+ );
+}
+
+export default PluralTable;
diff --git a/src/content/nouns/fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg b/src/content/nouns/fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f75d372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/content/nouns/fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/content/nouns/masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg b/src/content/nouns/masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b248f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/content/nouns/masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx
index 79e743a..f3e68b3 100644
--- a/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx
+++ b/src/content/nouns/nouns-plural.mdx
@@ -7,118 +7,137 @@ import {
InlinePs,
defaultTextOptions as opts,
} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
-import Table from "../../components/Table";
import Link from "../../components/Link";
+import mascEndingChart from "./masc-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg";
+import femEndingChart from "./fem-plural-ending-decision-chart.excalidraw.svg";
+import PluralTable from "./PluralTable";
+import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
-export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
- return (
-
-
singular
- {inflection &&
plain
}
- ,
-
-
plural
- {inflection &&
inflected
}
-
,
- ]}
- opts={opts}
- >
- {children}
-
- );
-}
+export const Pattern1 = () => Pattern #1;
+export const Pattern2 = () => Pattern #2;
+export const Pattern3 = () => Pattern #3
+export const Pattern4 = () => Pattern #4
+export const Pattern5 = () => pattern #5;
+
+
+
In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn _all_ these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options:
-1. Inflect it.
-2. If the word isn't inflectable you add a plural ending, or
+1. If possible, inflect it.
+2. Add a plural ending, or
3. If the word has an irregular plural use that.
## Plural by Inflection
-To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the 5 inflection patterns. Here are some examples of words made plural using inflection.
+To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the 5 and a half inflection patterns. Here are some examples of nouns made plural using inflection.
-### With masculine nouns
+If a word is plural and also needs to be inflected for some other reason, we use the second or "double inflection" ending in . For more info about this "double inflection," see the inflection section.
+
+### Inflecting masculine nouns
{[
+ [
+ {
+ p: "ښوونکی",
+ f: "xUwóonkay",
+ e: "teacher",
+ sub: ,
+ },
+ { p: "ښوونکي", f: "xUwóonkee", e: "teachers" },
+ // { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers" },
+ ],
[
{
p: "سړی",
f: "saRáy",
e: "man",
- sub: (
-
- pattern #3
-
- ),
+ sub: ,
},
{ p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" },
- ],
- [
- {
- p: "سپی",
- f: "spay",
- e: "dog",
- sub: (
-
- pattern #3
-
- ),
- },
- { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" },
+ // { p: "سړیو", f: "saRúyo", e: "men" },
],
[
{
p: "پښتون",
f: "puxtóon",
- e: "Pashtun",
- sub: (
-
- pattern #4
-
- ),
+ e: "a Pashtun",
+ sub: ,
},
{ p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" },
+ // { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns"}
],
[
- { p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief", sub: pattern #5 },
+ {
+ p: "غل",
+ f: "ghul",
+ e: "thief",
+ sub: ,
+ },
{ p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" },
+ // { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "thieves" },
],
]}
-### With feminine nouns
+Notice that masculine nouns don't change for the first inflection, so to make these plural we will use the plural endings below.
+
+### Inflecting feminine nouns
{[
[
{
p: "ښڅه",
- f: "xudza",
+ f: "xúdza",
e: "woman",
- sub: (
- pattern #1
- ),
+ sub: ,
},
- { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" },
+ { p: "ښځې", f: "xúdze", e: "women" },
+ // { p: "ښځو", f: "xúdzo", e: "women" },
+ ],
+ [
+ {
+ p: "ښوونکې",
+ f: "xUwóonke",
+ e: "teacher (f.)",
+ sub: ,
+ },
+ { p: "ښوونکې", f: "xUwóonke", e: "teachers (f.)" },
+ // { p: "ښوونکیو", f: "xUwóonkiyo", e: "teachers (f.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ {
+ p: "ګاونډۍ",
+ f: "gaawanDúy",
+ e: "neighbor (f.)",
+ sub:
+ },
+ { p: "ګاونډۍ", f: "gaawanDúy", e: "neighbors (f.)" },
+ // { p: "ګاونډیو", f: "gaawanDúyo", e: "neighbors (f.)" },
],
[
{
p: "پښتنه",
- f: "puxtana",
- e: "Pashtun (f.)",
- sub: (
-
- pattern #5
-
- ),
+ f: "puxtaná",
+ e: "a Pashtun (f.)",
+ sub: ,
},
- { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
+ { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtané", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
+ // { p: "پښتنو", f: "puxtanó", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ {
+ p: "غله",
+ f: "ghla",
+ e: "thief (f.)",
+ sub: ,
+ },
+ { p: "غلې", f: "ghle", e: "thieves (f.)" },
+ // { p: "غلو", f: "ghlo", e: "thieves (f.)" },
],
[
{
@@ -127,16 +146,17 @@ To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the
- ending in {{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}
+ inan. fem. ending in {{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}
),
},
{ p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" },
+ // { p: "سختیو", f: "sakhtúyo", e: "difficulties" },
],
]}
-Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same.
