, + p: "تلل", + f: "tlul", + g: "tlul", + e: "to go", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + psp: "ځ", + psf: "dz", + ssp: "لاړ ش", + ssf: "láaR sh", + prp: "لاړ", + prf: "láaR", + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.09496144009475649,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9212151213586337,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527813994,"i":11586,"p":"لوېدل","f":"lwedul","g":"lwedul","e":"to fall, to tumble, go down, settle","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"fall,falls,falling,fell,fallen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.09496144009475649, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 5, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9212151213586337, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527813994, + i: 11586, + p: "لوېدل", + f: "lwedul", + g: "lwedul", + e: "to fall, to tumble, go down, settle", + c: "v. intrans.", + ec: "fall,falls,falling,fell,fallen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.16198632970883398,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.48028409958746776,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527814025,"i":5482,"p":"ختل","f":"khatul","g":"khatul","e":"to climb, ascend, rise, go up; to fall out, to fall off, to leave/dissapear; to turn out to be ...; to give a sentence (in law)","c":"v. intrans.","psp":"خېژ","psf":"khejz","tppp":"خوت","tppf":"khot","ec":"climb"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.16198632970883398, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 6, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.48028409958746776, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527814025, + i: 5482, + p: "ختل", + f: "khatul", + g: "khatul", + e: "to climb, ascend, rise, go up; to fall out, to fall off, to leave/dissapear; to turn out to be ...; to give a sentence (in law)", + c: "v. intrans.", + psp: "خېژ", + psf: "khejz", + tppp: "خوت", + tppf: "khot", + ec: "climb", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Notice how **the subject never inflects**. Whether it's past or present tense, the structure stays the same with these intransitive verbs. The subject doesn't inflect and the subject is **king** . @@ -106,8 +258,8 @@ Notice how **the subject never inflects**. Whether it's past or present tense, t **To review**: with intransitive verbs (in all tenses): - the **subject** - - is the king - - is not inflected + - is the king + - is not inflected ### 2. With non-past transitive verbs 🚲 @@ -117,50 +269,320 @@ Transitive verbs are **verbs that take an object**. For example, with the verbs: - - -These involve a subject that eats an object *(something)*, sees on object *(someone)*, or hits an object *(something)*. For example, in the phrase , we have a **subject** (I), that hits an **object** (the ball). +These involve a subject that eats an object _(something)_, sees on object _(someone)_, or hits an object _(something)_. For example, in the phrase , we have a **subject** (I), that hits an **object** (the ball). The structure of **VPs with transitive verbs that are not in the past tense** looks like this: - -
-
Subject
- , bottom: "NP" }, - { top:
-
-
Object
-
, bottom: "NP" }, + +
+ +
+
Subject
+ + ), + bottom: "NP", + }, + { + top: ( +
+
+ +
+
Object
+
+ ), + bottom: "NP", + }, "Verb", -]} /> + ]} +/> We have a **subject NP** that we'll call the **king** of the phrase. It controls the verb, and it does not get inflected. -We also have an **object NP** that we'll call the **servant** of the phrase. When we learn about shortening VPs we'll learn more about what the **servant** role means, but for now we can just know that *the king controls the verb endings, not the servant*. +We also have an **object NP** that we'll call the **servant** of the phrase. When we learn about shortening VPs we'll learn more about what the **servant** role means, but for now we can just know that _the king controls the verb endings, not the servant_. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5938378036848799,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.15215428186176383,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812525,"i":4741,"p":"چای","f":"chaay","g":"chaay","e":"tea","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817750,"i":7843,"p":"سکل","f":"skul","g":"skul","e":"to drink","c":"v. trans.","ec":"drink,drinks,drinking,drank,drank"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5938378036848799, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.15215428186176383, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812525, + i: 4741, + p: "چای", + f: "chaay", + g: "chaay", + e: "tea", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527817750, + i: 7843, + p: "سکل", + f: "skul", + g: "skul", + e: "to drink", + c: "v. trans.", + ec: "drink,drinks,drinking,drank,drank", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.4930268563050435,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.43336925620044653,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":7804,"p":"سړی","f":"saRéy","g":"saRey","e":"man","c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":14480,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.4930268563050435, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.43336925620044653, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527815251, + i: 7804, + p: "سړی", + f: "saRáy", + g: "saRay", + e: "man", + c: "n. m.", + ec: "man", + ep: "men", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + i: 14480, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "wahul", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + ec: "hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -Go ahead and play around with these examples by pressing the and buttons. Notice how the subject and object do not inflect, and the verb always agrees with the subject . But here's where things will get a *little* weird... **If you use a 1st or 2nd person pronoun as an object, it *will* inflect.** +Go ahead and play around with these examples by pressing the and buttons. Notice how the subject and object do not inflect, and the verb always agrees with the subject . But here's where things will get a _little_ weird... **If you use a 1st or 2nd person pronoun as an object, it _will_ inflect.** - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.20670111338657748,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.05531784420548824,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.20670111338657748, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.05531784420548824, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.20670111338657748,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.05531784420548824,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.20670111338657748, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.05531784420548824, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Any other kind of object will not inflect. It's just the 1st and 2nd person pronouns that get inflected. If this seems insane, there are actually a lot of languages that behave differently with 1st and 2nd person pronouns - after all they are a little more "personal" and so they behave different. @@ -168,99 +590,381 @@ Any other kind of object will not inflect. It's just the 1st and 2nd person pron **To review**: with transitive verbs in non-past: - the **subject** - - is the king - - is not the inflected + - is the king + - is not the inflected - the **object** - - is servant - - is not inflected, BUT 1st and 2nd person pronouns will inflect + - is servant + - is not inflected, BUT 1st and 2nd person pronouns will inflect ### 3. With past-tense transitive verbs 🚲🤪 -This is where things start to get *really* weird. With past tense transitive verbs, the whole phrase structure seems to flip around. With these kinds of verbs the **object is the king** of the sentence and the verb agrees with it! 🤯 +This is where things start to get _really_ weird. With past tense transitive verbs, the whole phrase structure seems to flip around. With these kinds of verbs the **object is the king** of the sentence and the verb agrees with it! 🤯 - -
-
Subject
- , - inside: , - bottom: "NP", + +
+ +
+
Subject
+ + ), + inside: , + bottom: "NP", + }, + { + top: ( +
+
+ +
+
Object
+
+ ), + bottom: "NP", }, - { top:
-
-
Object
-
, bottom: "NP" }, "Verb", -]} /> + ]} +/> Look at this sentence for example: - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.4930268563050435,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.43336925620044653,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":14480,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.4930268563050435, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.43336925620044653, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815399, + i: 14480, + p: "وهل", + f: "wahul", + g: "wahul", + e: "to hit", + c: "v. trans.", + tppp: "واهه", + tppf: "waahu", + ec: "hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -The subject (the child) is the servant and the object (me) is the king ! For learners who aren't used to this new structure this can sound like "I hit the child", but no, this sentence means that The child hit me . +The subject (the child) is the servant and the object (me) is the king ! For learners who aren't used to this new structure this can sound like "I hit the child", but no, this sentence means that The child hit me . This kind of craziness where the verb lines up with the object is called [ergativity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment) and in Pashto it only happens in the past-tense which makes it a [split ergative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_ergativity) language. Yay. Because Pashto. The other thing that happens in that **the subject always inflects** and the **the object does NOT inflect**. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2277679800763388,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.9330508471129377,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2277679800763388, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9330508471129377, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2277679800763388,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9330508471129377,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2277679800763388, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9330508471129377, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2277679800763388,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9330508471129377,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2277679800763388, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9330508471129377, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} Go ahead and play with the examples above. See if you can follow what's happening with the structure. - - The subject gets inflected - - The object does not inflect - - The verb agrees with the object -When you're first learning to understand and say sentences like this it can feel really awkward - almost like learning to ride a [reverse bicycle](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFzDaBzBlL0&ab_channel=SmarterEveryDay). 🚲🤪 You'll probably make a **lot of mistakes** while speaking at first, but if you understand the weird new structure, with (lots of) time you'll get used to it and it will become automatic. +- The subject gets inflected +- The object does not inflect +- The verb agrees with the object + +When you're first learning to understand and say sentences like this it can feel really awkward - almost like learning to ride a [reverse bicycle](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFzDaBzBlL0&ab_channel=SmarterEveryDay). 🚲🤪 You'll probably make a **lot of mistakes** while speaking at first, but if you understand the weird new structure, with (lots of) time you'll get used to it and it will become automatic.
- uno reverse meme with pashto transitive past tense + uno reverse meme with pashto transitive past tense
**To review**: with transitive verbs in past tense: - the **subject** - - is the servant - - is inflected + - is the servant + - is inflected - the **object** - - is the king - - is not inflected + - is the king + - is not inflected ### Summary Remember the analogy about learning to ride the [reverse bicycle](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFzDaBzBlL0&ab_channel=SmarterEveryDay) above? 🚲 Well with Pashto it's actually like learning to constantly jump between a reverse bicycle, a regular bicycle, and a scooter, because you have to keep changing the sentence structure based on what kind of verb you're using. - - Intransitive (Scooter 🛴) - - Non-past Transitive (Bicycle 🚲) - - Past-tense Transitive (Reverse Bicycle 🚲🤪) +- Intransitive (Scooter 🛴) +- Non-past Transitive (Bicycle 🚲) +- Past-tense Transitive (Reverse Bicycle 🚲🤪) Here's a little chart to summarize the three structures:
- {"VP + {"VP
-**Switching between two opposite bicylces and a scooter is difficult** for people learning to speak Pashto. It's very easy get these three structures mixed up. For instance, when people say a past tense sentence with an intransitive verb, they are often tempted to inflect the subject (because it's past tense) and will say something like . But this is wrong! It should be Make sure you understand the differences between these three different setups (intransitive, non-past transitive, past-tense transitive) and with practice you'll get used to using the right one at the right time. +**Switching between two opposite bicylces and a scooter is difficult** for people learning to speak Pashto. It's very easy get these three structures mixed up. For instance, when people say a past tense sentence with an intransitive verb, they are often tempted to inflect the subject (because it's past tense) and will say something like . But this is wrong! It should be Make sure you understand the differences between these three different setups (intransitive, non-past transitive, past-tense transitive) and with practice you'll get used to using the right one at the right time. ## Other Notes @@ -269,15 +973,155 @@ Here's a little chart to summarize the three structures: Usually people will say the subject before the object, but very often for emphasis or variety people will say object first, then subject. The word order isn't fixed like it is in English. Both of these sentences are correct. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2277679800763388,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.9330508471129377,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2277679800763388, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9330508471129377, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9330508471129377,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2277679800763388,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11608,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9330508471129377, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2277679800763388, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11608, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ### Grammatically Transitive Verbs @@ -287,29 +1131,87 @@ With some verbs transitive like - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.26083971448537757,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6566544874522231,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","after":{"p":"ته","f":"ta"},"e":"to","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}},{"key":0.9879794193752598,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":10}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812751,"i":10020,"p":"کتل","f":"katul","g":"katul","e":"to look, see, watch, examine; to meet with","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"ګور","psf":"gor","tppp":"کوت","tppf":"kot","ec":"look"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"grammatically transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.26083971448537757, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6566544874522231, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + after: { p: "ته", f: "ta" }, + e: "to", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.9879794193752598, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: 10 }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812751, + i: 10020, + p: "کتل", + f: "katul", + g: "katul", + e: "to look, see, watch, examine; to meet with", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "ګور", + psf: "gor", + tppp: "کوت", + tppf: "kot", + ec: "look", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "grammatically transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -This is **a transitive verb, but there's no spoken object in this phrase**. There's just a subject (I) and a verb (looked) and then a AP explaining the direction that I looked. (Some people might talk about there being an *indirect object* but we will never use that term when talking about Pashto, because it's super confusing. In Pashto there can only be one object in a phrase, and it's just a direct object.) +This is **a transitive verb, but there's no spoken object in this phrase**. There's just a subject (I) and a verb (looked) and then a AP explaining the direction that I looked. (Some people might talk about there being an _indirect object_ but we will never use that term when talking about Pashto, because it's super confusing. In Pashto there can only be one object in a phrase, and it's just a direct object.) -Whenever this happens **the object is considered to be 3rd person masculine plural**. That's why the verb is conjugated as . This is a past tense transitive sentence and the verb is agreeing with the unspoken, ambiguous 3rd pers. masc. plural object/king of the sentence. +Whenever this happens **the object is considered to be 3rd person masculine plural**. That's why the verb is conjugated as . This is a past tense transitive sentence and the verb is agreeing with the unspoken, ambiguous 3rd pers. masc. plural object/king of the sentence. This is most probably often seen in phrases like - { - { p: "ما ووایل چې...", f: "maa óowayul che...", e: "I said, (bla bla bla)" } - } + {{ p: "ما ووایل چې...", f: "maa óowayul che...", e: "I said, (bla bla bla)" }} Here we're using the transitive verb but we don't have a specific object, so again, we pretend there's a 3rd pers. masc. plur. object that we're not mentioning. - -Then, things get a little weirder because there are a number of verbs that don't *seem* verb transitive but they actually are used as transitive verbs in Pashto. We'll call these **grammatically transitive** verbs. Some really common ones are: +Then, things get a little weirder because there are a number of verbs that don't _seem_ verb transitive but they actually are used as transitive verbs in Pashto. We'll call these **grammatically transitive** verbs. Some really common ones are: - - @@ -318,19 +1220,169 @@ Then, things get a little weirder because there are a number of verbs that don't In Pashto, these verbs are transitive, and they use that same **unspoken 3rd person masculine plural object**. So we would say: - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.35312598076336044,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.5518799172071212,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":10}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812717,"i":7351,"p":"ژړل","f":"jzaRul","g":"jzaRul","e":"to cry","c":"v. gramm. trans.","psp":"ژاړ","psf":"jzaaR","ec":"cry"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"grammatically transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.35312598076336044, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.5518799172071212, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: 10 }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812717, + i: 7351, + p: "ژړل", + f: "jzaRul", + g: "jzaRul", + e: "to cry", + c: "v. gramm. trans.", + psp: "ژاړ", + psf: "jzaaR", + ec: "cry", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "grammatically transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.35312598076336044,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.5518799172071212,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":10}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812717,"i":7351,"p":"ژړل","f":"jzaRul","g":"jzaRul","e":"to cry","c":"v. gramm. trans.","psp":"ژاړ","psf":"jzaaR","ec":"cry"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"grammatically transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.35312598076336044, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.5518799172071212, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: 10 }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812717, + i: 7351, + p: "ژړل", + f: "jzaRul", + g: "jzaRul", + e: "to cry", + c: "v. gramm. trans.", + psp: "ژاړ", + psf: "jzaaR", + ec: "cry", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "grammatically transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.8502946722618807,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11707,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}},{"key":0.900190674491598,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":10}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812767,"i":5692,"p":"خندل","f":"khandul","g":"khandul","e":"to laugh","c":"v. gramm. trans.","psp":"خاند","psf":"khaand","ec":"laugh"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"grammatically transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.8502946722618807, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812881, + i: 11707, + p: "ماشوم", + f: "maashoom", + g: "maashoom", + e: "child, kid", + c: "n. m. anim. unisex", + ec: "child", + ep: "children", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: true, + number: "plural", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.900190674491598, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: 10 }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812767, + i: 5692, + p: "خندل", + f: "khandul", + g: "khandul", + e: "to laugh", + c: "v. gramm. trans.", + psp: "خاند", + psf: "khaand", + ec: "laugh", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "basic", + transitivity: "grammatically transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} diff --git a/src/content/practice-tools/pronoun-picker.mdx b/src/content/practice-tools/pronoun-picker.mdx index 31233fa..162d3bf 100644 --- a/src/content/practice-tools/pronoun-picker.mdx +++ b/src/content/practice-tools/pronoun-picker.mdx @@ -4,107 +4,133 @@ title: Pronoun Picker import PronounPicker from "../../components/PronounPicker"; import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - InlinePs, - ButtonSelect, - randomPerson, - randomSubjObj, - isInvalidSubjObjCombo, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + InlinePs, + ButtonSelect, + randomPerson, + randomSubjObj, + isInvalidSubjObjCombo, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import { useState } from "react"; export function RPicker() { - // TODO: Pull this into a type safe file - const startSubjObj = randomSubjObj(); - const [subject, setSubject] = useState({ type: "pronoun", pronounType: "far", person: startSubjObj.subj }); - const [object, setObject] = useState({ type: "pronoun", pronounType: "far", person: startSubjObj.obj }); - const [mode, setMode] = useState("single"); - function handleSetSubject(incoming) { - if (mode !== "single" && isInvalidSubjObjCombo(incoming.person, object.person)) { - alert("That combination of pronouns is not allowed"); - return; - // let newP = 0; - // do { - // newP = randomPerson(); - // } while (isInvalidSubjObjCombo(newP, object.person)); - // return setSubject({ ...incoming, person: newP }); - } - return setSubject(incoming); + // TODO: Pull this into a type safe file + const startSubjObj = randomSubjObj(); + const [subject, setSubject] = useState({ + type: "pronoun", + pronounType: "far", + person: startSubjObj.subj, + }); + const [object, setObject] = useState({ + type: "pronoun", + pronounType: "far", + person: startSubjObj.obj, + }); + const [mode, setMode] = useState("single"); + function handleSetSubject(incoming) { + if ( + mode !== "single" && + isInvalidSubjObjCombo(incoming.person, object.person) + ) { + alert("That combination of pronouns is not allowed"); + return; + // let newP = 0; + // do { + // newP = randomPerson(); + // } while (isInvalidSubjObjCombo(newP, object.person)); + // return setSubject({ ...incoming, person: newP }); } - function handleSetObject(incoming) { - if (isInvalidSubjObjCombo(subject.person, incoming.person)) { - alert("That combination of pronouns is not allowed"); - return; - // let newP = 0; - // do { - // newP = randomPerson(); - // } while (isInvalidSubjObjCombo(newP, subject.person)); - // return setObject({ ...incoming, person: newP }); - } - return setObject(incoming); + return setSubject(incoming); + } + function handleSetObject(incoming) { + if (isInvalidSubjObjCombo(subject.person, incoming.person)) { + alert("That combination of pronouns is not allowed"); + return; + // let newP = 0; + // do { + // newP = randomPerson(); + // } while (isInvalidSubjObjCombo(newP, subject.person)); + // return setObject({ ...incoming, person: newP }); } - function setRandomSubjObj() { - const { subj, obj } = randomSubjObj(); - setSubject(s => ({ - ...s, - person: subj, - })); - setObject(s => ({ - ...s, - person: obj, - })); + return setObject(incoming); + } + function setRandomSubjObj() { + const { subj, obj } = randomSubjObj(); + setSubject((s) => ({ + ...s, + person: subj, + })); + setObject((s) => ({ + ...s, + person: obj, + })); + } + function handleRandom() { + if (mode === "single") { + const person = randomPerson(subject.person); + setSubject((s) => ({ + ...s, + person, + })); + } else { + setRandomSubjObj(); } - function handleRandom() { - if (mode === "single") { - const person = randomPerson(subject.person); - setSubject(s => ({ - ...s, - person, - })); - } else { - setRandomSubjObj(); - } + } + function handleModeChange(m) { + if (m === "subjObj") { + setRandomSubjObj(); } - function handleModeChange(m) { - if (m === "subjObj") { - setRandomSubjObj(); - } - setMode(m); - } - return
-
- +
+ +
+
+
+ {mode === "subjObj" &&
Subject
} + +
+ {mode === "subjObj" && ( +
+
Object
+ -
-
-
- {mode === "subjObj" &&
Subject
} - -
- {mode === "subjObj" && -
-
Object
- -
- } -
- -
; +
+ )} +
+ + + ); } Use this pronoun picker to help you drill different sentences. Choose different pronouns to drill a friend, or press the button to get a random selection.
- +
diff --git a/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx b/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx index f0bd9e3..8a6295a 100644 --- a/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx +++ b/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx @@ -3,52 +3,52 @@ title: Pronouns --- import { - defaultTextOptions, - grammarUnits, - VerbTable, - ButtonSelect, + defaultTextOptions, + grammarUnits, + VerbTable, + ButtonSelect, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import { useState } from "react"; export function PronounInflectionChoice({ pronouns, far }) { - const [choice, setChoice] = useState("plain"); - const english = { - plain: [ - ["I", "we"], - ["I", "we"], - ["you", "you"], - ["you", "you"], - [far ? "he/she/it" : "he/it", "they"], - ["she/it", "they"], - ], - inflected: [ - ["me", "us"], - ["me", "us"], - ["you", "you"], - ["you", "you"], - ["him/it", "them"], - ["her/it", "them"], - ], - } - return ( -
-
- setChoice(p)} - /> -
- -
- ); + const [choice, setChoice] = useState("plain"); + const english = { + plain: [ + ["I", "we"], + ["I", "we"], + ["you", "you"], + ["you", "you"], + [far ? "he/she/it" : "he/it", "they"], + ["she/it", "they"], + ], + inflected: [ + ["me", "us"], + ["me", "us"], + ["you", "you"], + ["you", "you"], + ["him/it", "them"], + ["her/it", "them"], + ], + }; + return ( +
+
+ setChoice(p)} + /> +
+ +
+ ); } ## Far Pronouns diff --git a/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx b/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx index 2b92040..40acf31 100644 --- a/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx +++ b/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx @@ -2,14 +2,10 @@ title: Directional Pronouns --- - - import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - grammarUnits, - VerbTable, - Examples, - InlinePs, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; @@ -17,44 +13,36 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link"; Pashto has 3 **directional pronouns** that indicate the direction that a word is focussed towards. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
PersonDirectional Pronoun
1st - - {[ - { p: "را", f: "raa", e: "me, we" }, - ]} - -
2nd - - {[ - { p: "در", f: "dăr", e: "you, you (pl.)" }, - ]} - -
3rd - - {[ - { p: "ور", f: "wăr", e: "him, her, it, them" }, - ]} - -
PersonDirectional Pronoun
1st + {[{ p: "را", f: "raa", e: "me, we" }]} +
2nd + + {[{ p: "در", f: "dăr", e: "you, you (pl.)" }]} + +
3rd + + {[{ p: "ور", f: "wăr", e: "him, her, it, them" }]} + +
## With the Verb "to give" @@ -62,45 +50,78 @@ Pashto has 3 **directional pronouns** that indicate the direction that a word is There are different verbs used for "to give" depending on which direction the giving is happening. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Person ReceivingVerb
1st - -
2nd - -
3rd - -
Person ReceivingVerb
1st + +
2nd + +
3rd + +
The choice of depends on **who is on the receiving end of the giving**. - {psmd([ - { p: "ما ته کتاب **راکړه**", f: "maa ta kitáab **ráakRa**", e: "**Give** me the book." }, - { p: "مونږ ته پیسې **راکوي**", f: "moonG ta peysé **raakawee**", e: "He **gives** us money." }, - { p: "چای **درکړم**؟", f: "chaay **dărkRum**?", e: "Should I **give** you tea?" }, - { p: "تاسو ته پیسې **درکوي**.", f: "taaso ta peysé **dărkawee**.", e: "He **gives** you money." }, - { p: "دا کتاب ده ته **ورکړه**", f: "daa kitaab du ta **wărkRa**", e: "**Give** this book to him." }, - { p: "مونږ هغوي ته پیسې **ورکوو**", f: "moonG haghwee ta peyse **wărkawoo**.", e: "We **give** them money." }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ما ته کتاب **راکړه**", + f: "maa ta kitáab **ráakRa**", + e: "**Give** me the book.", + }, + { + p: "مونږ ته پیسې **راکوي**", + f: "moonG ta paysé **raakawee**", + e: "He **gives** us money.", + }, + { + p: "چای **درکړم**؟", + f: "chaay **dărkRum**?", + e: "Should I **give** you tea?", + }, + { + p: "تاسو ته پیسې **درکوي**.", + f: "taaso ta paysé **dărkawee**.", + e: "He **gives** you money.", + }, + { + p: "دا کتاب ده ته **ورکړه**", + f: "daa kitaab du ta **wărkRa**", + e: "**Give** this book to him.", + }, + { + p: "مونږ هغوي ته پیسې **ورکوو**", + f: "moonG haghwee ta payse **wărkawoo**.", + e: "We **give** them money.", + }, + ])} ## With "to go" @@ -108,128 +129,176 @@ The choice of - - - Direction - Verb - - - - - - - - - - - 1st - - - - - - 2nd - - - - - - 3rd - - - - - + + + Direction + Verb + + + + + + + + + + + 1st + + + + + + 2nd + + + + + + 3rd + + + + + - {psmd([ - { p: "هغه اوس **راځي**", f: "haghá oos **raadzée**", e: "He's **coming** now" }, - { p: "دلته **راشه**!", f: "dălta **ráasha**!", e: "**Come** here!" }, - { p: "هلته **ورشه**!", f: "hălta **wărsha**!", e: "**Go** there!" }, - { p: "زه **درځم**.", f: "zu **dărdzúm**", e: "I'm **coming** to you." }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه اوس **راځي**", + f: "haghá oos **raadzée**", + e: "He's **coming** now", + }, + { p: "دلته **راشه**!", f: "dălta **ráasha**!", e: "**Come** here!" }, + { p: "هلته **ورشه**!", f: "hălta **wărsha**!", e: "**Go** there!" }, + { p: "زه **درځم**.", f: "zu **dărdzúm**", e: "I'm **coming** to you." }, + ])} These directional verbs are really common when talking about someone knowing a language, because in Pashto we can say that a language "goes to" someone if they know it. - {psmd([ - { p: "پښتو **راځي**.", f: "puxto **raadzée**.", e: "I know Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to me.)" }, - { p: "پښتو **درځي**؟", f: "puxto **dărdzée**?", e: "Do you know Pashto? (lit. Does Pashto come to you?)" }, - { p: "پښتو **ورځي**.", f: "puxto **wărdzée**.", e: "She knows Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to her.)" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "پښتو **راځي**.", + f: "puxto **raadzée**.", + e: "I know Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to me.)", + }, + { + p: "پښتو **درځي**؟", + f: "puxto **dărdzée**?", + e: "Do you know Pashto? (lit. Does Pashto come to you?)", + }, + { + p: "پښتو **ورځي**.", + f: "puxto **wărdzée**.", + e: "She knows Pashto. (lit. Pashto comes to her.)", + }, + ])} ## With other verbs -These directional pronouns can also get added on to all kinds of other verbs to make the direction clearer. Note that when they do get added on, they go *before* the prefix in the perfective forms. +These directional pronouns can also get added on to all kinds of other verbs to make the direction clearer. Note that when they do get added on, they go _before_ the prefix in the perfective forms. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
VerbExample W/ Directional Pronoun
- - {[ - { p: "لېږل", f: "legúl", e: "to send" }, - ]} - - - {psmd([ - { p: "دا عکس **را**ولېږه", f: "daa aks **raa**-óoleGa", e: "Send me that picture" }, - { p: "سمه ده. اوس یې **در**لېږم.", f: "sama da. oos ye **dăr**-léGum", e: "Ok. I'm sending you it now"}, - ])} -
