added demonstratives chapter
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@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ import * as pronounsBasic from "./pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx";
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import * as pronounsMini from "./pronouns/pronouns-mini.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as directionalPronouns from "./pronouns/pronouns-directional.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as demonstratives from "./pronouns/demonstratives.mdx";
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// @ts-ignore
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import * as inflectionIntro from "./inflection/inflection-intro.mdx";
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@ -220,6 +222,28 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] =
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}
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]
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},
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{
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"heading": "Pronouns",
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"subdirectory": "pronouns",
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"chapters": [
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{
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"import": pronounsBasic,
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"slug": "pronouns-basic"
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},
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{
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"import": pronounsMini,
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"slug": "pronouns-mini"
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},
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{
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"import": directionalPronouns,
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"slug": "pronouns-directional"
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},
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{
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"import": demonstratives,
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"slug": "demonstratives"
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}
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]
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},
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{
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"heading": "Phrase Structure 🧱",
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"subdirectory": "phrase-structure",
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@ -360,24 +384,6 @@ export const contentTree: (ChapterSection | ChaptersSection)[] =
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}
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]
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},
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{
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"heading": "Pronouns",
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"subdirectory": "pronouns",
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"chapters": [
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{
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"import": pronounsBasic,
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"slug": "pronouns-basic"
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},
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{
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"import": pronounsMini,
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"slug": "pronouns-mini"
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},
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{
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"import": directionalPronouns,
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"slug": "pronouns-directional"
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}
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]
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},
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{
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"heading": "Sandwiches 🥪",
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"subdirectory": "sandwiches",
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@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
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---
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title: Demonstratives 👉
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---
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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InlinePs,
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firstVariation,
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Examples
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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import genderColors from "../../lib/gender-colors";
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import GenderTable from "../../components/GenderTable";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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export const femColor = genderColors.f;
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export const mascColor = genderColors.m;
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import { nounGenderGame1, nounGenderGame2 } from "../../games/games";
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import GameDisplay from "../../games/GameDisplay";
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import EditableVPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx";
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import EditableEPEx from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableEPEx";
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Demonstratives are words like "this, that, these, those" that are used **to point to or specify nouns**. In Pashto we use the words for demonstratives:
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />
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- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} />
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And these words also inflect in some interesting ways.
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## The general دا - daa
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The word <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} /> is probably the most common demonstrative in Pashto. It's also fairly general, for pointing to people or things close by or at a medium distance. ("Distance" here can refer to the distance in conversation, not just physical distance.)
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The other nice thing about this useful pointer word is that **it is the same for masculine or feminine, singular or plural**!
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.016611610164032342,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.010739460241721455,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816016,"i":3172,"p":"پښتو","f":"puxtó, paxtó","g":"puxto,paxto","e":"Pashto, Pashtunwali","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"Pashto","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817013,"i":18259,"p":"ویل","f":"wayúl","g":"wayul","e":"to say, to tell","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.016611610164032342,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":7091,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","r":4,"c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.010739460241721455,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816016,"i":3172,"p":"پښتو","f":"puxtó, paxtó","g":"puxto,paxto","e":"Pashto, Pashtunwali","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"Pashto","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817013,"i":18259,"p":"ویل","f":"wayúl","g":"wayul","e":"to say, to tell","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ec":"speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spoken","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":true,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.7759356354574205,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.09676861988508834,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1586551382412,"i":17981,"p":"وریژې","f":"wréejze","g":"wreejze","e":"rice","r":4,"c":"n. f. pl.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1571859113828,"i":2904,"p":"پخول","f":"pakhawúl","g":"pakhawul","e":"to cook, prepare, to cause to ripen, mature","r":4,"c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":3512,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","r":4,"c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.7759356354574205,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.09676861988508834,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1586551382412,"i":17981,"p":"وریژې","f":"wréejze","g":"wreejze","e":"rice","r":4,"c":"n. f. pl.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1571859113828,"i":2904,"p":"پخول","f":"pakhawúl","g":"pakhawul","e":"to cook, prepare, to cause to ripen, mature","r":4,"c":"v. stat. comp. trans.","l":1574867531681,"ec":"cook","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1574867531681,"i":3512,"p":"پوخ","f":"pokh","g":"pokh","e":"cooked, mature, ripe, ready, able, skillful, experienced, tried, tested, true","r":4,"c":"adj. irreg.","infap":"پاخه","infaf":"paakhu","infbp":"پخ","infbf":"pakh","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"stative","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816098,"i":18172,"p":"ونه","f":"wúna","g":"wuna","e":"tree; height","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
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<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527816098,"i":18172,"p":"ونه","f":"wúna","g":"wuna","e":"tree; height","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
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<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
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<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812625,"i":11572,"p":"غټ","f":"ghuT, ghaT","g":"ghuT,ghaT","e":"big, fat","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
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### Inflecting دا - daa to دې - de
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In all these examples above, masculine and feminine, singular or plural, we always use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} />. But what happens when we need to <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">inflect</Link> a word because it's <Link to="/sandwiches/sandwiches/">in a sandwich</Link> or because it's <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/#past-tense-with-transitive-verbs-">the subject of a past tense transitive verb</Link>? In that case it becomes <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې", f: "de" }} />.
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Remember, <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">normally</Link> we would inflect a word when it's plural, but not with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} />! **we only inflect this word for _two_ reasons**:
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- being in a sandwich
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- being the subject of a past tense transitive verb
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Here are some examples of the demonstrative <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} /> being inflected because it's used for the subject of a past tense transitive verb.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.6132085810692784,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.47115899186288135,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815041,"i":9342,"p":"ژړول","f":"jzaRawul","g":"jzaRawul","e":"to make someone cry","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","ec":"make","ep":"cry"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.6132085810692784,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.47115899186288135,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815041,"i":9342,"p":"ژړول","f":"jzaRawul","g":"jzaRawul","e":"to make someone cry","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","ec":"make","ep":"cry"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.851174272757701,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.9894847508739981,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.851174272757701,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.9894847508739981,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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Notice how the nouns change depending on whether they're singular or plural. When they nouns are a subject of a past tense transitive verb _and_ plural, they use the double inflection. But there is no difference no difference in <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: "this / these" }} /> between singular and plural.
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And here are some examples of <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa" }} /> being inflected because it's in a sandwich.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.13933460170370982,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2607654032277311,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","after":{"p":"ته","f":"ta"},"e":"to","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527814265,"i":15875,"p":"مکتب","f":"maktáb","g":"maktab","e":"school","r":4,"c":"n. m.","app":"مکاتب","apf":"makaatib","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.23805903802061423,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":4587,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","r":4,"c":"v. intrans.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړل","prf":"láaRul","separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
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|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.13933460170370982,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.2607654032277311,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","after":{"p":"ته","f":"ta"},"e":"to","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527814265,"i":15875,"p":"مکتب","f":"maktáb","g":"maktab","e":"school","r":4,"c":"n. m.","app":"مکاتب","apf":"makaatib","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.23805903802061423,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":4587,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","r":4,"c":"v. intrans.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړل","prf":"láaRul","separationAtP":2,"separationAtF":3,"ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.33750095093596255,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8500623382016168,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.18261823823142165,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658280518551,"i":14463,"p":"لوبه کول","f":"loba kawul","g":"lobakawul","e":"to play (a game/sport/role)","r":2,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812859,"ec":"play"},"complement":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.33750095093596255,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":4,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.8500623382016168,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.18261823823142165,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1658280518551,"i":14463,"p":"لوبه کول","f":"loba kawul","g":"lobakawul","e":"to play (a game/sport/role)","r":2,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812859,"ec":"play"},"complement":{"ts":1527812859,"i":14462,"p":"لوبه","f":"lóba","g":"loba","e":"game, match","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
Again, there's no difference in the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دې", f: "de", e: "this / these" }} /> between singular and plural.
|
||||
|
||||
But things get a little more complicated when we want to get a bit more specific with our demonstratives and use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> and <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />.
|
||||
|
||||
## More specific دغه - dágha / هغه - hágha
|
||||
|
||||
When we want to be more specific with our pointing we can use the other two demonstratives:
|
||||
|
||||
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} /> (closer)
|
||||
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> (further)
|
||||
|
||||
Notice that that this second one is different than the 3rd pers. sing pronoun!
|
||||
|
||||
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> (demonstrative)
|
||||
- <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "haghá", e: "he / she it" }} /> (pronoun)
|
||||
|
||||
In their plain forms, these do not change from masculine to feminine.
