added section about masculine nouns with feminine plurals
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adueck
parent
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@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link";
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export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
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return (
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<Table headRow={[
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<Table
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headRow={[
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<div>
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<div>singular</div>
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">plain</div>}
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@ -21,13 +22,15 @@ export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
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<div>plural</div>
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">inflected</div>}
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</div>,
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]} opts={opts}>
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]}
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opts={opts}
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>
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{children}
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</Table>
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);
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}
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In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn *all* these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
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In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn _all_ these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
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Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options:
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@ -43,10 +46,49 @@ To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the <Link to="/inflection/inf
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<PluralTable inflection>
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{[
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[{p: "سړی", f: "saRéy", e: "man", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern #3</Link> }, { p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" }],
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[{ p: "سپی", f: "spey", e: "dog", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern #3</Link> }, { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" }],
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[{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">pattern #4</Link> }, { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }],
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[{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief", sub: <Link to="">pattern #5</Link> }, { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }],
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[
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{
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p: "سړی",
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f: "saRéy",
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e: "man",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">
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pattern #3
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "سپی",
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f: "spey",
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e: "dog",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">
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pattern #3
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "پښتون",
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f: "puxtóon",
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e: "Pashtun",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">
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pattern #4
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief", sub: <Link to="">pattern #5</Link> },
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{ p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -54,9 +96,43 @@ To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the <Link to="/inflection/inf
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<PluralTable inflection>
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{[
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[{ p: "ښڅه", f: "xudza", e: "woman", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1</Link> }, { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }],
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[{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtana", e: "Pashtun (f.)", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">pattern #5</Link> }, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty", sub: <Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs></Link> }, { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }],
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[
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{
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p: "ښڅه",
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f: "xudza",
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e: "woman",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "پښتنه",
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f: "puxtana",
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e: "Pashtun (f.)",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">
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pattern #5
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "سختي",
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f: "sakhtée",
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e: "difficulty",
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sub: (
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<Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">
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ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs>
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -64,8 +140,32 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan
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<PluralTable inflection>
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{[
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[{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">pattern #2</Link> }, { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }],
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[{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "window", sub: <Link to="/inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ۍ-f-uy--">ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }}</InlinePs></Link> }, { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }]
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[
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{
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p: "ملګرې",
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f: "malgúre",
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e: "friend (f.)",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">
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pattern #2
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "کړکۍ",
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f: "kuRkúy",
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e: "window",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ۍ-f-uy--">
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ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }}</InlinePs>
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -75,25 +175,43 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan
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#### Inanimate Plural Ending ونه - óona
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This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">basic pattern</Link>. It's *usually* only used with inanimate things (not with people or animals). But there are exceptions...
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This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">basic pattern</Link>. It's _usually_ only used with inanimate things (not with people or animals). But there are exceptions...
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" }, { p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" }],
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[{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" }, { p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" }],
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[{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" }, { p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" }],
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[
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{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" },
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{ p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" },
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{ p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" },
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{ p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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#### Animate Plural Ending ان - áan
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This is *usually* only used with animate things (people or animals), but there are exceptions...
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This is _usually_ only used with animate things (people or animals), but there are exceptions...
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" }, { p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" }],
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[{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" }, { p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" }],
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[{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" }, { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" }],
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[
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{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" },
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{ p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" },
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{ p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" },
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{ p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -103,20 +221,28 @@ This is *usually* only used with animate things (people or animals), but there a
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" }, { p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" }],
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[
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{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" },
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{ p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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### Feminine Plural Endings
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Depending on the dialect, you can either add <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "we" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګانې", f: "gáane" }} /> to the end of the word to make it plural.
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" }, { p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" }],
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[
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{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
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{ p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" },
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],
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[null, { p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" }],
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[{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" }, { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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[
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{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" },
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{ p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats 🐱🐱" },
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],
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[null, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -127,8 +253,14 @@ When a noun is a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/">unisex noun</Link>, you often a
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" }, { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" }],
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[{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️"}, { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" }],
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[
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{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" },
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{ p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️" },
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{ p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -138,15 +270,42 @@ Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[{p:"خور", f:"khor", e:"sister"}, {p:"خویندې", f:"khweynde", e:"sisters"}],
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[{p:"ورور", f:"wror", e:"brother"}, {p:"وروڼه", f:"wróoNa", e:"brothers"}],
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[{p:"نجلۍ", f:"njuluy", e:"girl"},{p:"نجونې", f:"njoone", e:"girls"}],
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[{p:"مور", f:"mor", e:"mother"}, {p:"میندې", f:"mende", e:"mothers"}],
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[{p:"زوی", f:"zooy", e:"son"}, {p:"زامن", f:"zaamun", e:"sons"}],
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[{p:"ترور", f:"tror", e:"aunt"}, {p:"تریندې", f:"treynde", e:"aunts"}],
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[{p:"لور", f:"loor", e:"daughter"},{p:"لوڼې", f:"looNe", e:"daughters"}],
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[{p:"یور", f:"yor", e:"wife of a husbands' brother"},{p:"یوڼې", f:"yooNe", e:"wives of a husband's brother"}],
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[{p:"نږور", f:"nGor", e:"daughter-in-law"},{p:"نږیندې", f:"nGeynde", e:"daughter-in-laws"}],
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[
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{ p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" },
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{ p: "خویندې", f: "khweynde", e: "sisters" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" },
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{ p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "نجلۍ", f: "njuluy", e: "girl" },
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{ p: "نجونې", f: "njoone", e: "girls" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" },
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{ p: "میندې", f: "mende", e: "mothers" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "زوی", f: "zooy", e: "son" },
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{ p: "زامن", f: "zaamun", e: "sons" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ترور", f: "tror", e: "aunt" },
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{ p: "تریندې", f: "treynde", e: "aunts" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "لور", f: "loor", e: "daughter" },
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{ p: "لوڼې", f: "looNe", e: "daughters" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "یور", f: "yor", e: "wife of a husbands' brother" },
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{ p: "یوڼې", f: "yooNe", e: "wives of a husband's brother" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "نږور", f: "nGor", e: "daughter-in-law" },
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{ p: "نږیندې", f: "nGeynde", e: "daughter-in-laws" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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@ -162,6 +321,43 @@ Some nouns are just always considered plural, often because they are made up of
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{ p: "اوبه", f: "oobú", e: "water (f. pl.)" },
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{ p: "جوار", f: "jawáar", e: "corn (m. pl.)" },
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{ p: "زهر", f: "zahur", e: "poison (m. pl.)" },
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{ p: "دروغ", f: "darógh", e: "lie, falsehood (m. pl.) " },
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{ p: "پیاز", f: "piyáaz", e: "onion (m. pl.)" },
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{ p: "سامان", f: "saamáan", e: "stuff, things (m. pl.)" },
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]}
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</Examples>
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## Masculine nouns with feminine plurals
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Above we learned that **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">#1 basic pattern</Link>, we add the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> ending to make it plural. But there is also another interesting thing that happens in Pashto:
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**Masculine nouns ending in a consonant can become feminine for the plural form**. Often you will hear both forms of the plural, the regular masculine form with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> and the feminine form as well.
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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[
|
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{ p: "ډز", f: "Duz", e: "gunshot", sub: "(n. m.)" },
|
||||
{ p: "ډزې", f: "Dúze", e: "gunshots", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
|
||||
{ p: "ډزونه", f: "Duzóona", e: "gunshots", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{ p: "ځل", f: "dzal", e: "time", sub: "(n. m.)" },
|
||||
{ p: "ځلې", f: "dzále", e: "times", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
|
||||
{ p: "ځلونه", f: "dzalóona", e: "times", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{ p: "چرک", f: "chakár", e: "stroll", sub: "(n. m.)" },
|
||||
{ p: "چکرې", f: "chakáre", e: "strolls", sub: "(n. f.)" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
|
||||
{ p: "چکرونه", f: "chakaróona", e: "strolls", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
]}
|
||||
</PluralTable>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue