better plurals page and GA stuff
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ function App(props: RouteComponentProps) {
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if (prod && !(user?.admin)) {
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ReactGA.pageview(window.location.pathname);
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}
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}, [props.location.pathname]);
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}, [props.location.pathname, user]);
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return (
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<>
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<Header setNavOpen={setNavOpen} />
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@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ function Table({ headRow, children, opts, wide }) {
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<td key={`row ${i}, cell ${j}`} style={(cell && cell.gender) ? { backgroundColor: cell.gender === "m" ? mascColor : femColor } : {}}>
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{isObject(cell)
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? <Examples opts={opts}>{[cell]}</Examples>
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: (!cell)
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? ""
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: cell
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}
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</td>
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@ -35,9 +35,14 @@ Below are the **5 basic patterns for inflecting** nouns and adjectives. Notice h
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Don't worry about memorizing them all perfectly to start. Instead keep looking back and use them as guides to help you as you get familiar with the inflections over time.
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## 1. Words ending in a consonant / <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} />
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## 1. Basic
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<InflectionCarousel items={startingWord(words, "consonant-unisex", "غټ")} />
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These words always end in:
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- **Masculine:** - consonant or a shwa (<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "-u" }} /> vowel)
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- **Feminine:** - <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "-a" }} />
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<InflectionCarousel items={startingWord(words, "basic-unisex", "غټ")} />
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<details>
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@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ This is very similar to pattern #2, but with the stress on the last syllable the
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<InflectionCarousel items={startingWord(words, "ey-stressed-unisex", "لومړی")} />
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## 4. Words with the "Pashtun" pattern
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## 4. Words with the "Pashtoon" pattern
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These words are a little irregular but you can see a common patten based around:
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@ -94,3 +99,10 @@ These are also a little irregular but instead of lengthening the 1st masculine i
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<InflectionCarousel items={startingWord(words, "short-irreg-unisex", "غل")} />
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## Not all words inflect
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It's important to know that *not all words can be inflected*. If a word doesn't fit into one of these 5 patterns, you can't inflect it. For example, if an adjective ends in an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "-a" }} /> in the masculine form, you can't inflect it because it doesn't fit any of the patterns above. 🙅♂️
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<Examples opts={opts}>{[
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{ p: "خفه", f: "khufa", e: "sad", sub: "...is also sad because it can't inflect like all the other words 😢" },
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]}</Examples>
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import {
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} from "../../games/games";
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import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay";
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export const femEndingWConsonant = words.filter((w) => w.category === "consonant-fem");
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export const femEndingWConsonant = words.filter((w) => w.category === "basic-fem");
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export const Masc = () => (
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<span style={{ backgroundColor: mascColor }}>masculine</span>
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@ -29,39 +29,47 @@ export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
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In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn *all* these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
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Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options:
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1. <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro">Inflect</Link> it.
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2. If the word isn't inflectable you add a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#plural-endings">plural ending</Link>, or
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3. If the word has an <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#irregular-plurals">irregular plural</Link> use that.
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## Plural by Inflection
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The first way is <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro">inflect</Link> a word if possible. Not all words inflect, but if they do, you can use the first inflection to make them plural.
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To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/">5 inflection patterns</Link>. Here are some examples of words made plural using inflection.
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### With masculine nouns
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<PluralTable inflection>{[
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[{ p: "سړی", f: "saRey", e: "man" }, { p: "سړي", f: "saRee", e: "men" }],
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[{ p: "سپی", f: "spey", e: "dog" }, { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" }],
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[{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun" }, { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }],
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[{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief" }, { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }],
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[{p: "سړی", f: "saRéy", e: "man", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern #3</Link> }, { p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" }],
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[{ p: "سپی", f: "spey", e: "dog", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern #3</Link> }, { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" }],
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[{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">pattern #4</Link> }, { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }],
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[{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief", sub: <Link to="">pattern #5</Link> }, { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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### With feminine nouns
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<PluralTable inflection>{[
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[{ p: "ښڅه", f: "xudza", e: "woman" }, { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }],
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[{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtana", e: "Pashtun (f.)" }, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "لار", f: "laar", e: "road" }, { p: "لارې", f: "laare", e: "roads" }],
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[{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty" }, { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }],
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[{ p: "ناجوړتیا", f: "naajoRtyaa", e: "sickness" }, { p: "ناجوړتیاوې", f: "naajoRtyaawe", e: "sicknesses" }],
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[{ p: "ښڅه", f: "xudza", e: "woman", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1</Link> }, { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }],
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[{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtana", e: "Pashtun (f.)", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">pattern #5</Link> }, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty", sub: <Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs></Link> }, { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same.
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<PluralTable inflection>{[
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[{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)" }, { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "window" }, { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }]
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[{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">pattern #2</Link> }, { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "window", sub: <Link to="/inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ۍ-f-uy--">ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }}</InlinePs></Link> }, { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }]
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]}</PluralTable>
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## Inanimate Plural Ending <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} />
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## Plural Endings
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For masculine inanimate words that end in a consonant (and some others) you can add the **<InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـونه", f: "-óona" }} /> ending** to make the noun plural.