+Note that in the second and thrid patterns, feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same. As we'll see below, in some cases we can express the plural using plural endings.
{[
@@ -145,11 +165,7 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan
p: "ملګرې",
f: "malgúre",
e: "friend (f.)",
- sub: (
-
- pattern #2
-
- ),
+ sub: ,
},
{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" },
],
@@ -158,11 +174,7 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan
p: "کړکۍ",
f: "kuRkúy",
e: "window",
- sub: (
-
- ending in {{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }}
-
- ),
+ sub: ,
},
{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" },
],
@@ -171,11 +183,15 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan
## Plural Endings
+Pashto also has plural endings that you can add on the end of nouns to make them plural. Many words don't fit into the 5 and a half inflection patterns, and so we need to use these plural endings. In some cases, even if a word inflects, people will often use a plural ending instead.
+
### Masculine Plural Endings
-#### Inanimate Plural Ending ونه - óona
+#### Plural Ending ونه - óona
-This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the basic pattern. It's _usually_ only used with inanimate things (not with people or animals). But there are exceptions...
+This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into . In other words, this only works with masculine nouns that end in a consonant or a shwa sound .
+
+This ending is _usually_ used with **inanimate** things (non-living things, ie. not with people or animals).
{[
@@ -187,16 +203,30 @@ This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the
-#### Animate Plural Ending ان - áan
+#### Plural Ending ان - áan
-This is _usually_ only used with animate things (people or animals), but there are exceptions...
+##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns
+
+This ending is also used with nouns.
+
+This is _usually_ only used with animate nouns (people or animals).
{[
@@ -209,28 +239,226 @@ This is _usually_ only used with animate things (people or animals), but there a
{ p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" },
],
[
- { p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" },
- { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" },
+ { p: "ډاکټر", f: "DakTár", e: "doctor" },
+ { p: "ډاکټران", f: "DakTaráan", e: "doctor" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "لېوه", f: "lewú", e: "wolf" },
+ { p: "لېوان", f: "lewáan", e: "wolves" },
],
]}
-**Note**: If the word ends with a non-shwa vowel, (ie. not 'u') a can be added to seperate the ending and the vowel.
+##### With Pattern #3 Animate Nouns
-**Note:** Sometimes the ending is used with animate nouns, and somethimes the ending is used with inanimate nouns as well. For example:
+This ending is also used with animate nouns, nouns people or animals that end in a stressed .
+
+In this case, the gets squished into a little filler sound before the ending.
{[
[
- { p: "شی", f: "shay", e: "thing" },
- { p: "شیان", f: "shayáan", e: "things" },
+ { p: "زمری", f: "zmaráy", e: "lion" },
+ { p: "زمریان", f: "zmariyáan", e: "lions" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" },
+ { p: "بچیان", f: "bachiyáan", e: "children" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "زلمی", f: "zalmáy", e: "young lad" },
+ { p: "زلمیان", f: "zalmiyáan", e: "young lads" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "پاکستانی", f: "paakistaanáy", e: "a Pakistani (man)"},
+ { p: "پاکستانیان", f: "paakistaaniyáan", e: "Pakistanis"},
],
]}
+Note that with these kinds of animate nouns we have a choice to either use the plural ending, or to just use the inflected form for plural.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "زمری", f: "zmaráy", e: "lion" },
+ { p: "زمریان", f: "zmariyáan", e: "lions", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "زمري", f: "zmarée", e: "lions", sub: "inflected"}
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "سپی", f: "spáy", e: "dog" },
+ { p: "سپیان", f: "spiyáan", e: "dogs", sub: "w/ plural ending"}
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "سپي", f: "spée", e: "dogs", sub: "inflected"}
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "بچی", f: "bacháy", e: "child" },
+ { p: "بچیان", f: "bachiyáan", e: "children" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "بچي", f: "bachée", e: "children" },
+ ],
+ ]}
+
+
+##### With Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel
+
+If a noun ends ends in a long vowel, the ending is used regardless of if it's animate or inanimate.
+
+If the long vowel is an or , a as a spacer between the ending and the vowel.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "maternal uncle" },
+ { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "maternal uncles" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "باڼو", f: "baaNoo", e: "eyelash" },
+ { p: "باڼوګان", f: "baaNoogáan", e: "eyelashes"}
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "کاکا", f: "kaakaa", e: "paternal uncle" },
+ { p: "کاکاګان", f: "kaakaagáan", e: "paternal uncles" },
+ ],
+ ]}
+
+
+If long vowel is a , then the ending turns into as it did with the pattern #3 animate nouns above.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "قاضي", f: "qaazée", e: "judge" },
+ { p: "قاضیان", f: "qaaziyáan", e: "judges" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "درزي", f: "darzée", e: "tailor" },
+ {
+ p: "دریان", f: "darziyáan", e: "tailors",
+ },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "یاغي", f: "yaaghée", e: "rebel" },
+ {
+ p: "یاغیان", f: "yaaghiyáan", e: "rebels",
+ }
+ ],
+ ]}
+
+
+#### Decision chart for adding plural endings to masculine nouns
+
+
+
+
+
### Feminine Plural Endings
-Depending on the dialect, you can either add , or to the end of the word to make it plural.
+#### Plural Ending انې - áane
+
+##### With Pattern #1 Animate Nouns
+
+Just like with masculine #1 animate nouns, we can also add a ending to feminine nouns. Notice that this is the same as the ending, but with an added on the end to signify femininity.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
+ { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "چرګه", f: "chárga", e: "hen (f.)" },
+ { p: "چرګان", f: "chargáan", e: "hens (f.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "نرسه", f: "núrsa", e: "nurse (f.)" },
+ { p: "نرسانې", f: "nursáane", e: "nurses (f.)" },
+ ]
+ ]}
+
+
+Notice that with these types of nouns we have the option of either using these plural endings or just inflecting them.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.)" },
+ { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "ډاکټرې", f: "DakTáre", e: "doctors (f.)", sub: "inflected" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "چرګه", f: "chárga", e: "hen (f.)" },
+ { p: "چرګان", f: "chargáan", e: "hens (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "چرګې", f: "chárge", e: "hens (f.)", sud: "inflected" },
+ ],
+ ]}
+
+
+##### With Pattern #3 Animate Nouns
+
+In the same way we added the ending to masculine animate nouns, we can add the ending to feminine animate nouns.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "پاکستانۍ", f: "paakistaanúy", e: "a Pakistani (f.)"},
+ { p: "پاکستانیانې", f: "paakistaaniyáane", e: "Pakistanis (f.)"},
+ ],
+ [
+ {
+ p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)",
+ },
+ {
+ p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)",
+ },
+ ],
+ ]}
+
+
+Again, with this form we have the option to use either the plural endings or just use the inflected form (which doesn't change from the feminine plain form).
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ {
+ p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "child (f.)",
+ },
+ {
+ p: "بچیانې", f: "bachiyáane", e: "children (f.)", sub: "w/ plural ending"
+ },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ {
+ p: "بچۍ", f: "bachúy", e: "children (f.)", sub: "inflected"
+ }
+ ]
+ ]}
+
+
+#### With Feminine Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel
+
+##### The وې ending
+
+If a noun ends ends in a long vowel , , or the ending can be added for plurals.
{[
@@ -238,126 +466,98 @@ Depending on the dialect, you can either add
-#### With unisex animate nouns
+#### With Feminine Nouns Ending in a Long Vowel
-When a noun is a unisex noun, you often add an on the end of the animate ending instead of using the regular inflection.
+##### The وې ending
+
+If a noun ends ends in a long vowel , , or the ending can be added for plurals.
{[
[
- { p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" },
- { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" },
+ { p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
+ { p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" },
],
[
- { p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️" },
- { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" },
+ { p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" },
+ { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats" },
],
+ [
+ { p: "اړتیا", f: "aRtiyáa", e: "need" },
+ {
+ p: "اړتیاوې", f: "aRtiyáawe", e: "needs",
+ },
+ ]
]}
-## Irregular Plurals
+##### The ګانې ending
-Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
+Often instead of the ending, people use the ending with the spacer. This can also be used for singular feminine nouns ending in .
{[
[
- { p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" },
- { p: "خویندې", f: "khwaynde", e: "sisters" },
+ { p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
+ { p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" },
],
[
- { p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" },
- { p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" },
+ { p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat" },
+ { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats" },
],
[
- { p: "نجلۍ", f: "njuluy", e: "girl" },
- { p: "نجونې", f: "njoone", e: "girls" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" },
- { p: "میندې", f: "maynde", e: "mothers" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "زوی", f: "zooy", e: "son" },
- { p: "زامن", f: "zaamun", e: "sons" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "ترور", f: "tror", e: "aunt" },
- { p: "تریندې", f: "traynde", e: "aunts" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "لور", f: "loor", e: "daughter" },
- { p: "لوڼې", f: "looNe", e: "daughters" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "یور", f: "yor", e: "wife of a husbands' brother" },
- { p: "یوڼې", f: "yooNe", e: "wives of a husband's brother" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "نږور", f: "nGor", e: "daughter-in-law" },
- { p: "نږیندې", f: "nGaynde", e: "daughter-in-laws" },
- ],
+ { p: "یې", f: "ye", e: "the letter ی" },
+ {
+ p: "یې ګانې", f: "ye gáane", e: "the ی letters",
+ },
+ ]
]}
-## Collective Plurals
+##### With Feminine Nouns Ending in ي or ۍ
-Some nouns are just always considered plural, often because they are made up of a bunch of individual pieces.
-
-
- {[
- { p: "خلک", f: "khalk", e: "people/populace (m. pl.)" },
- { p: "اوړه", f: "ooRú", e: "flour (m. pl.)" },
- { p: "برنج", f: "birínj", e: "rice (m. pl.)" },
- { p: "اوبه", f: "oobú", e: "water (f. pl.)" },
- { p: "جوار", f: "jawáar", e: "corn (m. pl.)" },
- { p: "زهر", f: "zahur", e: "poison (m. pl.)" },
- { p: "دروغ", f: "darógh", e: "lie, falsehood (m. pl.) " },
- { p: "پیاز", f: "piyáaz", e: "onion (m. pl.)" },
- { p: "سامان", f: "saamáan", e: "stuff, things (m. pl.)" },
- ]}
-
-
-## Masculine nouns with feminine plurals
-
-Above we learned that **masculine nouns** that fit into the #1 basic pattern, we add the ending to make it plural. But there is also another interesting thing that happens in Pashto:
-
-**Masculine nouns ending in a consonant can become feminine for the plural form**. Often you will hear both forms of the plural, the regular masculine form with and the feminine form as well.
+The can be added to feminine nouns ending in or , although this is _usually done with animate nouns_.
{[
[
- { p: "ډز", f: "Duz", e: "gunshot", sub: "(n. m.)" },
- { p: "ډزې", f: "Dúze", e: "gunshots", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
+ { p: "قاضۍ", f: "qaazúy", e: "judge (f.)" },
+ { p: "فاضیانې", f: "qaaziyáane", e: "judges (f.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" },
+ { p: "سختیانې", f: "sakhtiyáane", e: "difficulties", sub: "w/ plural ending" },
],
[
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
- { p: "ډزونه", f: "Duzóona", e: "gunshots", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "ځل", f: "dzal", e: "time", sub: "(n. m.)" },
- { p: "ځلې", f: "dzále", e: "times", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
- { p: "ځلونه", f: "dzalóona", e: "times", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "چرک", f: "chakár", e: "stroll", sub: "(n. m.)" },
- { p: "چکرې", f: "chakáre", e: "strolls", sub: "(n. f.)" },
- ],
- [
- { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
- { p: "چکرونه", f: "chakaróona", e: "strolls", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
- ],
+ {
+ p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties", sub: "inflected"
+ },
+ ]
]}
+
+#### Decision chart for adding plural endings to feminine nouns
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx b/src/content/nouns/special-plurals.mdx
similarity index 57%
rename from src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx
rename to src/content/nouns/special-plurals.mdx
index 88678a4..a8cd796 100644
--- a/src/content/nouns/arabic-plurals.mdx
+++ b/src/content/nouns/special-plurals.mdx
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
---
-title: Arabic Plural Nouns
+title: Special Plural Nouns
---
-import { InlinePs, defaultTextOptions as opts } from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
+import {
+ InlinePs,
+ defaultTextOptions as opts,
+ Examples,
+} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
import Table from "../../components/Table";
+import PluralTable from "./PluralTable";
+import Link from "../../components/Link";
export function ArabicPluralTable({ children }) {
return (
@@ -23,6 +29,71 @@ export function ArabicPluralTable({ children }) {
);
}
+## Irregular Plural Nouns
+
+Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" },
+ { p: "خویندې", f: "khwaynde", e: "sisters" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" },
+ { p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "نجلۍ", f: "njuluy", e: "girl" },
+ { p: "نجونې", f: "njóone", e: "girls" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" },
+ { p: "میندې", f: "maynde", e: "mothers" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "زوی", f: "zooy", e: "son" },
+ { p: "زامن", f: "zaamun", e: "sons" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "ترور", f: "tror", e: "aunt" },
+ { p: "تریندې", f: "traynde", e: "aunts" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "لور", f: "loor", e: "daughter" },
+ { p: "لوڼې", f: "looNe", e: "daughters" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "یور", f: "yor", e: "wife of a husbands' brother" },
+ { p: "یوڼې", f: "yooNe", e: "wives of a husband's brother" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "نږور", f: "nGor", e: "daughter-in-law" },
+ { p: "نږیندې", f: "nGaynde", e: "daughter-in-laws" },
+ ],
+ ]}
+
+
+## Collective Plurals
+
+Some nouns are just always considered plural, often because they are made up of a bunch of individual pieces.
+
+
+ {[
+ { p: "خلک", f: "khalk", e: "people/populace (m. pl.)" },
+ { p: "اوړه", f: "ooRú", e: "flour (m. pl.)" },
+ { p: "برنج", f: "birínj", e: "rice (m. pl.)" },
+ { p: "اوبه", f: "oobú", e: "water (f. pl.)" },
+ { p: "جوار", f: "jawáar", e: "corn (m. pl.)" },
+ { p: "زهر", f: "zahur", e: "poison (m. pl.)" },
+ { p: "دروغ", f: "darógh", e: "lie, falsehood (m. pl.) " },
+ { p: "پیاز", f: "piyáaz", e: "onion (m. pl.)" },
+ { p: "سامان", f: "saamáan", e: "stuff, things (m. pl.)" },
+ ]}
+
+
+## Arabic Plurals
+
Pashto has many Arabic loan words, and people often **use the Arabic plural forms of these loan words**. We won't get into how plurals work in Arabic here, but you will learn to recognize and use these plural through lots of exposure.
For now, see if you can notice some of the basic patterns.
@@ -96,8 +167,6 @@ And some add an on the en
]}
-## Notes
-
### Arabic Plurals are Always Masculine
Once a word is put into it's special Arabic plural form, it's always a _masculine plural_ (based on the consonant ending) even if the singular version of the word was feminine.
@@ -188,3 +257,38 @@ For many words, people may either use the regular Pashto plural endings or the s
],
]}
+
+## Masculine nouns with feminine plurals
+
+Above we learned that **masculine nouns** that fit into the #1 basic pattern, we add the ending to make it plural. But there is also another interesting thing that happens in Pashto:
+
+**Masculine nouns ending in a consonant can become feminine for the plural form**. Often you will hear both forms of the plural, the regular masculine form with and the feminine form as well.
+
+
+ {[
+ [
+ { p: "ډز", f: "Duz", e: "gunshot", sub: "(n. m.)" },
+ { p: "ډزې", f: "Dúze", e: "gunshots", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "ډزونه", f: "Duzóona", e: "gunshots", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "ځل", f: "dzal", e: "time", sub: "(n. m.)" },
+ { p: "ځلې", f: "dzále", e: "times", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "ځلونه", f: "dzalóona", e: "times", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "چرک", f: "chakár", e: "stroll", sub: "(n. m.)" },
+ { p: "چکرې", f: "chakáre", e: "strolls", sub: "(n. f.)" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { p: "", f: "", e: "" },
+ { p: "چکرونه", f: "chakaróona", e: "strolls", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
+ ],
+ ]}
+
diff --git a/src/words/adverbs.js b/src/words/adverbs.js
index c4908b2..9fcd173 100644
--- a/src/words/adverbs.js
+++ b/src/words/adverbs.js
@@ -303,7 +303,6 @@ export default [
1527812780, // ښکته - xkuta
1586340494373, // حد اقل - had-i-aqul
1578080952673, // دباندې - dubaande
- 1622374915074, // اغلب - aghláb
1527813323, // خوشبختانه - khoshbakhtaana
1527819156, // ظالمانه - zaalimaana
1527818313, // پنځلس ورځنی - pindzúlaswradzanéy
+
+