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":10981,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1578329248464,"i":9588,"p":"سپین","f":"speen","g":"speen","e":"white (fig. clear, honest, beautiful)","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527817398,"i":16176,"p":"مهربان","f":"mihrabáan","g":"mihrabaan","e":"kind, gracious, generous, indulgent","r":4,"c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
These demonstratives also **don't change when they're plural**:
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":10981,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1578329248464,"i":9588,"p":"سپین","f":"speen","g":"speen","e":"white (fig. clear, honest, beautiful)","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527817398,"i":16176,"p":"مهربان","f":"mihrabáan","g":"mihrabaan","e":"kind, gracious, generous, indulgent","r":4,"c":"adj."}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
### Inflecting دغه - dágha / هغه - hágha
|
||||
|
||||
**But**, here's where things get more complicated... If they are inflected because of those other two reasons:
|
||||
|
||||
- being in a sandwich
|
||||
- being the subject of a past tense transitive verb
|
||||
|
||||
Then the full craziness of inflections are unleashed 👇
|
||||
|
||||
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Plain (singular or plural)</td>
|
||||
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دغه",
|
||||
f: "dágha",
|
||||
e: "this / these",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Singular and in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.</td>
|
||||
<td style={{ background: genderColors.m }}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دغه",
|
||||
f: "dághu",
|
||||
e: "this",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td style={{ background: genderColors.f }}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دغې",
|
||||
f: "dághe",
|
||||
e: "this",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div>Double inflection</div>
|
||||
<div>(Plural <em>and</em> in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.)</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دغو",
|
||||
f: "dágho",
|
||||
e: "these",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<table className="table table-bordered my-4" style={{ tableLayout: "fixed", textAlign: "center" }}>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col"></th>
|
||||
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Plain (singular or plural)</td>
|
||||
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "هغه",
|
||||
f: "hágha",
|
||||
e: "that / those",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Singular and in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.</td>
|
||||
<td style={{ background: genderColors.m }}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "هغه",
|
||||
f: "hághu",
|
||||
e: "that",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td style={{ background: genderColors.f }}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "هغې",
|
||||
f: "hághe",
|
||||
e: "that",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div>Double inflection</div>
|
||||
<div>(Plural <em>and</em> in a sandwich or subject of past tense trans.)</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td colspan={2}>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||
{[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "هغو",
|
||||
f: "hágho",
|
||||
e: "those",
|
||||
},
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some examples of these words inflecting because they're singular but in a sandwich:
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815219,"i":8745,"p":"رنګ","f":"rang","g":"rang","e":"color, colour, style, kind; paint","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812779,"i":10962,"p":"ښکلی","f":"xkÚlay","g":"xkUlay","e":"beautiful","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.609375515883567,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.05318323940267988,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812043,"i":14630,"p":"لیکوال","f":"leekwáal","g":"leekwaal","e":"writer, author","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815165,"i":3714,"p":"پېژندل","f":"pejzandúl","g":"pejzandul","e":"to recognize, know, meet (w gramm. trans)","r":4,"c":"v. trans. / gram. trans.","psp":"پېژن","psf":"pejzan","tppp":"پېژاند","tppf":"pejzaand","ec":"know,knows,knowing,knew,known","a":1}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.9364870596350119,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.13516192589623977,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.9476823051383763,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.9364870596350119,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.13516192589623977,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.9476823051383763,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
And here are some examples of these words inflecting because they're singular but also the subject of a past tense transitive verb.