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### Masculine Plural Endings
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#### Inanimate Plural Ending <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} />
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This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">basic pattern</Link>. It's *usually* only used with inanimate things (not with people or animals). But there are exceptions...
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" }, { p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" }],
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[{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" }, { p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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## Animate Plural Ending <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} />
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#### Animate Plural Ending <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "aan" }} />
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For many animate nouns (and some others), you can add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending to make it plural. If the noun ends in a vowel, you will often need to add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> before the ending.
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### With masculine nouns
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This is *usually* only used with animate things (people or animals), but there are exceptions...
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" }, { p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" }],
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[{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" }, { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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### With feminine nouns
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When we use this with feminine nouns, we need to add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end.
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" }, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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[{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" }, { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" }],
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[{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️"}, { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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**Note**: If the word ends with a non-shwa vowel, (ie. not 'u') a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> can be added to seperate the ending and the vowel.
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**Note:** Sometimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> ending is used with animate nouns, and somethimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending is used with inanimate nouns as well. For example:
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@ -97,6 +95,27 @@ When we use this with feminine nouns, we need to add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps
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[{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" }, { p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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### Feminine Plural Endings
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Depending on the dialect, you can either add <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "we" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګانې", f: "gáane" }} /> to the end of the word to make it plural.
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" }, { p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" }],
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[null, { p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" }],
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[{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" }, { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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[null, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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#### With unisex animate nouns
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When a noun is a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/">unisex noun</Link>, you often add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end of the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#animate-plural-ending-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ان-f-aan--">animate <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "aan" }} /> ending</Link> instead of using the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#with-feminine-nouns">regular inflection</Link>.
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<PluralTable>{[
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[{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" }, { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" }],
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[{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️"}, { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" }],
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]}</PluralTable>
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## Irregular Plurals
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Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
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@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ There are many words for people and animals in Pashto that can be used in both m
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To make the male and female forms you just follow the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns">5 inflection patterns</Link>. If you haven't mastered the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns">5 inflection patterns</Link> yet, don't worry, we'll review how each of them works with the unisex nouns below.
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### 1. Words ending in a consonant / <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} />
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### 1. Basic
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Just like with other words ending in a consonant, you add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> on the end to make them feminine.
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Just like with other words following the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">basic pattern</Link>, you add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ـه", f: "a" }} /> on the end to make them feminine.
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<GenderTable rows={[
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{
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ex: {p: "نرسه", f:"nursa", e: "female nurse" },
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},
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},
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{
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masc: {
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ex: { p: "اتل", f: "atal", e: "male hero" },
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},
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fem: {
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ex: { p: "اتله", f: "atala", e: "female hero" },
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},
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},
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]} />
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### 2. Words ending in an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey" }} />
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With the feminine form the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey" }} /> on the end becomes <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} />.
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The feminine form the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey" }} /> on the end becomes <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} />. See <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">pattern</Link>.
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<GenderTable rows={[
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{
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### 3. Words ending in a stressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "éy" }} />
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If the accent comes on the end of the word, the femine form is a little different. With these words the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "éy" }} /> on the end becomes <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ۍ", f: "úy" }} />.
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If the accent comes on the end of the word, the femine form is a little different. With these words the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "éy" }} /> on the end becomes <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ۍ", f: "úy" }} />. See <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern</Link>.
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<GenderTable rows={[
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{
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},
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]} />
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### 4. Words with the "Pashtun" pattern
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### 4. Words with the "Pashtoon" pattern
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See <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">pattern</Link>.
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<GenderTable rows={[
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{
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### 5. Shorter words that squish
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See <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">pattern</Link>.
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<GenderTable rows={[
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{
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masc: {
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@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
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*/
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module.exports = [
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{ ts: 1527815408, e: "asleep" }, // ویده - weedú
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{ ts: 1527812796, e: "good" }, // ښه - xu
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{ ts: 1527821744, e: "cook, chef" }, // آشپز - aashpáz
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{ ts: 1527812461, e: "hero, brave" }, // اتل - atul
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{ ts: 1527821649, e: "impressive, effective, influencing" }, // اثرناک - asarnáak
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{ ts: 1527813585, e: `person, human being, creature` }, // وګړی - wagúRey
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{ ts: 1527814672, e: `spokesperson, spokesman, newcaster` }, // ویاند - wayaand
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{ ts: 1586454081484, e: `orphan` }, // یتیم - yateem
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{ ts: 1527812461, e: "hero" }, // اتل - atal
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];
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{ ts: 1527812802, e: "donkey" }, // خر - khur
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{ ts: 1527813293, e: "red, hot" }, // سور - soor
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{ ts: 1527815265, e: "green, blue" }, // شین - sheen
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{ ts: 1527812796, e: "good" }, // ښه - xu
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{ ts: 1527812624, e: "thief" }, // غل - ghul
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{ ts: 1527815087, e: "dead" }, // مړ - muR
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{ ts: 1527814151, e: "companion, friend" }, // مل - mal
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Reference in New Issue