- - {[ - { p: "استول", f: "astawul", e: "to send" }, - ]} - - - - {psmd([ - { p: "پرون یې پیغام **را**واستاوه.", f: "paróon ye peygháam **raa**-wáastawu.", e: "She sent me a message yesterday." }, - { p: "زه به ورته یو پیغام **ور**واستوم.", f: "zu ba wăr-ta yo peyghaan **wăr**-wáastawum.", e: "I'll send her a message."}, - ])} - -
VerbExample W/ Directional Pronoun
+ + {[{ p: "لېږل", f: "legúl", e: "to send" }]} + + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "دا عکس **را**ولېږه", + f: "daa aks **raa**-óoleGa", + e: "Send me that picture", + }, + { + p: "سمه ده. اوس یې **در**لېږم.", + f: "sama da. oos ye **dăr**-léGum", + e: "Ok. I'm sending you it now", + }, + ])} + +
+ + {[{ p: "استول", f: "astawul", e: "to send" }]} + + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "پرون یې پیغام **را**واستاوه.", + f: "paróon ye paygháam **raa**-wáastawu.", + e: "She sent me a message yesterday.", + }, + { + p: "زه به ورته یو پیغام **ور**واستوم.", + f: "zu ba wăr-ta yo payghaan **wăr**-wáastawum.", + e: "I'll send her a message.", + }, + ])} + +
## In Some Sandwiches These directional pronouns can be used instead of regular pronouns in the following sandwiches: -- *"to"* etc. -- *"from"* , etc. -- *"with"* , etc. +- _"to"_ etc. +- _"from"_ , etc. +- _"with"_ , etc. When you put these directional pronouns in these sandwiches, the first part (, ) is always left out. - {psmd([ - { p: "ولې **را**ته ګورې؟", f: "wăle **raa**-ta góre?", e: "Why are you looking at **me/us**?" }, - { p: "**را**ته ووایه!", f: "**raa**-ta óowaaya!", e: "Tell **me/us**!" }, - { p: "**در**سره چای شته؟", f: "**dăr**-sara chaay shta?", e: "Is there tea with **you**? Do you have tea?" }, - { p: "اوبه **ور**څخه راځي.", f: "oobu **wăr**-tsukha raadzée.", e: "Water comes from **it**." }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ولې **را**ته ګورې؟", + f: "wăle **raa**-ta góre?", + e: "Why are you looking at **me/us**?", + }, + { p: "**را**ته ووایه!", f: "**raa**-ta óowaaya!", e: "Tell **me/us**!" }, + { + p: "**در**سره چای شته؟", + f: "**dăr**-sara chaay shta?", + e: "Is there tea with **you**? Do you have tea?", + }, + { + p: "اوبه **ور**څخه راځي.", + f: "oobu **wăr**-tsukha raadzée.", + e: "Water comes from **it**.", + }, + ])} ## As Prefixes on Adjectives 👷‍♂️ Coming Soon ✍ - - - diff --git a/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx b/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx index 9e0a761..746bf15 100644 --- a/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx +++ b/src/content/pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx @@ -6,13 +6,10 @@ import { defaultTextOptions as opts, grammarUnits, VerbTable, - Examples, InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import bigAndLittleBrother from "../../images/big-and-little-brother.jpg"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import Chart from "../../components/Chart"; import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon, } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; @@ -270,7 +267,7 @@ Whatever the servant is, the whole block is shrunken and replaced by a mi e: "mother, mom", c: "n. f. anim.", ppp: "میندې, میېندې", - ppf: "méynde, myénde", + ppf: "máynde, myénde", }, gender: "fem", genderCanChange: false, @@ -520,12 +517,12 @@ You can also take possesives and shrink them into mini-pronouns. The possesive c ts: 1527815268, i: 8554, p: "شی", - f: "shey", - g: "shey", + f: "shay", + g: "shay", e: "thing", c: "n. m.", ppp: "شیان، شیونه", - ppf: "sheyáan, sheyóona", + ppf: "shayáan, shayóona", }, gender: "masc", genderCanChange: false, @@ -619,12 +616,12 @@ So that can be shrunk down to the mini-pronoun we also noted that you ts: 1527815268, i: 8554, p: "شی", - f: "shey", - g: "shey", + f: "shay", + g: "shay", e: "thing", c: "n. m.", ppp: "شیان، شیونه", - ppf: "sheyáan, sheyóona", + ppf: "shayáan, shayóona", }, gender: "masc", genderCanChange: false, @@ -1272,12 +1269,12 @@ Here it's just a coincedence that the sits in the kids sectio ts: 1527815268, i: 8554, p: "شی", - f: "shey", - g: "shey", + f: "shay", + g: "shay", e: "thing", c: "n. m.", ppp: "شیان، شیونه", - ppf: "sheyáan, sheyóona", + ppf: "shayáan, shayóona", }, gender: "masc", genderCanChange: false, @@ -2260,12 +2257,12 @@ Remember our example about about their brother sitting in your house yesterday? ts: 1527815268, i: 8554, p: "شی", - f: "shey", - g: "shey", + f: "shay", + g: "shay", e: "thing", c: "n. m.", ppp: "شیان، شیونه", - ppf: "sheyáan, sheyóona", + ppf: "shayáan, shayóona", }, gender: "masc", genderCanChange: false, diff --git a/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.mdx b/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.mdx index 6968dc7..7c18459 100644 --- a/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.mdx +++ b/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.mdx @@ -2,18 +2,14 @@ title: Sandwiches 🥪 --- -import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import { - Examples, - defaultTextOptions as opts, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import { Examples, defaultTextOptions as opts } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import sandwiches from "./sandwiches"; ## What are Sandwiches? In Pashto there are **little particles that get attached to the front, back, or both sides of a word.** -We will call these *sandwiches*, but in fancy grammer terms these are called [adpositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition). +We will call these _sandwiches_, but in fancy grammer terms these are called [adpositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition). In English we have just one kind of these sandwiches, the [preposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition), which is something that is stuck in front of a noun/pronoun. For example: I am going to school. I'm making supper for you. @@ -28,64 +24,116 @@ This last kind is probably the newest and most surprising to language learners. ## Sandwiches and Examples export function SandwichTable() { - return ( - - - - - - - - - {sandwiches.map((s) => { - const pre = s.pre || { p: "", f: "" }; - const post = s.post || { p: "", f: "" }; - return - - - - })} - -
SandwichExamples
- {{ - p: `${pre.p} ... ${post.p}`, - f: `${pre.f} ... ${post.f}`, - e: s.e, - }} - - - {s.examples} - -
- ); + return ( + + + + + + + + + {sandwiches.map((s) => { + const pre = s.pre || { p: "", f: "" }; + const post = s.post || { p: "", f: "" }; + return ( + + + + + ); + })} + +
SandwichExamples
+ + {{ + p: `${pre.p} ... ${post.p}`, + f: `${pre.f} ... ${post.f}`, + e: s.e, + }} + + + {s.examples} +
+ ); } -More in progress... 👷‍♂️ +More in progress... +{/* prettier-ignore */} {/* - { - const rowsForOneSandwich = []; - const leftSide = {p:`${s.pre.p} ... ${s.post.p}`, f:`${s.pre.f} ... ${s.post.f}`, e: s.e}; - s.examples.forEach((ex, i) => { - // If first row or sandwich, show the sandwich and an example - // Otherwise just have an empty left hand side with an example on the right - rowsForOneSandwich.push([i === 0 ? leftSide : {}, { - p:<>{ex.p.before.p} {s.pre.p}{s.pre.p && ' '} {ex.p.mid.p} {s.post.p && ' '}{s.post.p} {ex.p.after.p}, - f:<>{ex.p.before.f} {s.pre.f}{s.pre.f && ' '}{ex.p.mid.f}{s.post.f && ' '}{s.post.f} {ex.p.after.f}, - e:<>{ex.e.before}{ex.e.pre}{ex.e.mid}{ex.e.post}{ex.e.after} - }]); - }) - return [...accumulator, ...rowsForOneSandwich]; - }, []) - ] -} /> +
{ + const rowsForOneSandwich = []; + const leftSide = { + p: `${s.pre.p} ... ${s.post.p}`, + f: `${s.pre.f} ... ${s.post.f}`, + e: s.e, + }; + s.examples.forEach((ex, i) => { + // If first row or sandwich, show the sandwich and an example + // Otherwise just have an empty left hand side with an example on the right + rowsForOneSandwich.push([ + i === 0 ? leftSide : {}, + { + p: ( + <> + {ex.p.before.p}{" "} + + + {s.pre.p} + {s.pre.p && " "} + {" "} + {ex.p.mid.p}{" "} + + {s.post.p && " "} + {s.post.p} + + {" "} + {ex.p.after.p} + + ), + f: ( + <> + {ex.p.before.f}{" "} + + + {s.pre.f} + {s.pre.f && " "} + + {ex.p.mid.f} + + {s.post.f && " "} + {s.post.f} + + {" "} + {ex.p.after.f} + + ), + e: ( + <> + {ex.e.before} + + {ex.e.pre} + {ex.e.mid} + {ex.e.post} + + {ex.e.after} + + ), + }, + ]); + }); + return [...accumulator, ...rowsForOneSandwich]; + }, []), + ]} +/>{" "} And many more! @@ -97,10 +145,10 @@ You will notice that some sandwiches also take inflected. However, words inside the following sandwiches are often not inflected for the first inflection: +Usually, words in sandwiches get inflected. However, words inside the following sandwiches are often not inflected for the first inflection: - - - - + - + - - --> -*/} \ No newline at end of file +\*/} diff --git a/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.tsx b/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.tsx index 7d2be61..0f360fd 100644 --- a/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.tsx +++ b/src/content/sandwiches/sandwiches.tsx @@ -1,152 +1,485 @@ -import { - Types as T, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import { Types as T } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; type SandwichInfo = { - pre?: T.PsString, - post?: T.PsString, - e: string, - examples: (T.PsJSX | T.PsString)[] -} + pre?: T.PsString; + post?: T.PsString; + e: string; + examples: (T.PsJSX | T.PsString)[]; +}; const sandwiches: SandwichInfo[] = [ - { - pre: {p: "په", f: "pu"}, - post: {p: "کې", f: "ke"}, - e: "in / at", - examples: [ - { - p: <>زه په کور کې یم, - f: <>zu pu kor ke yum, - e: <>I'm at home, - }, - { - p: <>هغه په پارک کې دی, - f: <>haghá pu paark ke dey, - e: <>He's in the park, - }, - { - p: <>مونږ په افغانستان کې اوسېږو, - f: <>moonG pu afghaanistaan ke oseGoo, - e: <>We live in Afghanistan, - }, - ], - }, - { - post: { p: "ته", f: "ta" }, - e: "to / towards", - examples: [ - { - p: <>زه ښار ته ځم, - f: <>zu xaar ta dzum, - e: <>I'm going to the city, - }, - { - p: <>ما ته وګوره, - f: <>maa ta óogora, - e: <>Look at me, - }, - ], - }, - { - pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, - e: "of / 's", - examples: [ - { - p: <>د یوسف کور هلته دی, - f: <>du yoosuf kor halta dey, - e: <>Yousuf's house is there, - }, - { - p: <>مونږ د پېشور یو, - f: <>moonG du pexawar yoo, - e: <>We are of Peshawer (ie. We are from Peshawer), - }, - { - p: <>دا خوراک د خوړلو نه دی, - f: <>daa khoraak du khoRulo nu dey, - e: <>That food is not of eating (ie. It's unfit for eating), - }, - ], - }, - // TODO: ADD په سره - { - pre: { p: "له", f: "la" }, - post: { p: "سره", f: "sara" }, - e: "with", - examples: [ - { - p: <>هغه له احمد سره دی, - f: <>haghá la ahmad sara dey, - e: <>He is with Ahmed., - }, - { - p: <>ته له ما سره ځې؟, - f: <>tu la maa sara dze?, - e: <>Will you go with me?, - }, - ], - }, - { - pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, - post: { p: "دپاره", f: "dupaara" }, - e: "for", - examples: [ - { - p: <>دا د هغې دپاره دی, - f: <>daa du haghé dupaara dey, - e: <>This is for her, - }, - ], - }, - { - pre: { p: "پر", f: "pur" }, - post: { p: "باندې", f: "baande" }, - e: "on", - examples: [ - { - p: <>کتاب پر مېز باندې دی, - f: <>kitáab pur mez baande dey, - e: <>The book is on the table, - }, - ], - }, - { - pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, - post: { p: "په اړه", f: "pu aRa" }, - e: "about / concerning", - examples: [ - { - p: <>د تعلیم په اړه خبرې کوو, - f: <>du taleem pu aRa khabure kawoo, - e: <>We are talking about education, - }, - ], - }, - { - pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, - post: { p: "په بارې کې", f: "pu baare ke" }, - e: "about / concerning", - examples: [ - { - p: <>د تعلیم په بارې کې خبرې کوو, - f: <>du taleem pu baare ke khabure kawoo, - e: <>We are talking about education, - }, - ], - }, - { - pre: { p: "پر", f: "pur" }, - post: { p: "سربېره", f: "sărbera" }, - e: "in addition to, along with", - examples: [ - { - p: <>پر وچکالۍ سربېره دلته جنګ هم شته, - f: <>pur wuchkaaluy sărbera dălta jang hum shta, - e: <>In addition to drought, there is also war here, - }, - ], - }, + { + pre: { p: "په", f: "pu" }, + post: { p: "کې", f: "ke" }, + e: "in / at", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + زه{" "} + + په کور کې + {" "} + یم + + ), + f: ( + <> + zu{" "} + + pu kor ke + {" "} + yum + + ), + e: ( + <> + I'm{" "} + + at home + + + ), + }, + { + p: ( + <> + هغه{" "} + + په پارک کې + {" "} + دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + haghá{" "} + + pu paark ke + {" "} + day + + ), + e: ( + <> + He's{" "} + + in the park + + + ), + }, + { + p: ( + <> + مونږ{" "} + + په افغانستان کې + {" "} + اوسېږو + + ), + f: ( + <> + moonG{" "} + + pu afghaanistaan ke + {" "} + oseGoo + + ), + e: ( + <> + We live{" "} + + in Afghanistan + + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + post: { p: "ته", f: "ta" }, + e: "to / towards", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + زه{" "} + + ښار ته + {" "} + ځم + + ), + f: ( + <> + zu{" "} + + xaar ta + {" "} + dzum + + ), + e: ( + <> + I'm going{" "} + + to the city + + + ), + }, + { + p: ( + <> + + ما ته + {" "} + وګوره + + ), + f: ( + <> + + maa ta + {" "} + óogora + + ), + e: ( + <> + Look{" "} + + at me + + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, + e: "of / 's", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + + د یوسف + {" "} + کور هلته دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + + du yoosuf + {" "} + kor halta day + + ), + e: ( + <> + + Yousuf's + {" "} + house is there + + ), + }, + { + p: ( + <> + مونږ{" "} + + د پېشور + {" "} + یو + + ), + f: ( + <> + moonG{" "} + + du pexawar + {" "} + yoo + + ), + e: ( + <> + We are{" "} + + of Peshawer + {" "} + (ie. We are from Peshawer) + + ), + }, + { + p: ( + <> + دا خوراک{" "} + + د خوړلو + {" "} + نه دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + daa khoraak{" "} + + du khoRulo + {" "} + nu day + + ), + e: ( + <> + That food is not of eating (ie. It's unfit for eating) + + ), + }, + ], + }, + // TODO: ADD په سره + { + pre: { p: "له", f: "la" }, + post: { p: "سره", f: "sara" }, + e: "with", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + هغه{" "} + + له احمد سره + {" "} + دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + haghá{" "} + + la ahmad sara + {" "} + day + + ), + e: ( + <> + He is{" "} + + with Ahmed + + . + + ), + }, + { + p: ( + <> + ته{" "} + + له ما سره + {" "} + ځې؟ + + ), + f: ( + <> + tu{" "} + + la maa sara + {" "} + dze? + + ), + e: ( + <> + Will you go{" "} + + with me + + ? + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, + post: { p: "دپاره", f: "dupaara" }, + e: "for", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + دا{" "} + + د هغې دپاره + {" "} + دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + daa{" "} + + du haghé dupaara + {" "} + day + + ), + e: ( + <> + This is{" "} + + for her + + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + pre: { p: "پر", f: "pur" }, + post: { p: "باندې", f: "baande" }, + e: "on", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + کتاب{" "} + + پر مېز باندې + {" "} + دی + + ), + f: ( + <> + kitáab{" "} + + pur mez baande + {" "} + day + + ), + e: ( + <> + The book is{" "} + + on the table + + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, + post: { p: "په اړه", f: "pu aRa" }, + e: "about / concerning", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + + د تعلیم په اړه + {" "} + خبرې کوو + + ), + f: ( + <> + + du taleem pu aRa + {" "} + khabure kawoo + + ), + e: ( + <> + We are talking{" "} + + about education + + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + pre: { p: "د", f: "du" }, + post: { p: "په بارې کې", f: "pu baare ke" }, + e: "about / concerning", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + + د تعلیم په بارې کې + {" "} + خبرې کوو + + ), + f: ( + <> + + du taleem pu baare ke + {" "} + khabure kawoo + + ), + e: ( + <> + We are talking{" "} + + about education + + + ), + }, + ], + }, + { + pre: { p: "پر", f: "pur" }, + post: { p: "سربېره", f: "sărbera" }, + e: "in addition to, along with", + examples: [ + { + p: ( + <> + + پر وچکالۍ سربېره + {" "} + دلته جنګ هم شته + + ), + f: ( + <> + + pur wuchkaaluy sărbera + {" "} + dălta jang hum shta + + ), + e: ( + <> + + In addition to drought + + , there is also war here + + ), + }, + ], + }, ]; export default sandwiches; @@ -204,7 +537,7 @@ export default sandwiches; p: { before: {p:"دا وړاندېز", f:"daa wRaandez"}, mid: {p:"شرط", f:"shart"}, - after: {p:"کړی دی", f:"kuRey dey"}, + after: {p:"کړی دی", f:"kuRay day"}, }, e: { before: "He's made that offer ", @@ -245,7 +578,7 @@ export default sandwiches; { p: { before: {p:"", f:""}, - mid: {p:"درېو کالو", f:"dreyo kaalo"}, + mid: {p:"درېو کالو", f:"dre`yo kaalo"}, after: {p:"کار کوم", f:"kaar kawum"}, }, e: { @@ -267,7 +600,7 @@ export default sandwiches; p: { before: {p:"کتاب", f:"kitaab"}, mid: {p:"مېز", f:"mez"}, - after: {p:"دی", f:"dey"}, + after: {p:"دی", f:"day"}, }, e: { before: "The book is ", @@ -288,7 +621,7 @@ export default sandwiches; p: { before: {p:"کتاب", f:"kitaab"}, mid: {p:"مېز", f:"mez"}, - after: {p:"دی", f:"dey"}, + after: {p:"دی", f:"day"}, }, e: { before: "The book is ", @@ -427,4 +760,4 @@ export default sandwiches; }, ]; -export default sandwiches; */ \ No newline at end of file +export default sandwiches; */ diff --git a/src/content/verbs/ability.mdx b/src/content/verbs/ability.mdx index 17bb2b6..bf48c67 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/ability.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/ability.mdx @@ -3,24 +3,34 @@ title: Ability --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - RootsAndStems, - conjugateVerb, - getVerbInfo, - getAbilityRootsAndStems, - removeFVarients, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, + RootsAndStems, + conjugateVerb, + getVerbInfo, + getAbilityRootsAndStems, + removeFVarients, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import GoingStems from "./GoingStems"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, Camera, Video, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; +import { + KidsSection, + VP, + KingIcon, + ServantIcon, + Camera, + Video, + BlocksIcon, +} from "../../components/terms-links"; import Carousel from "../../components/Carousel"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import Image from "../../components/Image"; import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import BasicVerbShowCase from "../../components/BasicVerbShowCase"; import abilityCopy from "./verb-tree-ability-roots-copy.svg"; import halfKedul from "./verb-tree-half-kedul.svg"; @@ -29,17 +39,123 @@ import shwaayEverything from "./shwaay-everything.jpg"; We use "ability" verb forms to talk about the ability of a verb to happen. For example: - - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.7144630314236184,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.3237406469603912,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.7144630314236184, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.3237406469603912, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.22382799925273678,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8844517944804815,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815216,"i":6642,"p":"راتلل","f":"raatlúl","g":"raatlul","e":"to come","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"راځ","psf":"raadz","ssp":"راش","ssf":"ráash","prp":"راغلل","prf":"ráaghlul","pprtp":"راغلی","pprtf":"raaghúley","tppp":"راغی","tppf":"ráaghey","noOo":true,"separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"come,comes,coming,came,come"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.22382799925273678, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.8844517944804815, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527815216, + i: 6642, + p: "راتلل", + f: "raatlúl", + g: "raatlul", + e: "to come", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + psp: "راځ", + psf: "raadz", + ssp: "راش", + ssf: "ráash", + prp: "راغلل", + prf: "ráaghlul", + pprtp: "راغلی", + pprtf: "raaghúlay", + tppp: "راغی", + tppf: "ráaghay", + noOo: true, + separationAtP: 2, + separationAtF: 3, + ec: "come,comes,coming,came,come", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ## Making the ability roots and stems @@ -47,27 +163,31 @@ We use "ability" verb forms to talk about the ability of a verb to happen. For e To make these "ability" forms we will need to modify the 🌳 roots and stems of the verb. 1. Use the roots for the stems as well -2. Add a tail or -3. Add the *perfective* roots and stems of +2. Add a tail or +3. Add the _perfective_ roots and stems of
-
-
- -
-
+
-
-
ی - ey /
-
ای - aay
-
-
+
-
- -
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
ی - ay /
+
ای - aay
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
Have a look through these verbs and notice how the same formula is always used to make the "ability" roots and stems. @@ -81,37 +201,227 @@ We can uses these ability roots and stems just like we did with regular verb ten ### Present Ability - Imperfective Ability Stem + Present Ending + Imperfective Ability Stem +{" "} + Present Ending - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9964782089704867,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.31048352641551924,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9964782089704867, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.31048352641551924, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2966992402794464,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6487943718280598,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527813680,"i":9231,"p":"غږېدل","f":"ghuGedul, ghaGedul","g":"ghugedul,ghagedul","e":"to speak, talk, converse, sing","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2966992402794464, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6487943718280598, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527813680, + i: 9231, + p: "غږېدل", + f: "ghuGedul, ghaGedul", + g: "ghugedul,ghagedul", + e: "to speak, talk, converse, sing", + c: "v. intrans.", + ec: "speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ### Subjunctive Ability - Perfective Ability Stem + Present Ending + Perfective Ability Stem +{" "} + Present Ending - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9964782089704867,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.31048352641551924,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9964782089704867, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.31048352641551924, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2966992402794464,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6487943718280598,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527813680,"i":9231,"p":"غږېدل","f":"ghuGedul, ghaGedul","g":"ghugedul,ghagedul","e":"to speak, talk, converse, sing","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken"}},"verbTense":"subjunctiveVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2966992402794464, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6487943718280598, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527813680, + i: 9231, + p: "غږېدل", + f: "ghuGedul, ghaGedul", + g: "ghugedul,ghagedul", + e: "to speak, talk, converse, sing", + c: "v. intrans.", + ec: "speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken", + }, + }, + verbTense: "subjunctiveVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ### Future Ability @@ -119,37 +429,226 @@ We can uses these ability roots and stems just like we did with regular verb ten #### Imperfective Future Ability - به - ba + Present Ability + به - ba + Present Ability - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9964782089704867,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.31048352641551924,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9964782089704867, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.31048352641551924, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2966992402794464,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6487943718280598,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527813680,"i":9231,"p":"غږېدل","f":"ghuGedul, ghaGedul","g":"ghugedul,ghagedul","e":"to speak, talk, converse, sing","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken"}},"verbTense":"imperfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2966992402794464, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6487943718280598, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527813680, + i: 9231, + p: "غږېدل", + f: "ghuGedul, ghaGedul", + g: "ghugedul,ghagedul", + e: "to speak, talk, converse, sing", + c: "v. intrans.", + ec: "speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} #### Perfective Future Ability - به - ba + Subjunctive Ability + به - ba +{" "} + Subjunctive Ability - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9964782089704867,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.31048352641551924,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9964782089704867, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.31048352641551924, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.2966992402794464,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.6487943718280598,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527813680,"i":9231,"p":"غږېدل","f":"ghuGedul, ghaGedul","g":"ghugedul,ghagedul","e":"to speak, talk, converse, sing","c":"v. intrans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken"}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.2966992402794464, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.6487943718280598, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527813680, + i: 9231, + p: "غږېدل", + f: "ghuGedul, ghaGedul", + g: "ghugedul,ghagedul", + e: "to speak, talk, converse, sing", + c: "v. intrans.", + ec: "speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectiveFuture", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} ### Past Ability @@ -159,13 +658,96 @@ The past ability in Pashto is interesting because just like with the regular pas #### Simple Past Ability - Perfective Ability Root + Past Ending + Perfective Ability Root + Past Ending - - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5272874508102714,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2225650273784472,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"څخه","f":"tsuxa"},"e":"from","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812828,"i":10557,"p":"کور","f":"kor","g":"kor","e":"house, home","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}},{"key":0.15630811214184237,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527823376,"i":14220,"p":"وتل","f":"watul","g":"watul","e":"to go out, exit, leave, emerge","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"وځ","psf":"oodz","tppp":"واته","tppf":"waatu","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","ep":"out"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5272874508102714, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2225650273784472, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "له", f: "la" }, + after: { p: "څخه", f: "tsuxa" }, + e: "from", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812828, + i: 10557, + p: "کور", + f: "kor", + g: "kor", + e: "house, home", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.15630811214184237, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527823376, + i: 14220, + p: "وتل", + f: "watul", + g: "watul", + e: "to go out, exit, leave, emerge", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + psp: "وځ", + psf: "oodz", + tppp: "واته", + tppf: "waatu", + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + ep: "out", + }, + }, + verbTense: "perfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} This means that I was able to get out of the house **in one instance** or **at one point in time**. We're looking at the past ability from the perfective aspect, and saying that in one particular snapshot of time I was able to do something. @@ -173,138 +755,681 @@ This means that I was able to get out of the house **in one instance** or **at o #### Continuous Past Ability - Imperfective Ability Root + Past Ending + Imperfective Ability Root + Past Ending - - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.5272874508102714,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2225650273784472,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"څخه","f":"tsuxa"},"e":"from","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812828,"i":10557,"p":"کور","f":"kor","g":"kor","e":"house, home","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[]}}}}},{"key":0.15630811214184237,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527823376,"i":14220,"p":"وتل","f":"watul","g":"watul","e":"to go out, exit, leave, emerge","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"وځ","psf":"oodz","tppp":"واته","tppf":"waatu","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","ep":"out"}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.5272874508102714, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 0, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.2225650273784472, + block: { + type: "AP", + selection: { + type: "sandwich", + before: { p: "له", f: "la" }, + after: { p: "څخه", f: "tsuxa" }, + e: "from", + inside: { + type: "NP", + selection: { + type: "noun", + entry: { + ts: 1527812828, + i: 10557, + p: "کور", + f: "kor", + g: "kor", + e: "house, home", + c: "n. m.", + }, + gender: "masc", + genderCanChange: false, + number: "singular", + numberCanChange: true, + adjectives: [], + }, + }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.15630811214184237, + block: { type: "objectSelection", selection: "none" }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527823376, + i: 14220, + p: "وتل", + f: "watul", + g: "watul", + e: "to go out, exit, leave, emerge", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + psp: "وځ", + psf: "oodz", + tppp: "واته", + tppf: "waatu", + ec: "go,goes,going,went,gone", + ep: "out", + }, + }, + verbTense: "imperfectivePast", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "intransitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: false, + canChangeVoice: false, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -This is a *very different statement*, meaning that I had the ability to leave the house in an ongoing sense. It means that **I had the ability to leave the house whenever I wanted to**. We're looking at the ability from the imperfective
, + inside: "leedúlay", + bottom: ( +
+
Verb
+
 
+
+ ), }, { - inside: "shee", - bottom:
-
Ability
-
Auxilary Verb
-
, + inside: "shee", + bottom: ( +
+
Ability
+
Auxilary Verb
+
+ ), }, -]} /> + ]} +/> These two parts switch places when the negative is used. - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9964782089704867,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.31048352641551924,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9964782089704867, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.31048352641551924, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: false, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} - { - {"blocks":[{"key":0.9964782089704867,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.31048352641551924,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812275,"i":11624,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"modal","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}} - } + {{ + blocks: [ + { + key: 0.9964782089704867, + block: { + type: "subjectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 4, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + { + key: 0.31048352641551924, + block: { + type: "objectSelection", + selection: { + type: "NP", + selection: { type: "pronoun", person: 2, distance: "far" }, + }, + }, + }, + ], + verb: { + type: "verb", + verb: { + entry: { + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11624, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans./gramm. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", + }, + }, + verbTense: "presentVerb", + perfectTense: "presentPerfect", + imperativeTense: "imperfectiveImperative", + tenseCategory: "modal", + transitivity: "transitive", + isCompound: false, + voice: "active", + negative: true, + canChangeTransitivity: true, + canChangeVoice: true, + canChangeStatDyn: false, + }, + form: { removeKing: false, shrinkServant: false }, + }} -But you can still say the negative *without swapping the blocks* if you want to sound emphatic. +But you can still say the negative _without swapping the blocks_ if you want to sound emphatic. {[ { - p: "هغه تا لیدلی نه شي", - f: "haghá taa leedúley nu shee", - e: "He/it (m.) can't see you.", + p: "هغه تا لیدلی نه شي", + f: "haghá taa leedúlay nu shee", + e: "He/it (m.) can't see you.", }, ]} @@ -315,7 +1440,7 @@ You may notice that some ability statements can feel a bit tricky, especially wh ### Wildcard ending with the past tense -In colloquial/informal *spoken* Pashto, people often **use a wildcard** ending when making past tense ability statements with transitive verbs. Instead of bothering to make the verb agree with the king they will often just throw an an the end and be done with it. +In colloquial/informal _spoken_ Pashto, people often **use a wildcard** ending when making past tense ability statements with transitive verbs. Instead of bothering to make the verb agree with the king they will often just throw an an the end and be done with it.
@@ -326,61 +1451,60 @@ In colloquial/informal *spoken* Pashto, people often **use a wildcard** - - + + - - + +
- - {[ - { - p: "ما هغه لیدلی شوه", - f: "maa hagha leedúley shwa", - e: "I was able to see her", - }, - ]} - - - - {[ - { - p: "ما هغه لیدلی شوای", - f: "maa hagha leedúley shwaay", - e: "I was able to see her", - }, - ]} - - + + {[ + { + p: "ما هغه لیدلی شوه", + f: "maa hagha leedúlay shwa", + e: "I was able to see her", + }, + ]} + + + + {[ + { + p: "ما هغه لیدلی شوای", + f: "maa hagha leedúlay shwaay", + e: "I was able to see her", + }, + ]} + +
- - {[ - { - p: "ما ته لیدلی شوې", - f: "maa tu leedúley shwe", - e: "I was able to see you", - }, - ]} - - - - {[ - { - p: "ما ته لیدلی شوای", - f: "maa tu leedúley shwaay", - e: "I was able to see you", - }, - ]} - - + + {[ + { + p: "ما ته لیدلی شوې", + f: "maa tu leedúlay shwe", + e: "I was able to see you", + }, + ]} + + + + {[ + { + p: "ما ته لیدلی شوای", + f: "maa tu leedúlay shwaay", + e: "I was able to see you", + }, + ]} + +
-As a learner try to also be able to say the proper past tense endings, because people won't *always* use this shortcut. You don't exactly wanna be like... +As a learner try to also be able to say the proper past tense endings, because people won't _always_ use this shortcut. You don't exactly wanna be like... - ### Using کول - kawul "to do" + subjunctive Another extremely common thing to do is to make ability statements using the verb and then a subjunctive clause right after that. For example: @@ -388,16 +1512,16 @@ Another extremely common thing to do is to make ability statements using the ver {[ { - p: "زه کولی شم چې تا سره لاړ شم", - f: "zu kawuley shum che taa sara laaR shum", - e: "I can go with you", - sub: "Lit. I can do (present) - that - I go with you (subjunctive)", + p: "زه کولی شم چې تا سره لاړ شم", + f: "zu kawulay shum che taa sara laaR shum", + e: "I can go with you", + sub: "Lit. I can do (present) - that - I go with you (subjunctive)", }, { - p: "مونږ څنګه کولی شو چې پخه هندواڼه وپېژنو؟", - f: "moonG tsunga kawúley shoo che pakha hindwaaNa óopejzenoo?", - e: "How can we recognize a ripe watermelon?", - sub: "Lit. How can we do (present) - that - We recognize a ripe watermelon (subjunctive)", + p: "مونږ څنګه کولی شو چې پخه هندواڼه وپېژنو؟", + f: "moonG tsunga kawúlay shoo che pakha hindwaaNa óopejzenoo?", + e: "How can we recognize a ripe watermelon?", + sub: "Lit. How can we do (present) - that - We recognize a ripe watermelon (subjunctive)", }, ]} @@ -407,33 +1531,33 @@ Here is u {[ { - p: "ما کولی شو چې بېرته راوګرځم", - f: "maa kawuley shoo che berta raa-óo-gurdzum", - e: "I was able to turn back (whenever I wanted to - ongoing sense)", - sub: "Lit. I was able to do (continuous past) - that - I turn back (subjunctive)", + p: "ما کولی شو چې بېرته راوګرځم", + f: "maa kawulay shoo che berta raa-óo-gurdzum", + e: "I was able to turn back (whenever I wanted to - ongoing sense)", + sub: "Lit. I was able to do (continuous past) - that - I turn back (subjunctive)", }, { - p: "ما وکولی شو چې بېرته راوګرځم", - f: "maa óokawuley shoo che berta raa-óo-gurdzum", - e: "I was able to turn back (at one point in time - momentary sense)", - sub: "Lit. I was able to do (simple continuous past) - that - I turn back (subjunctive)", + p: "ما وکولی شو چې بېرته راوګرځم", + f: "maa óokawulay shoo che berta raa-óo-gurdzum", + e: "I was able to turn back (at one point in time - momentary sense)", + sub: "Lit. I was able to do (simple continuous past) - that - I turn back (subjunctive)", }, { - p: "د افغانستان لوبډلې وکولی شو چې د بلې لوبډلې ته ماته ورکړي", - f: "du afghaanistaan lobDúle óokawuley shoo che du bule lobDúle ta maata wárkRee", - e: "Afghanistan's team was able to defeat the other team", - sub: "Lit. Afghanistan's team was able to (simple past) - that - They beat the other team (subjunctive)", + p: "د افغانستان لوبډلې وکولی شو چې د بلې لوبډلې ته ماته ورکړي", + f: "du afghaanistaan lobDúle óokawulay shoo che du bule lobDúle ta maata wárkRee", + e: "Afghanistan's team was able to defeat the other team", + sub: "Lit. Afghanistan's team was able to (simple past) - that - They beat the other team (subjunctive)", }, { - p: "ما ونه شو کولی په وخت کې تا ته ځواب درکړم", - f: "maa oo-nú-shoo kawuley pu wakht ke taa ta dzawaab dár-kRum.", - e: "I wasn't able to answer you in time", - sub: "Lit. I was not able to do (simple past) - that I answer you in time (subjunctive)", + p: "ما ونه شو کولی په وخت کې تا ته ځواب درکړم", + f: "maa oo-nú-shoo kawulay pu wakht ke taa ta dzawaab dár-kRum.", + e: "I wasn't able to answer you in time", + sub: "Lit. I was not able to do (simple past) - that I answer you in time (subjunctive)", }, ]} -This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is probably heard more in Afghanistan. It is easier to say because you just have to now how to say in all the tenses and then no matter what tense you're using, you just use a subjunctive verb for the next clause. +This kind of sentence structure is likely _a direct influnce_ of Farsi, and is probably heard more in Afghanistan. It is easier to say because you just have to now how to say in all the tenses and then no matter what tense you're using, you just use a subjunctive verb for the next clause. @@ -446,20 +1570,16 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -469,15 +1589,17 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -489,14 +1611,22 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -508,14 +1638,22 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -527,14 +1665,22 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -546,14 +1692,22 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -565,14 +1719,22 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p @@ -584,14 +1746,22 @@ This kind of sentence structure is likely *a direct influnce* of Farsi, and is p diff --git a/src/content/verbs/all-perfect-verbs.mdx b/src/content/verbs/all-perfect-verbs.mdx index ceb92b7..cb10c73 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/all-perfect-verbs.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/all-perfect-verbs.mdx @@ -3,182 +3,196 @@ title: All Perfect Forms --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - Pashto, - Phonetics, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, + Pashto, + Phonetics, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, EP, Camera, Video, KingIcon } from "../../components/terms-links"; +import { + KidsSection, + VP, + EP, + Camera, + Video, + KingIcon, +} from "../../components/terms-links"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx, { + EditIcon, +} from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import BasicVerbShowCase from "../../components/BasicVerbShowCase"; import perfectDogMeme from "./perfect-dog-meme.jpg"; import chemistryPerfect from "./chemistry-perfect.jpg"; import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; -import { - perfectGameOne, - perfectGameMix, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { perfectGameOne, perfectGameMix } from "../../games/games"; -In the previous chapter we explained how [perfect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)) forms are made by combining the past participle of a verb with an equative. +In the previous chapter we explained how [perfect]() forms are made by combining the past participle of a verb with an equative.
- +
- Verb Past Participle +{` `} - Equative = Perfect + + Verb Past Participle + + {` + `} + Equative = Perfect The nice thing about perfects is that we can use any of the 8 equatives. This gives use a huge amount of expressive power to talk about whether something has happened, had happened, will have happened, might have happened, would have happened, what you wish would have happened etc. etc.
- +
-With the power of perfect forms, we can inject our with all the meanings of the 8 different equative tenses. +With the power of perfect forms, we can inject our with all the meanings of the 8 different equative tenses. ## Present Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - Present Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + Present Equative -The present perfect is used to talk about events that have happened in the past and therefore have an effect on *the current situation*, now. +The present perfect is used to talk about events that have happened in the past and therefore have an effect on _the current situation_, now. - {psmd([ - { - p: "ما ډوډۍ خوړلې ده", - f: "maa DoDúy khoRule da", - e: "I have eaten food", - sub: "I am full **now**", - }, - { - p: "زه کابل ته تللی یم", - f: "zu kaabul ta tlúley yum", - e: "I've gone to Kabul", - sub: "I've gone there so I'm over there **now** / I **currently** have the experience of having travelled there." - }, - { - p: "هغې ته نه یې لیدلې", - f: "haghé tu nú ye leedúle", - e: "She hasn't seen you (f.)", - sub: "She **currently** does not have the experience of seeing you", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ما ډوډۍ خوړلې ده", + f: "maa DoDúy khoRule da", + e: "I have eaten food", + sub: "I am full **now**", + }, + { + p: "زه کابل ته تللی یم", + f: "zu kaabul ta tlúlay yum", + e: "I've gone to Kabul", + sub: "I've gone there so I'm over there **now** / I **currently** have the experience of having travelled there.", + }, + { + p: "هغې ته نه یې لیدلې", + f: "haghé tu nú ye leedúle", + e: "She hasn't seen you (f.)", + sub: "She **currently** does not have the experience of seeing you", + }, + ])} ### Without the equative -Often the equative is left out with the present equative. +Often the equative is left out with the present equative. - {psmd([ - { - p: "تا ډوډۍ **خوړلې**؟", - f: "taa DoDuy **khoRúle**?", - e: "Have you eaten food?", - }, - { - p: "مونږ دغه پلاوي سره **کتلي**", - f: "moonG dagha plaawee sara **katúlee**", - e: "We've met with that delegation", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "تا ډوډۍ **خوړلې**؟", + f: "taa DoDuy **khoRúle**?", + e: "Have you eaten food?", + }, + { + p: "مونږ دغه پلاوي سره **کتلي**", + f: "moonG dagha plaawee sara **katúlee**", + e: "We've met with that delegation", + }, + ])} ## Habitual Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - Habitual Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + Habitual Equative -The habitual perfect is used to talk about events that are habitually/generally found to be completed, so they tend to have an affect on the situation over and over again, in a habitual fashion. +The habitual perfect is used to talk about events that are habitually/generally found to be completed, so they tend to have an affect on the situation over and over again, in a habitual fashion. - {psmd([ - { - p: "ماشومان په دې وخت کې مکتب ته تللي وي", - f: "maashoomáan pu de wakht ke maktab ta tlúlee wee", - e: "The kids tend to be gone to school at this time", - sub: "At this time **usually** the kids are gone to school", - }, - { - p: "په اختر کې ډېر خلک دلته راغلي وي", - f: "pu akhtar ke Der khalk dălta raaghúlee wee", - e: "On the holiday usually lots of people come/show up here", - sub: "People have a **habit** of arriving here on the holiday - you will **usually** see them here then", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ماشومان په دې وخت کې مکتب ته تللي وي", + f: "maashoomáan pu de wakht ke maktab ta tlúlee wee", + e: "The kids tend to be gone to school at this time", + sub: "At this time **usually** the kids are gone to school", + }, + { + p: "په اختر کې ډېر خلک دلته راغلي وي", + f: "pu akhtar ke Der khalk dălta raaghúlee wee", + e: "On the holiday usually lots of people come/show up here", + sub: "People have a **habit** of arriving here on the holiday - you will **usually** see them here then", + }, + ])} ## Subjunctive Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - Subjunctive Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + Subjunctive Equative -The subjunctive perfect is used to talk about things being done in a *subjunctive* way, i.e.: - - *wanting* something to be done - - saying that something *should/must* be done - - saying that something is *possibly* done - - saying *if* something is done - - saying a purpose, i.e. ...**so that** something will be done +The subjunctive perfect is used to talk about things being done in a _subjunctive_ way, i.e.: + +- _wanting_ something to be done +- saying that something _should/must_ be done +- saying that something is _possibly_ done +- saying _if_ something is done +- saying a purpose, i.e. ...**so that** something will be done - {psmd([ - { - p: "کېدای شي چې **راغلی وي**", - f: "kedaay shee che **raaghuley wee**", - e: "It's possible that he's arrived", - }, - { - p: "چې خفه شوی نه وې", - f: "che khufa shúwey nú we", - e: "I hope you haven't become sad", - sub: "I don't want you to have gotten upset", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "کېدای شي چې **راغلی وي**", + f: "kedaay shee che **raaghulay wee**", + e: "It's possible that he's arrived", + }, + { + p: "چې خفه شوی نه وې", + f: "che khufa shúway nú we", + e: "I hope you haven't become sad", + sub: "I don't want you to have gotten upset", + }, + ])} ## Future Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - Future Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + Future Equative The future equative is used to either to:
    -
  1. say that something will be done in the future
    2. -
  2. guess/presume that something is done now
    3. +
  3. + say that something will be done in the future +
    4. +
  4. + guess/presume that something is done now +
#### A. Say something will be done in the future - {psmd([ - { - p: "سبا به پېښور ته تللې وي", - f: "sabaa ba pexawar ta tlúle wee", - e: "Tomorrow she will have gone to Peshawer", - }, - { - p: "دوه کاله بعد به ما پښتو ښه زده کړې وي", - f: "dwa kaala bad ba maa puxto xa zda kúRe wee", - e: "After two years I will have learned Pashto well.", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "سبا به پېښور ته تللې وي", + f: "sabaa ba pexawar ta tlúle wee", + e: "Tomorrow she will have gone to Peshawer", + }, + { + p: "دوه کاله بعد به ما پښتو ښه زده کړې وي", + f: "dwa kaala bad ba maa puxto xa zda kúRe wee", + e: "After two years I will have learned Pashto well.", + }, + ])} Notice that even though you might be talking about future events, for the phrase structure this is still considered past tense, because **all perfects are considered past tense**. @@ -188,28 +202,28 @@ Notice that even though you might be talking about future events, for the - {psmd([ - { - p: "تا به دا کتاب لیدلی وي", - f: "taa ba daa kitaab leedúley wee", - e: "You've probably seen this book", - }, - { - p: "هغه به کابل ته تللی وي", - f: "haghá ba kaabul ta tlúley wee", - e: "He's probably gone to Kabul", - }, - { - p: "تا به ډوډۍ نه وي خوړلې", - f: "taa ba DoDuy nu wee khoRúle", - e: "I betcha you haven't eaten", - }, - { - p: "بازار کې خو به دې لیملی یم", - f: "baazaar ke kho ba de leedúley yum", - e: "Well surely you will have seen me in the bazar", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "تا به دا کتاب لیدلی وي", + f: "taa ba daa kitaab leedúlay wee", + e: "You've probably seen this book", + }, + { + p: "هغه به کابل ته تللی وي", + f: "haghá ba kaabul ta tlúlay wee", + e: "He's probably gone to Kabul", + }, + { + p: "تا به ډوډۍ نه وي خوړلې", + f: "taa ba DoDuy nu wee khoRúle", + e: "I betcha you haven't eaten", + }, + { + p: "بازار کې خو به دې لیملی یم", + f: "baazaar ke kho ba de leedúlay yum", + e: "Well surely you will have seen me in the bazar", + }, + ])} With this form of perfect people often add an emphatic in the . @@ -217,37 +231,37 @@ With this form of perfect people often add an emphatic - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - Past Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + Past Equative The past perfect is used to say that an event **had been done in the past**. For instance, if you are explaining some events in that past, you can use this to that some event **had been done** back at that point in time. - {psmd([ - { - p: "تا هغه مخکې **لیدلی و**؟", - f: "taa haghá mukhke **leedúley wo**?", - e: "Had you seen him before?", - }, - { - p: "دوي ما ته د ډوډۍ ست کاو، خوي ما ډوډۍ **خوړلې وه**", - f: "dwee maa ta du DoDúy sat kaawu, kho maa DoDúy **khoRule wa**", - e: "They were inviting me to eat, but I **had eaten**", - }, - { - p: "زه ستا کور ته راغلم، خو ته بازار ته **تللی وې**", - f: "zu staa kor ta ráaghlum, kho tu baazaar ta **tlúley we**.", - e: "I came to your house, but you **had gone** to the bazar.", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "تا هغه مخکې **لیدلی و**؟", + f: "taa haghá mukhke **leedúlay wo**?", + e: "Had you seen him before?", + }, + { + p: "دوي ما ته د ډوډۍ ست کاو، خوي ما ډوډۍ **خوړلې وه**", + f: "dwee maa ta du DoDúy sat kaawu, kho maa DoDúy **khoRule wa**", + e: "They were inviting me to eat, but I **had eaten**", + }, + { + p: "زه ستا کور ته راغلم، خو ته بازار ته **تللی وې**", + f: "zu staa kor ta ráaghlum, kho tu baazaar ta **tlúlay we**.", + e: "I came to your house, but you **had gone** to the bazar.", + }, + ])} ## "Would be" Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - "Would be" Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + "Would be" Equative Just like the "would be" equative, the "would be" perfect can be used to talk about: @@ -258,25 +272,25 @@ Just like the "would be - to say that an event should have happened - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغه به مخکې دلته راغلې وه.", - f: "haghá ba mukhke dălta raaghúle wa", - e: "She had probably come here before", - }, - { - p: "که زه خبر وای، نو **زه به راغلی وم**.", - f: "ku zu khabúr waay, no **zu ba raaghúley wum**.", - e: "If I had known, I (m.) would have come.", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه به مخکې دلته راغلې وه.", + f: "haghá ba mukhke dălta raaghúle wa", + e: "She had probably come here before", + }, + { + p: "که زه خبر وای، نو **زه به راغلی وم**.", + f: "ku zu khabúr waay, no **zu ba raaghúlay wum**.", + e: "If I had known, I (m.) would have come.", + }, + ])} ## Past Subjunctive Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - "Past Subjunctive" Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + "Past Subjunctive" Equative Just like the past subjunctive equative, the past subjunctive perfect is used to say: @@ -286,60 +300,60 @@ Just like the past subju - If an event should have been done/was necessary in the past - {psmd([ - { - p: "ته باید وختي راغلی وای", - f: "tu baayad wakhtee raaghúley waay", - e: "You (m.) should have come early", - }, - { - p: "ته باید وختي راغلې وای", - f: "tu baayad wakhtee raaghúle waay", - e: "You (f.) should have come early", - }, - { - p: "پرون ما کار کړی وای", - f: "paróon maa kaar kúRey waay", - e: "Yesterday I had to work", - }, - { - p: "که ما ډوډۍ نه وای خوړلې...", - f: "ku maa DoDúy nu waay khóRule...", - e: "If I hadn't eaten food...", - }, - { - p: "کاشکې ما دا پیسې نه وای اخستې", - f: "kaashke maa daa peyse nu waay akhíste", - e: "I wish I hadn't taken that money!", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ته باید وختي راغلی وای", + f: "tu baayad wakhtee raaghúlay waay", + e: "You (m.) should have come early", + }, + { + p: "ته باید وختي راغلې وای", + f: "tu baayad wakhtee raaghúle waay", + e: "You (f.) should have come early", + }, + { + p: "پرون ما کار کړی وای", + f: "paróon maa kaar kúRay waay", + e: "Yesterday I had to work", + }, + { + p: "که ما ډوډۍ نه وای خوړلې...", + f: "ku maa DoDúy nu waay khóRule...", + e: "If I hadn't eaten food...", + }, + { + p: "کاشکې ما دا پیسې نه وای اخستې", + f: "kaashke maa daa payse nu waay akhíste", + e: "I wish I hadn't taken that money!", + }, + ])} ## "Would have been" Perfect - Verb Past Participle +{` `} - "Would have been" Equative + Verb Past Participle +{` `} + "Would have been" Equative Just like the "would have been" equative, the "would have been" perfect is used to say: -- If some hypothetical condition were true, an event *would have been* done +- If some hypothetical condition were true, an event _would have been_ done - Some event should have been done, it would have been good if some event was done - {psmd([ - { - p: "که ما پیسې درلودای، نو **نوي کالي به مې اخستي وای**", - f: "ku maa peyse darlodaay, no **nuwee kaalee ba me akhiste waay**", - e: "If I had money, **I would have bought new clothes**", - }, - { - p: "نو ته به راغلې وای که نه!", - f: "no tu ba raaghúle waay ku nu!", - e: "Ah, you (f.) should have come!", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "که ما پیسې درلودای، نو **نوي کالي به مې اخستي وای**", + f: "ku maa payse darlodaay, no **nuwee kaalee ba me akhiste waay**", + e: "If I had money, **I would have bought new clothes**", + }, + { + p: "نو ته به راغلې وای که نه!", + f: "no tu ba raaghúle waay ku nu!", + e: "Ah, you (f.) should have come!", + }, + ])} diff --git a/src/content/verbs/basic-present-verbs.ts b/src/content/verbs/basic-present-verbs.ts index 6216c7b..e88f881 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/basic-present-verbs.ts +++ b/src/content/verbs/basic-present-verbs.ts @@ -1,28 +1,26 @@ -import { - Types as T, -} from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; +import { Types as T } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import { wordQuery } from "../../words/words"; export const basicVerbs: T.VerbEntry[] = wordQuery("verbs", [ - "leekul", - "wahul", - "skul", - "kawul", - "leedul", - "awredul", - "khoRul", + "leekul", + "wahul", + "skul", + "kawul", + "leedul", + "awredul", + "khoRul", ]); export const intransitivePastVerbs: T.VerbEntry[] = wordQuery("verbs", [ - "rasedul", - "gurdzedul", - "tuxtedul", - "ghuGedul", - "lwedul", - "raatlúl", - "zeGedul", - "kenaastul", - "alwatul", - "prewatul", - "خوځېدل", -]); \ No newline at end of file + "rasedul", + "gurdzedul", + "tuxtedul", + "ghuGedul", + "lwedul", + "raatlúl", + "zeGedul", + "kenaastul", + "alwatul", + "prewatul", + "خوځېدل", +]); diff --git a/src/content/verbs/future-verbs.mdx b/src/content/verbs/future-verbs.mdx index 2caa3ab..72df0a2 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/future-verbs.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/future-verbs.mdx @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ title: Future --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import { KidsSection } from "../../components/terms-links"; import cousins from "./cousins.png"; @@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import imperfectiveFuture from "./imperfective-future-graph.svg"; import perfectiveFuture from "./perfective-future-graph.svg"; import BasicVerbShowCase from "../../components/BasicVerbShowCase"; -import { - futureVerbGame1, - futureVerbGame2, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { futureVerbGame1, futureVerbGame2 } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; There are two kinds of future forms in Pashto: @@ -28,15 +25,15 @@ There are two kinds of future forms in Pashto: ## Imperfective Future -This is used to talk about something happening in the future, while thinking of the event as an ongoing or recurring event. It can also be used to stress the certainty of the event happening. +This is used to talk about something happening in the future, while thinking of the event as an ongoing or recurring event. It can also be used to stress the certainty of the event happening.
- +
- +{` `} - Present + +{` `} + Present @@ -45,15 +42,15 @@ Notice that the goes in the ## Perfective Future -This is used to talk about something happening in the future, while thinking of the event *as a whole* or as a one time event. It can also be used when there is a little less certainty that the event will happen. +This is used to talk about something happening in the future, while thinking of the event _as a whole_ or as a one time event. It can also be used when there is a little less certainty that the event will happen.
- +
- +{` `} - Subjunctive + +{` `} + Subjunctive diff --git a/src/content/verbs/imperative-verbs.mdx b/src/content/verbs/imperative-verbs.mdx index c19e1b9..571ab29 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/imperative-verbs.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/imperative-verbs.mdx @@ -3,24 +3,18 @@ title: Imperative --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - removeFVarients, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; -import Carousel from "../../components/Carousel"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import { verbs } from "../../words/words"; -import shuffleArray from "../../lib/shuffle-array"; import imperfectiveImperative from "./imperfective-imperative.svg"; import perfectiveImperative from "./perfective-imperative.svg"; import BasicVerbShowCase from "../../components/BasicVerbShowCase"; -import { - imperativeVerbGame1, - imperativeVerbGame2, -} from "../../games/games"; +import { imperativeVerbGame1, imperativeVerbGame2 } from "../../games/games"; import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay"; The imperative form is used for **giving commands** (telling people to do things). @@ -30,18 +24,23 @@ There are two forms of the imperative: 1. Imperfective Imperative 2. Perfective Imperative -export const basicVerbs = verbs.filter((v) => !v.entry.c?.includes("gramm. trans.")); +export const basicVerbs = verbs.filter( + (v) => !v.entry.c?.includes("gramm. trans.") +); ## Imperfective Imperative - Imperfective Stem + Imperative Ending + Imperfective Stem +{" "} + + Imperative Ending + The **imperfective imperative** is used when you want to tell someone to something repeatedly, in general, or if you're wanting them to get going on action that will be ongoing.
- +
@@ -49,126 +48,141 @@ The **imperfective imperative** is used when you ## Perfective Imperative - Perfective Stem + Imperative Ending + Perfective Stem +{" "} + + Imperative Ending + -The **perfective imperative** is used when you want to tell someone to do something is a one time, complete action. You are not thinking of the action as a process or as something that will be repeated, you are just telling the person to *get the action done*. +The **perfective imperative** is used when you want to tell someone to do something is a one time, complete action. You are not thinking of the action as a process or as something that will be repeated, you are just telling the person to _get the action done_.
- +
## Using Imperatives -For Pashto learners, having a choice between the perfective and imperfective imperatives is *not* something we are accustomed to. And so, it takes a lot of time to get used to the difference, and to choose the right form while speaking. +For Pashto learners, having a choice between the perfective and imperfective imperatives is _not_ something we are accustomed to. And so, it takes a lot of time to get used to the difference, and to choose the right form while speaking.
- - {[ - { p: "زه کولی شم", f: "zu kawúley shum", e: "I can" }, - ]} + {[{ p: "زه کولی شم", f: "zu kawúlay shum", e: "I can" }]} - {[ - { p: "زه نه شم کولی", f: "zu nú shum kawúley", e: "I can't" }, - ]} + {[{ p: "زه نه شم کولی", f: "zu nú shum kawúlay", e: "I can't" }]}
- {[ - { p: "زه وکولی شم", f: "zu óokawuley shum", e: "that I can" }, - ]} + {[{ p: "زه وکولی شم", f: "zu óokawulay shum", e: "that I can" }]} {[ - { p: "زه ونه شم کولی", f: "zu oo-nú-shum kawuley", e: "that I can't" }, + { + p: "زه ونه شم کولی", + f: "zu oo-nú-shum kawulay", + e: "that I can't", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "زه به کولی شم", f: "zu ba kawúley shum", e: "I will be able to" }, + { + p: "زه به کولی شم", + f: "zu ba kawúlay shum", + e: "I will be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "زه به نه شم کولی", f: "zu ba nú shum kawúley", e: "I won't be able to" }, + { + p: "زه به نه شم کولی", + f: "zu ba nú shum kawúlay", + e: "I won't be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "زه به وکولی شم", f: "zu ba óokawuley shum", e: "I will be able to" }, + { + p: "زه به وکولی شم", + f: "zu ba óokawulay shum", + e: "I will be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "زه به ونه شم کولی", f: "zu ba oo-nú shum kawuley", e: "I won't be able to" }, + { + p: "زه به ونه شم کولی", + f: "zu ba oo-nú shum kawulay", + e: "I won't be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما کولی شو", f: "maa kawúley shoo", e: "I was able to (ongoing)" } + { + p: "ما کولی شو", + f: "maa kawúlay shoo", + e: "I was able to (ongoing)", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما نه شو کولی", f: "maa nú shoo kawúley", e: "I wasn't able to (ongoing)" } + { + p: "ما نه شو کولی", + f: "maa nú shoo kawúlay", + e: "I wasn't able to (ongoing)", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما وکولی شو", f: "maa óokawuley shoo", e: "I was able to (one time)" } + { + p: "ما وکولی شو", + f: "maa óokawulay shoo", + e: "I was able to (one time)", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما ونه شو وکولی", f: "maa oo-nú-shoo kawuley", e: "I wasn't able to (one time)" } + { + p: "ما ونه شو وکولی", + f: "maa oo-nú-shoo kawulay", + e: "I wasn't able to (one time)", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما به کولی شو", f: "maa ba kawúley shoo", e: "I would be able to" } + { + p: "ما به کولی شو", + f: "maa ba kawúlay shoo", + e: "I would be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما به نه شو کولی", f: "maa ba nú shoo kawúley", e: "I wouldn't be able to" } + { + p: "ما به نه شو کولی", + f: "maa ba nú shoo kawúlay", + e: "I wouldn't be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما به وکولی شو", f: "maa ba óokawuley shoo", e: "I would be able to" } + { + p: "ما به وکولی شو", + f: "maa ba óokawulay shoo", + e: "I would be able to", + }, ]} {[ - { p: "ما به ونه شو کولی", f: "maa ba oo-nú-shoo kawúley", e: "I wouldn't be able to" } + { + p: "ما به ونه شو کولی", + f: "maa ba oo-nú-shoo kawúlay", + e: "I wouldn't be able to", + }, ]}
- - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + +
-
Imperfective
-
w/ imperfective stem
+
+ Imperfective +
+
+ w/ imperfective stem +
-
Perfective
-
w/ perfective stem
+
+ Perfective +
+
+ w/ perfective stem +
- - {psmd([ - { - p: "وریژې **خوره**", - f: "wreejze **khorá**", - e: "Eat rice", - sub: "(in general, it's good for you)", - }, - ])} - - - - {psmd([ - { - p: "وریژې **وخوره**", - f: "wreejze **óokhora**", - e: "Eat rice", - sub: "(one time)", - }, - ])} - -
- - {psmd([ - { - p: "د کلي عکسونه راته **لېږه**!", - f: "du kulee aksoona raa-ta **leGá**!", - e: "Send me pictures of the village!", - sub: "(send me pictures every once and awhile)", - }, - ])} - - - - {psmd([ - { - p: "د کلي عکسونه راته **ولېږه**!", - f: "du kulee aksoona raa-ta **óoleGa**!", - e: "Send me pictures of the village!", - sub: "(send me a bunch of pictures in one clump, at one time)", - }, - ])} - -
- - {psmd([ - { - p: "تاسو هلته **کېنئ**", - f: "taaso halta **kenéyy**", - e: "You sit there", - sub: "(in general, whenever you come)" - }, - ])} - - - - {psmd([ - { - p: "تاسو هلته **کېنئ**", - f: "taaso halta **kéneyy**", - e: "You sit there", - sub: "(one time, in one instance sit)" - }, - ])} - -
+ + {psmd([ + { + p: "وریژې **خوره**", + f: "wreejze **khorá**", + e: "Eat rice", + sub: "(in general, it's good for you)", + }, + ])} + + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "وریژې **وخوره**", + f: "wreejze **óokhora**", + e: "Eat rice", + sub: "(one time)", + }, + ])} + +
+ + {psmd([ + { + p: "د کلي عکسونه راته **لېږه**!", + f: "du kulee aksoona raa-ta **leGá**!", + e: "Send me pictures of the village!", + sub: "(send me pictures every once and awhile)", + }, + ])} + + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "د کلي عکسونه راته **ولېږه**!", + f: "du kulee aksoona raa-ta **óoleGa**!", + e: "Send me pictures of the village!", + sub: "(send me a bunch of pictures in one clump, at one time)", + }, + ])} + +
+ + {psmd([ + { + p: "تاسو هلته **کېنئ**", + f: "taaso halta **kenéy**", + e: "You sit there", + sub: "(in general, whenever you come)", + }, + ])} + + + + {psmd([ + { + p: "تاسو هلته **کېنئ**", + f: "taaso halta **kéney**", + e: "You sit there", + sub: "(one time, in one instance sit)", + }, + ])} + +
-Notice how the in the perfective form *the accent is always on the front* because it's based on the perfective stem. +Notice how the in the perfective form _the accent is always on the front_ because it's based on the perfective stem. ### Singular and Plural You will notice there are only two imperative endings: - - - used for addressing a singular 2nd person - - - used for addressing a plural 2nd person , either because you're talking to a group of people, or you're being extra respectful with one person. +- - used for addressing a singular + 2nd person +- - used for addressing a plural + 2nd person , + either because you're talking to a group of people, or you're being extra + respectful with one person.
@@ -181,18 +195,16 @@ You will notice there are only two + + {psmd([{ p: "ته راځه!", f: "tu raadzá!", e: "You come!" }])} + @@ -205,21 +217,32 @@ You will notice there are only two - + Imperfective Imperative + +{" "} + + Imperfective Imperative + With this form, you can't specify whether you're talking about about the action in a perfective or imperfective way. You're just saying "don't do it!", either one time or in general. - {[ - { p: "مه راځه!", f: "mú raadza", e: "Don't come!" }, - { p: "وریژې مه خوره!", f: "wreejze mú khora!", e: "Don't eat rice!" }, - { p: "عکسونه راته مه لېږه!", f: "aksoona raa-ta mú leGa!", e: "Don't send me pictures!" }, - { p: "تاسو هلته مه کېنئ!", f: "taaso halta mú keneyy!", e: "Don't sit there!" }, - ]} + {[ + { p: "مه راځه!", f: "mú raadza", e: "Don't come!" }, + { p: "وریژې مه خوره!", f: "wreejze mú khora!", e: "Don't eat rice!" }, + { + p: "عکسونه راته مه لېږه!", + f: "aksoona raa-ta mú leGa!", + e: "Don't send me pictures!", + }, + { + p: "تاسو هلته مه کېنئ!", + f: "taaso halta mú keney!", + e: "Don't sit there!", + }, + ]} -Just like with the negative particle that we used with other verb forms, the negative marker also takes over the accent of the verb. \ No newline at end of file +Just like with the negative particle that we used with other verb forms, the negative marker also takes over the accent of the verb. diff --git a/src/content/verbs/jussive.mdx b/src/content/verbs/jussive.mdx index b158f1c..ded6e86 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/jussive.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/jussive.mdx @@ -3,30 +3,43 @@ title: Jussive and Blessings 🤲 --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - grammarUnits, - RootsAndStems, - getVerbInfo, - removeFVarients, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, + grammarUnits, + RootsAndStems, + getVerbInfo, + removeFVarients, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; import { - Perfective, - Imperfective, - Servant, - MiniPronoun, + Perfective, + Imperfective, + Servant, + MiniPronoun, } from "../../components/terms-links"; import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import { BlockTerm, KidsSection, PerfectiveHead, VP } from "../../components/terms-links.tsx"; +import { + BlockTerm, + KidsSection, + PerfectiveHead, + VP, +} from "../../components/terms-links.tsx"; import deCowboys from "./de-cowboys.jpg"; import deMuCowboysOk from "./de-mu-cowboys-ok.jpg"; import deMuCowboysNotOk from "./de-mu-cowboys-not-ok.jpg"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; -export const De = (props) => {{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: props.e || undefined }}; -export const MU = (props) => {{ p: "مو", f: "mU", e: props.e || undefined }}; +export const De = (props) => ( + + {{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: props.e || undefined }} + +); +export const MU = (props) => ( + + {{ p: "مو", f: "mU", e: props.e || undefined }} + +); In Pashto the [jussive form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussive_mood) is used to make orders or commands directed towards the 3rd person. This is also used for blessings and curses. @@ -35,18 +48,18 @@ In English we would say something like "May he...", "Let them...", "May God..." In Pashto you encounter phrases like this: - {[ - { - p: "خدای دې خیر وکړي", - f: "khUdaay de kheyr ookRee", - e: "May God do what's good/beneficial", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې خوشحاله لره", - f: "khUdaay de khosháala lará", - e: "May God have you happy", - }, - ]} + {[ + { + p: "خدای دې خیر وکړي", + f: "khUdaay de khayr ookRee", + e: "May God do what's good/beneficial", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې خوشحاله لره", + f: "khUdaay de khosháala lará", + e: "May God have you happy", + }, + ]} There are a couple of questions that can confuse learners when they encounter these types of phrases: @@ -59,49 +72,51 @@ In this section, we'll explain how this all works.
Spoiler quick answer: -- *Basic form*: Jussive phrases are made using the jussive particle with subjunctive or present verbs. - - Verbs end in (like the first example above) -- *Exception*: when there's a conflict with another 2nd pers mini pronoun like , we leave out the jussive marker and instead use the 2nd person imperative form. - - Verbs end in (like the second example above) +- _Basic form_: Jussive phrases are made using the jussive particle with subjunctive or present verbs. + - Verbs end in (like the first example above) +- _Exception_: when there's a conflict with another 2nd pers mini pronoun like , we leave out the jussive marker and instead use the 2nd person imperative form. + - Verbs end in (like the second example above)
## The jussive دې form - jussive +{` `} - Present or Subjunctive verb + jussive +{` `} + Present or + Subjunctive + verb The jussive is a particle that goes in the kids' section. And it is **not to be confused with the 2nd person !** - {psmd([ - { - p: "هغه دې راشي", - f: "hagha de ráashee", - e: "Let him come / he should come", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb", - }, - { - p: "را دې شي", - f: "ráa-de-shee", - e: "Let him come / he should come", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb (shortened)", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې شفا ورکړي", - f: "khUdaay de shifaa wárkRee", - e: "May God give him health", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې مونږ له مرضۍ نه ساتي", - f: "khUdaay de moonG la marizúy na saatée", - e: "May God keep us from sickness", - sub: "jussive دې + present verb", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "هغه دې راشي", + f: "hagha de ráashee", + e: "Let him come / he should come", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb", + }, + { + p: "را دې شي", + f: "ráa-de-shee", + e: "Let him come / he should come", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb (shortened)", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې شفا ورکړي", + f: "khUdaay de shifaa wárkRee", + e: "May God give him health", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive verb", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې مونږ له مرضۍ نه ساتي", + f: "khUdaay de moonG la marizúy na saatée", + e: "May God keep us from sickness", + sub: "jussive دې + present verb", + }, + ])} Notice how you can use either: @@ -112,14 +127,14 @@ Notice how you can use either: You can also use the subjunctive equative. For example: - {psmd([ - { - p: "ټولو ته مبارک وي", - f: "Tolo ta mUbaarak wee", - e: "Congratulations to everyone (may it be blessed to everyone)", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive equative", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ټولو ته مبارک وي", + f: "Tolo ta mUbaarak wee", + e: "Congratulations to everyone (may it be blessed to everyone)", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive equative", + }, + ])} ## When it conflicts with the mini-pronoun دې @@ -129,24 +144,24 @@ Earlier we mentioned that this jussive particle is **not to be confused w So what happens when we need to use both in a sentence?? They both go in the kids' section, but we can't have two 's in there. We can't ever say, "."
- {`دې + {`دې
First let's look at an example without this دې conflict: - {psmd([ - { - p: "خدای دې تا وبخښي", - f: "khUdaay de taa óobakhxee", - e: "May God forgive you", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", - } - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "خدای دې تا وبخښي", + f: "khUdaay de taa óobakhxee", + e: "May God forgive you", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", + }, + ])} In this example {{ p: "تا", f: "taa", e: "you" }} is the so we can 🪄 shrink it into a . @@ -154,225 +169,219 @@ In this example {{ p: "تا", f: "taa", e: "you" }}{{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: "you" }} particles. We can't say this: - {psmd([ - { - p: "❌ خدای دې دې وبخښي ❌", - f: "❌ khUdaay de de óobakhxee ❌", - e: "May God forgive you", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "❌ خدای دې دې وبخښي ❌", + f: "❌ khUdaay de de óobakhxee ❌", + e: "May God forgive you", + }, + ])} So here's the solution in Pashto... 🥁 Instead we **get rid of the jussive and use a 2nd person singular imperative form.** - {psmd([ - { - p: "خدای دې وبخښه", - f: "khUdaay de óobakhxa", - e: "May God forgive you", - sub: "دې as a *mini-pronoun* + imperative verb", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "خدای دې وبخښه", + f: "khUdaay de óobakhxa", + e: "May God forgive you", + sub: "دې as a *mini-pronoun* + imperative verb", + }, + ])} -This is interesting, because normally we only use that imperative form when making commands to a **a 2nd person singular** (ie. "you"), but because we lost the ability to use the jussive , we are using to make a *3rd person jussive phrase*. +This is interesting, because normally we only use that imperative form when making commands to a **a 2nd person singular** (ie. "you"), but because we lost the ability to use the jussive , we are using to make a _3rd person jussive phrase_. Here are more examples of how we use this to resolve the {{ p: "دې دې", f: "de de" }} conflict: - {psmd([ - { - p: "خدای دې تا له مرضۍ نه ساتي", - f: "khUdaay de taa la marazúy na saatée", - e: "May God keep you from sickness", - sub: "jussive دې + full تا pronoun + present verb", - }, - { - p: "❌ خدای دې دې له مرضۍ نه ساتي ❌", - f: "❌ khUdaay de de la marazúy na saatée ❌", - e: "May God keep you from sickness", - sub: "jussive دې + mini-pronoun دې (CONFLICT!)", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې له مرضۍ نه ساته", - f: "khUdaa de la marazúy na saatá", - e: "May God keep you from sickness", - sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative", - }, - { - p: "الله دې تا په خیر ورسوي", - f: "allah de taa pu kheyr óorasawee", - e: "May God deliver you safely.", - sub: "jussive دې + full تا pronoun + subjunctive verb", - }, - { - p: "❌ الله دې دې په خیر ورسوي ❌", - f: "❌ allah de de pu kheyr óorasawee ❌", - e: "May God deliver you safely.", - sub: "jussive دې + mini-pronoun دې (CONFLICT!)", - }, - { - p: "الله دې په خیر ورسوه", - f: "allah de pu kheyr óorasawa", - e: "May God deliver you safely.", - sub: "mini-pronoun دې + perfective imperative", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "خدای دې تا له مرضۍ نه ساتي", + f: "khUdaay de taa la marazúy na saatée", + e: "May God keep you from sickness", + sub: "jussive دې + full تا pronoun + present verb", + }, + { + p: "❌ خدای دې دې له مرضۍ نه ساتي ❌", + f: "❌ khUdaay de de la marazúy na saatée ❌", + e: "May God keep you from sickness", + sub: "jussive دې + mini-pronoun دې (CONFLICT!)", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې له مرضۍ نه ساته", + f: "khUdaa de la marazúy na saatá", + e: "May God keep you from sickness", + sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative", + }, + { + p: "الله دې تا په خیر ورسوي", + f: "allah de taa pu khayr óorasawee", + e: "May God deliver you safely.", + sub: "jussive دې + full تا pronoun + subjunctive verb", + }, + { + p: "❌ الله دې دې په خیر ورسوي ❌", + f: "❌ allah de de pu khayr óorasawee ❌", + e: "May God deliver you safely.", + sub: "jussive دې + mini-pronoun دې (CONFLICT!)", + }, + { + p: "الله دې په خیر ورسوه", + f: "allah de pu khayr óorasawa", + e: "May God deliver you safely.", + sub: "mini-pronoun دې + perfective imperative", + }, + ])} Remember that mini-pronouns can come from either shrunken servants or shrunken possessives. The same thing happens when resolving conflicts with when it comes from a shrunken possessive. - {psmd([ - { - p: "خدای دې ستا ارمان پوره کړي", - f: "khUdaay de staa armáan póora kRee", - e: "May God fulfill your desire", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې ارمان پوره کړه", - f: "khUdaay de armáan póora kRa", - e: "May God fulfill your desire", - sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative", - }, - { - p: "ستا زوی دې لوی شي", - f: "staa zooy de looy shee", - e: "May your son grow big", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "زوی دې لوی شه", - f: "zooy de looy sha", - e: "May your son grow big", - sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "خدای دې ستا ارمان پوره کړي", + f: "khUdaay de staa armáan póora kRee", + e: "May God fulfill your desire", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې ارمان پوره کړه", + f: "khUdaay de armáan póora kRa", + e: "May God fulfill your desire", + sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative", + }, + { + p: "ستا زوی دې لوی شي", + f: "staa zooy de looy shee", + e: "May your son grow big", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "زوی دې لوی شه", + f: "zooy de looy sha", + e: "May your son grow big", + sub: "mini-pronoun دې + imperfective imperative", + }, + ])} ## When it conflicts with the mini-pronoun مو Things get a little more interesting when the jussive clashes with the . What happens depends on whether is: - - , or - - + +- , or +- ### With مو as 2nd person plural
- +
Just like you can't say {{ p: "دې دې", f: "de de" }}, you also can't have the jussive together with the second person plural . - {psmd([ - { - p: "❌ خدای مو دې له مرضۍ نه ساتي ❌", - f: "❌ khUdaay mU de la marazúy na saatée ❌", - e: "May God keep you (pl.) from sickness", - sub: "jussive دې + second pers. mini-pronoun مو", - }, - { - p: "خدای مو له مرضۍ نه ساته", - f: "khUdaa mU la marazúy na saatá", - e: "May God keep you (pl.) from sickness", - sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + imperfective imperative", - }, - { - p: "❌ الله مو دې په خیر ورسوي ❌", - f: "❌ allah mU de pu kheyr óorasawee ❌", - e: "May God deliver you safely.", - sub: "jussive دې + second pers. mini-pronoun مو", - }, - { - p: "الله مو په خیر ورسوه", - f: "allah mU pu kheyr óorasawa", - e: "May God deliver you (pl.) safely.", - sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې ستاسو ارمان پوره کړي", - f: "khUdaay de staaso armáan póora kRee", - e: "May God fulfill your (pl.) desire", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "خدای مو ارمان پوره کړه", - f: "khUdaay mU armáan póora kRa", - e: "May God fulfill your (pl.) desire", - sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative", - }, - { - p: "ستاسو زوی دې لوی شي", - f: "staaso zooy de looy shee", - e: "May your (pl.) son grow big", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "زوی مو لوی شه", - f: "zooy mU looy sha", - e: "May your son grow big", - sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "❌ خدای مو دې له مرضۍ نه ساتي ❌", + f: "❌ khUdaay mU de la marazúy na saatée ❌", + e: "May God keep you (pl.) from sickness", + sub: "jussive دې + second pers. mini-pronoun مو", + }, + { + p: "خدای مو له مرضۍ نه ساته", + f: "khUdaa mU la marazúy na saatá", + e: "May God keep you (pl.) from sickness", + sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + imperfective imperative", + }, + { + p: "❌ الله مو دې په خیر ورسوي ❌", + f: "❌ allah mU de pu khayr óorasawee ❌", + e: "May God deliver you safely.", + sub: "jussive دې + second pers. mini-pronoun مو", + }, + { + p: "الله مو په خیر ورسوه", + f: "allah mU pu khayr óorasawa", + e: "May God deliver you (pl.) safely.", + sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې ستاسو ارمان پوره کړي", + f: "khUdaay de staaso armáan póora kRee", + e: "May God fulfill your (pl.) desire", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "خدای مو ارمان پوره کړه", + f: "khUdaay mU armáan póora kRa", + e: "May God fulfill your (pl.) desire", + sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative", + }, + { + p: "ستاسو زوی دې لوی شي", + f: "staaso zooy de looy shee", + e: "May your (pl.) son grow big", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "زوی مو لوی شه", + f: "zooy mU looy sha", + e: "May your son grow big", + sub: "second pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + perfective imperative", + }, + ])} ### with مو as 1st person plural
- +
-But if the is a 1st person plural pronoun, then it *can* co-exist with the jussive . +But if the is a 1st person plural pronoun, then it _can_ co-exist with the jussive . - {psmd([ - { - p: "خدای دې مو له مرضۍ نه ساتي", - f: "khUdaa de mU la marazúy na saatée", - e: "May God keep us from sickness", - sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + present", - }, - { - p: "الله دې مو په خیر ورسوي", - f: "allah de mU pu kheyr óorasawee", - e: "May God deliver use safely.", - sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې زمونږ ارمان پوره کړي", - f: "khUdaay de zmoonG armáan póora kRee", - e: "May God fulfill our desire", - sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "خدای دې مو ارمان پوره کړي", - f: "khUdaay de mU armáan póora kRee", - e: "May God fulfill our desire", - sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "زمونږ زوی دې لوی شي", - f: "zmoonG zooy de looy shee", - e: "May our son grow big", - sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", - }, - { - p: "زوی دې مو لوی شي", - f: "zooy de mU looy shee", - e: "May our son grow big", - sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", - }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "خدای دې مو له مرضۍ نه ساتي", + f: "khUdaa de mU la marazúy na saatée", + e: "May God keep us from sickness", + sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + present", + }, + { + p: "الله دې مو په خیر ورسوي", + f: "allah de mU pu khayr óorasawee", + e: "May God deliver use safely.", + sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې زمونږ ارمان پوره کړي", + f: "khUdaay de zmoonG armáan póora kRee", + e: "May God fulfill our desire", + sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "خدای دې مو ارمان پوره کړي", + f: "khUdaay de mU armáan póora kRee", + e: "May God fulfill our desire", + sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "زمونږ زوی دې لوی شي", + f: "zmoonG zooy de looy shee", + e: "May our son grow big", + sub: "jussive دې + subjunctive", + }, + { + p: "زوی دې مو لوی شي", + f: "zooy de mU looy shee", + e: "May our son grow big", + sub: "first pers. pl. mini-pronoun مو + subjunctive", + }, + ])} Notice for all these examples we never use the 2nd person imperative form, because we are still able to use the jussive . - diff --git a/src/content/verbs/negative.mdx b/src/content/verbs/negative.mdx index 938980c..7124fb9 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/negative.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/negative.mdx @@ -3,58 +3,113 @@ title: Negatives --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - grammarUnits, - RootsAndStems, - getVerbInfo, - removeFVarients, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import Link from "../../components/Link"; -import { BlockTerm, KidsSection, PerfectiveHead, VP } from "../../components/terms-links.tsx"; +import { + BlockTerm, + PerfectiveHead, + VP, +} from "../../components/terms-links.tsx"; import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; To make verbs negative, we use a negative . - -- (for imperative verbs) +- (for imperative + verbs) ### Where the negative goes The negative goes in front of the verb block at the end of a . - {psmd([ - { p: "زه ښار ته نه ځم", f: "zu xaar ta nú dzum", e: "I'm not going to the city" }, - { p: "هغه عربي نه زده کوي", f: "haghá arabee nu zda kawee", e: "He's not learning Arabic" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه ښار ته نه ځم", + f: "zu xaar ta nú dzum", + e: "I'm not going to the city", + }, + { + p: "هغه عربي نه زده کوي", + f: "haghá arabee nu zda kawee", + e: "He's not learning Arabic", + }, + ])} -With the perfective roots and stems, if we have a of or , the always goes *after* the block. +With the perfective roots and stems, if we have a of or , the always goes _after_ the block. - {psmd([ - { p: "زه ورسره وغږېدم", f: "zu wăr-sara óoghuGedum", e: "I talked with him" }, - { p: "زه ورسره ونه غږېدم", f: "zu wăr-sara oo-nú ghuGedum", e: "I talked with him", sub: "negative block always goes after the perfective head" }, - { p: "ما کتابچه واخسته", f: "maa kitaabchaa wáakhista", e: "I took the booklet" }, - { p: "ما کتابچه وانه خسته", f: "maa kitaabchaa wáa-nu khista", e: "I didn't take the booklet", sub: "negative block always goes after the perfective head" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "زه ورسره وغږېدم", + f: "zu wăr-sara óoghuGedum", + e: "I talked with him", + }, + { + p: "زه ورسره ونه غږېدم", + f: "zu wăr-sara oo-nú ghuGedum", + e: "I talked with him", + sub: "negative block always goes after the perfective head", + }, + { + p: "ما کتابچه واخسته", + f: "maa kitaabchaa wáakhista", + e: "I took the booklet", + }, + { + p: "ما کتابچه وانه خسته", + f: "maa kitaabchaa wáa-nu khista", + e: "I didn't take the booklet", + sub: "negative block always goes after the perfective head", + }, + ])} -But if it's one of those verbs that don't take the prefix where the is made from splitting off the first syllable of the word, you can put the negative after the perfective head *or* before it. +But if it's one of those verbs that don't take the prefix where the is made from splitting off the first syllable of the word, you can put the negative after the perfective head _or_ before it. - {psmd([ - { p: "هغه کور ته لاړه", f: "haghá kor ta láaRa", e: "She went home" }, - { p: "هغه کور ته لانه ړه", f: "haghá kor ta laa-nú-Ra", e: "She didn't go home", sub: "negative block after the perfective head" }, - { p: "هغه کور ته نه لانه ړه", f: "haghá kor ta nú laaRa", e: "She didn't go home", sub: "negative block before the perfective head" }, - { p: "زه دلته کېنم؟", f: "zu dălta kenúm?", e: "Do I sit here? (present)" }, - { p: "زه دلته کېنم؟", f: "zu dălta kénum?", e: "Should I sit here? (subjunctive)" }, - { p: "زه دلته نه کېنم؟", f: "zu dălta nú kenum?", e: "Do I not sit here? (present)", sub: "no perfective head, negative block before verb block" }, - { p: "زه دلته نه کېنم؟", f: "zu dălta nú kenum?", e: ":Should I not sit here? (subjunctive)", sub: "negative block before the perfective head" }, - { p: "زه دلته نه کېنه نم؟", f: "zu dălta ke-nú num?", e: "Should I not sit here? (subjunctive)", subj: "negative block after the perfective head" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { p: "هغه کور ته لاړه", f: "haghá kor ta láaRa", e: "She went home" }, + { + p: "هغه کور ته لانه ړه", + f: "haghá kor ta laa-nú-Ra", + e: "She didn't go home", + sub: "negative block after the perfective head", + }, + { + p: "هغه کور ته نه لانه ړه", + f: "haghá kor ta nú laaRa", + e: "She didn't go home", + sub: "negative block before the perfective head", + }, + { p: "زه دلته کېنم؟", f: "zu dălta kenúm?", e: "Do I sit here? (present)" }, + { + p: "زه دلته کېنم؟", + f: "zu dălta kénum?", + e: "Should I sit here? (subjunctive)", + }, + { + p: "زه دلته نه کېنم؟", + f: "zu dălta nú kenum?", + e: "Do I not sit here? (present)", + sub: "no perfective head, negative block before verb block", + }, + { + p: "زه دلته نه کېنم؟", + f: "zu dălta nú kenum?", + e: ":Should I not sit here? (subjunctive)", + sub: "negative block before the perfective head", + }, + { + p: "زه دلته نه کېنه نم؟", + f: "zu dălta ke-nú num?", + e: "Should I not sit here? (subjunctive)", + subj: "negative block after the perfective head", + }, + ])} Notice how with verbs like the only thing indicating a difference between the perfective and imperfective forms is the accent, and therefore when we add the we have no way of telling if a verb was perfective or imperfective, because the took over the accent. @@ -64,17 +119,33 @@ With stative compounds the complement and verb are considered one or two blocks With the **imperfective** aspect, the complement and verb are fused together and considered one indivisable block, so the negative goes before that whole verb block. - {psmd([ - { p: "ما پښتو نه زده کوله", f: "maa puxto nú zda kawula", e: "I wasn't learning Pashto" }, - { p: "هغه ما نه ستړی کوي", f: "hagha maa nú stuRey kawee", e: "He's not making me (m.) tired" }, - ])} + {psmd([ + { + p: "ما پښتو نه زده کوله", + f: "maa puxto nú zda kawula", + e: "I wasn't learning Pashto", + }, + { + p: "هغه ما نه ستړی کوي", + f: "hagha maa nú stuRay kawee", + e: "He's not making me (m.) tired", + }, + ])} In the **perfective** aspect, however the complement breaks out and acts as a , so the negative goes after it. - {psmd([ - { p: "ما پښتو زده نه کړه", f: "maa puxto zda nú kRa", e: "I didn't learn Pashto" }, - { p: "چې هغه ما نه ستړی نه کړي", f: "che haghá maa stuRey nú kRee", e: "I hope he doesn't make me (m.) tired" }, - ])} - \ No newline at end of file + {psmd([ + { + p: "ما پښتو زده نه کړه", + f: "maa puxto zda nú kRa", + e: "I didn't learn Pashto", + }, + { + p: "چې هغه ما نه ستړی نه کړي", + f: "che haghá maa stuRay nú kRee", + e: "I hope he doesn't make me (m.) tired", + }, + ])} + diff --git a/src/content/verbs/passive-voice.mdx b/src/content/verbs/passive-voice.mdx index 4b8fb80..5f60263 100644 --- a/src/content/verbs/passive-voice.mdx +++ b/src/content/verbs/passive-voice.mdx @@ -3,26 +3,53 @@ title: Passive Voice --- import { - defaultTextOptions as opts, - Examples, - InlinePs, - RootsAndStems, - conjugateVerb, - getVerbInfo, - getPassiveRootsAndStems, + defaultTextOptions as opts, + Examples, + InlinePs, + RootsAndStems, + getVerbInfo, + getPassiveRootsAndStems, } from "@lingdocs/ps-react"; -import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, Camera, Video } from "../../components/terms-links"; -import psmd from "../../lib/psmd"; +import { KingIcon, Camera, Video } from "../../components/terms-links"; import Link from "../../components/Link"; import Image from "../../components/Image"; import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula"; import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer"; -import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; +import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx"; import BasicVerbShowCase from "../../components/BasicVerbShowCase"; import passiveRootsCopy from "./verb-tree-passive-roots-copy.svg"; -export const leedulInfo = getVerbInfo({"ts":1527812275,"i":11623,"p":"لیدل","f":"leedul","g":"leedul","e":"to see","c":"v. trans.","psp":"وین","psf":"ween","tppp":"لید","tppf":"leed","ec":"see,sees,seeing,saw,seen"}); +export const leedulInfo = getVerbInfo({ + ts: 1527812275, + i: 11623, + p: "لیدل", + f: "leedul", + g: "leedul", + e: "to see", + c: "v. trans.", + psp: "وین", + psf: "ween", + tppp: "لید", + tppf: "leed", + ec: "see,sees,seeing,saw,seen", +}); export const passiveLeedulInfo = getPassiveRootsAndStems(leedulInfo); -export const kedulStatInfo = getVerbInfo({"ts":1581086654898,"i":10706,"p":"کېدل","f":"kedul","g":"kedul","e":"to become _____","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","ssp":"ش","ssf":"sh","prp":"شول","prf":"shwul","pprtp":"شوی","pprtf":"shúwey","noOo":true,"ec":"become"}); +export const kedulStatInfo = getVerbInfo({ + ts: 1581086654898, + i: 10706, + p: "کېدل", + f: "kedul", + g: "kedul", + e: "to become _____", + c: "v. intrans. irreg.", + ssp: "ش", + ssf: "sh", + prp: "شول", + prf: "shwul", + pprtp: "شوی", + pprtf: "shúway", + noOo: true, + ec: "become", +}); @@ -37,76 +64,76 @@ Transitive verbs in Pashto can be used in the [passive voice](https://en.wikiped - - + + - - + + - - + +
- - {psmd([ - { p: "تاسو راځئ!", f: "taaso radzéyy!", e: "You (pl.) come!" }, - ])} - + + {psmd([ + { p: "تاسو راځئ!", f: "taaso radzéy!", e: "You (pl.) come!" }, + ])} +
- - {[ - { - p: "زه کتاب لیکم", - f: "zu kitáab leekúm", - e: "I (subject) am writing a book (object)", - }, - ]} - - - - {[ - { - p: "کتاب لیکل کېږي", - f: "kitáab leekul kéGee", - e: "A book (subject) is being written", - }, - ]} - - + + {[ + { + p: "زه کتاب لیکم", + f: "zu kitáab leekúm", + e: "I (subject) am writing a book (object)", + }, + ]} + + + + {[ + { + p: "کتاب لیکل کېږي", + f: "kitáab leekul kéGee", + e: "A book (subject) is being written", + }, + ]} + +
- - {[ - { - p: "هغوي پښټو وايي", - f: "haghwée puxto waayee", - e: "They (subject) are speaking Pashto (object)", - }, - ]} - - - - {[ - { - p: "پښتو وایل کېږي", - f: "puxto waayul kéGee", - e: "Pashto (subject) is spoken", - }, - ]} - - + + {[ + { + p: "هغوي پښټو وايي", + f: "haghwée puxto waayee", + e: "They (subject) are speaking Pashto (object)", + }, + ]} + + + + {[ + { + p: "پښتو وایل کېږي", + f: "puxto waayul kéGee", + e: "Pashto (subject) is spoken", + }, + ]} + +
- - {[ - { - p: "ما ډوډۍ وخوړله", - f: "maa DoDúy óokhoRula", - e: "I (subject) ate food (object)", - } - ]} - - - - {[ - { - p: "ډوډۍ وخوړل شوه", - f: "DoDúy óokhoRul shwa", - e: "Food (subject) was eaten", - }, - ]} - - + + {[ + { + p: "ما ډوډۍ وخوړله", + f: "maa DoDúy óokhoRula", + e: "I (subject) ate food (object)", + }, + ]} + + + + {[ + { + p: "ډوډۍ وخوړل شوه", + f: "DoDúy óokhoRul shwa", + e: "Food (subject) was eaten", + }, + ]} + +
@@ -121,20 +148,22 @@ This can be done in two simple steps: 👨‍🍳 2. Add the roots and stems form
-
-
- -
-
+
-
-
کېدل - kedúl
-
"to become"
-
roots and stems
-
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
کېدل - kedúl
+
"to become"
+
roots and stems
+
+
### 1. Use the long form of the roots @@ -143,121 +172,116 @@ First we need to take the **long form** of the roots on the bottom and copy thes - Use the imperfective