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.3508738169298047,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.5628310389066882,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":18176,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.8170530088094552,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815251,"i":9910,"p":"سړی","f":"saRáy","g":"saRay","e":"man","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ec":"man","ep":"men"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.805575286142499,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, let's look at some examples where the demonstrative is _double inflected_ because the noun is both plural _and_ inflected for another reason.
|
||||
|
||||
**Plural and in a sandwich:**
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.033216575241004076,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.3506612320163158,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":7091,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","r":4,"c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":true}}}}}},{"key":0.6156078340349931,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts} hideOmitSubject>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815219,"i":8745,"p":"رنګ","f":"rang","g":"rang","e":"color, colour, style, kind; paint","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815175,"i":3616,"p":"پیاله","f":"piyaala","g":"piyaala","e":"cup, glass","r":4,"c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"Complement","Complement":{"type":"complement","selection":{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812779,"i":10962,"p":"ښکلی","f":"xkÚlay","g":"xkUlay","e":"beautiful","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
**Plural and the subject of a past tense transitive verb:**
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.3508738169298047,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812797,"i":10936,"p":"ښځه","f":"xúdza","g":"xudza","e":"woman, wife","r":4,"c":"n. f.","ec":"woman","ep":"women","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.5628310389066882,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":true,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":18176,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.41979915991647543,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":14722,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","r":4,"c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":true}}}}},{"key":0.07096609264114995,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false},"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
## Demonstratives without the noun
|
||||
|
||||
In Pashto, demonstratives can also be used _without saying the noun_ they are pointing to. So you can use the words <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دا", f: "daa", e: "this / these" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دغه", f: "dágha", e: "this / these" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "هغه", f: "hágha", e: "that / those" }} /> without saying the noun that they are referring to.
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.033216575241004076,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.3506612320163158,"block":{"type":"AP","selection":{"type":"sandwich","before":{"p":"له","f":"la"},"after":{"p":"سره","f":"sara"},"e":"with","inside":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812342,"i":7091,"p":"خلک","f":"khalk","g":"khalk","e":"people, nation, populace","r":4,"c":"n. m. pl."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":false,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"hagha","withNoun":false}}}}}},{"key":0.6156078340349931,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true,"genStativeComplement":false}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1581786710658,"i":6839,"p":"خبرې کول","f":"khabúre kawul","g":"khaburekawul","e":"to speak, talk, talk with","r":3,"c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527812766,"ec":"talk","a":1},"complement":{"ts":1527812766,"i":6832,"p":"خبره","f":"khabúra","g":"khabura","e":"thought, speech, idea, thing, remark","r":4,"c":"n. f.","a":1}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812752,"i":11033,"p":"کول","f":"kawul","g":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","r":4,"c":"v. trans./gramm. trans.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRay","separationAtP":1,"separationAtF":2,"diacExcept":true,"ec":"do,does,doing,did,done"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableEPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.23089213205851067,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"daa","withNoun":false}}}}}],"predicate":{"type":"NP","NP":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812817,"i":12668,"p":"کتاب","f":"kitáab","g":"kitaab","e":"book","r":4,"c":"n. m.","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[{"type":"adjective","entry":{"ts":1527812796,"i":10981,"p":"ښه","f":"xu","g":"xu","e":"good","r":4,"c":"adj.","a":1}}],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false}}},"equative":{"tense":"present","negative":false},"omitSubject":false}}</EditableEPEx>
|
||||
|
||||
<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{{"blocks":[{"key":0.4381654501657355,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.7807494707111873,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815268,"i":10860,"p":"شی","f":"shay","g":"shay","e":"thing","r":4,"c":"n. m.","ppp":"شیان, شیونه","ppf":"shayáan, shayóona","a":1},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":false,"genStativeComplement":false,"demonstrative":{"type":"demonstrative","demonstrative":"dagha","withNoun":false}}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817298,"i":354,"p":"اخیستل","f":"akheestúl","g":"akheestul","e":"to take, buy, purchase, receive; to shave, cut with scissors","r":4,"c":"v. trans.","psp":"اخل","psf":"akhl","tppp":"اخیست","tppf":"akheest","ec":"take,takes,taking,took,taken","a":1}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"pastPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}}</EditableVPEx>
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue