added section about masculine nouns with feminine plurals
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adueck
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@ -3,31 +3,34 @@ title: Making Nouns Plural
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---
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---
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import {
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import {
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Examples,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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InlinePs,
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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} from "@lingdocs/ps-react";
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import Table from "../../components/Table";
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import Table from "../../components/Table";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
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export function PluralTable({ children, inflection }) {
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return (
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return (
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<Table headRow={[
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<Table
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<div>
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headRow={[
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<div>singular</div>
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<div>
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">plain</div>}
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<div>singular</div>
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</div>,
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">plain</div>}
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<div>
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</div>,
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<div>plural</div>
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<div>
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">inflected</div>}
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<div>plural</div>
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</div>,
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{inflection && <div className="small text-muted">inflected</div>}
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]} opts={opts}>
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</div>,
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{children}
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]}
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</Table>
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opts={opts}
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);
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>
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{children}
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</Table>
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);
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}
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}
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In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn *all* these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
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In Pashto **there are many, many ways that nouns become plural**. It may seem overwhelming at first to learn _all_ these different ways of nouns becoming plural. In the beginning, just look at a few. Then keep coming back and see if you're getting familiar with all the different ways that nouns become plural.
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Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options:
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Basically, to make a noun plural you have the following options:
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@ -42,31 +45,128 @@ To understand how to inflect words, have a look at the <Link to="/inflection/inf
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### With masculine nouns
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### With masculine nouns
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<PluralTable inflection>
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<PluralTable inflection>
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{[
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{[
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[{p: "سړی", f: "saRéy", e: "man", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern #3</Link> }, { p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" }],
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[
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[{ p: "سپی", f: "spey", e: "dog", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">pattern #3</Link> }, { p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" }],
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{
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[{ p: "پښتون", f: "puxtóon", e: "Pashtun", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">pattern #4</Link> }, { p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" }],
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p: "سړی",
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[{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief", sub: <Link to="">pattern #5</Link> }, { p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" }],
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f: "saRéy",
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]}
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e: "man",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">
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pattern #3
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "سړي", f: "saRée", e: "men" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "سپی",
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f: "spey",
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e: "dog",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#3-words-ending-in-a-stressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-éy--">
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pattern #3
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "سپي", f: "spee", e: "dog" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "پښتون",
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f: "puxtóon",
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e: "Pashtun",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#4-words-with-the-pashtoon-pattern">
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pattern #4
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "پښتانه", f: "puxtaanu", e: "Pashtuns" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "غل", f: "ghul", e: "thief", sub: <Link to="">pattern #5</Link> },
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{ p: "غله", f: "ghlu", e: "thieves" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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### With feminine nouns
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### With feminine nouns
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<PluralTable inflection>
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<PluralTable inflection>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "ښڅه", f: "xudza", e: "woman", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1</Link> }, { p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" }],
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[
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[{ p: "پښتنه", f: "puxtana", e: "Pashtun (f.)", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">pattern #5</Link> }, { p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" }],
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{
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[{ p: "سختي", f: "sakhtée", e: "difficulty", sub: <Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs></Link> }, { p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" }],
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p: "ښڅه",
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]}
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f: "xudza",
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e: "woman",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#1-basic">pattern #1</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "ښځې", f: "xudze", e: "women" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "پښتنه",
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f: "puxtana",
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e: "Pashtun (f.)",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#5-shorter-words-that-squish">
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pattern #5
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "پښتنې", f: "puxtane", e: "Pashtuns (f.)" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "سختي",
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f: "sakhtée",
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e: "difficulty",
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sub: (
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<Link to="inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ي-f-ee--">
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ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ي", f: "ee" }}</InlinePs>
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "سختۍ", f: "sakhtúy", e: "difficulties" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same.
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Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not change at all in the first inflection. In these cases the singular and plural are just the same.
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<PluralTable inflection>
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<PluralTable inflection>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friend (f.)", sub: <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">pattern #2</Link> }, { p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" }],
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[
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[{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "window", sub: <Link to="/inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ۍ-f-uy--">ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }}</InlinePs></Link> }, { p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" }]
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{
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]}
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p: "ملګرې",
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f: "malgúre",
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e: "friend (f.)",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">
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pattern #2
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "ملګرې", f: "malgúre", e: "friends (f.)" },
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],
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[
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{
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p: "کړکۍ",
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f: "kuRkúy",
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e: "window",
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sub: (
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<Link to="/inflection/feminine-inflection/#feminine-nouns-ending-in-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ۍ-f-uy--">
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ending in <InlinePs opts={opts}>{{ p: "ۍ", f: "uy" }}</InlinePs>
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</Link>
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),
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},
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{ p: "کړکۍ", f: "kuRkúy", e: "windows" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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## Plural Endings
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## Plural Endings
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@ -75,50 +175,76 @@ Note that in some forms of inflection with feminine nouns the word does not chan
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#### Inanimate Plural Ending ونه - óona
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#### Inanimate Plural Ending ونه - óona
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This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">basic pattern</Link>. It's *usually* only used with inanimate things (not with people or animals). But there are exceptions...
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This only works with **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">basic pattern</Link>. It's _usually_ only used with inanimate things (not with people or animals). But there are exceptions...
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<PluralTable>
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" }, { p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" }],
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[
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[{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" }, { p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" }],
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{ p: "کور", f: "kor", e: "house" },
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[{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" }, { p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" }],
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{ p: "کورونه", f: "koróona", e: "houses" },
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]}
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],
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[
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{ p: "څیز", f: "tseez", e: "thing" },
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{ p: "څیزونه", f: "tseezóona", e: "things" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "کتاب", f: "kitáab", e: "book" },
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{ p: "کتابونه", f: "kitaabóona", e: "books" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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#### Animate Plural Ending ان - áan
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#### Animate Plural Ending ان - áan
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This is *usually* only used with animate things (people or animals), but there are exceptions...
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This is _usually_ only used with animate things (people or animals), but there are exceptions...
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<PluralTable>
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" }, { p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" }],
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[
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[{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" }, { p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" }],
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{ p: "دوست", f: "dost", e: "friend" },
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[{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" }, { p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" }],
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{ p: "دوستان", f: "dostáan", e: "friends" },
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]}
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],
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[
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{ p: "مار", f: "maar", e: "snake" },
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{ p: "ماران", f: "maaráan", e: "snakes" },
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],
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[
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{ p: "ماما", f: "maamáa", e: "uncle" },
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{ p: "ماماګان", f: "maamaagáan", e: "uncles" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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**Note**: If the word ends with a non-shwa vowel, (ie. not 'u') a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> can be added to seperate the ending and the vowel.
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**Note**: If the word ends with a non-shwa vowel, (ie. not 'u') a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګ", f: "g" }} /> can be added to seperate the ending and the vowel.
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**Note:** Sometimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> ending is used with animate nouns, and somethimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending is used with inanimate nouns as well. For example:
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**Note:** Sometimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> ending is used with animate nouns, and somethimes the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "áan" }} /> ending is used with inanimate nouns as well. For example:
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<PluralTable>
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" }, { p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" }],
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[
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]}
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{ p: "شی", f: "shey", e: "thing" },
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{ p: "شیان", f: "sheyáan", e: "things" },
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],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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### Feminine Plural Endings
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### Feminine Plural Endings
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Depending on the dialect, you can either add <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "we" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګانې", f: "gáane" }} /> to the end of the word to make it plural.
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Depending on the dialect, you can either add <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وې", f: "we" }} />, or <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ګانې", f: "gáane" }} /> to the end of the word to make it plural.
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<PluralTable>
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" }, { p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" }],
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[
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[null, { p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" }],
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{ p: "دعا", f: "dUáa", e: "prayer" },
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[{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" }, { p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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{ p: "دعاوې", f: "dUáawe", e: "prayers" },
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[null, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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],
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]}
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[null, { p: "دعاګانې", f: "dUaagáane", e: "prayers" }],
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[
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{ p: "بيشو", f: "peeshó", e: "cat 🐱" },
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{ p: "پیشووې", f: "peeshówe", e: "cats 🐱🐱" },
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],
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[null, { p: "پیشوګانې", f: "peeshogáane", e: "cats 🐱🐱" }],
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]}
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</PluralTable>
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</PluralTable>
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#### With unisex animate nouns
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#### With unisex animate nouns
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@ -126,10 +252,16 @@ Depending on the dialect, you can either add <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و
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When a noun is a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/">unisex noun</Link>, you often add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end of the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#animate-plural-ending-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ان-f-aan--">animate <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "aan" }} /> ending</Link> instead of using the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#with-feminine-nouns">regular inflection</Link>.
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When a noun is a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/">unisex noun</Link>, you often add an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ې", f: "e" }} /> on the end of the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#animate-plural-ending-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ان-f-aan--">animate <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ان", f: "aan" }} /> ending</Link> instead of using the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-plural/#with-feminine-nouns">regular inflection</Link>.
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<PluralTable>
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<PluralTable>
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{[
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{[
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[{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" }, { p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" }],
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[
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[{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️"}, { p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" }],
|
{ p: "استاذ", f: "Ustáaza", e: "teacher (f.) 👩🏫" },
|
||||||
]}
|
{ p: "استاذانې", f: "Ustaazáane", e: "teachers (f.) 👩🏫👩🏫" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ډاکټره", f: "DakTára", e: "doctor (f.) 👩⚕️" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ډاکټرانې", f: "DakTaráane", e: "doctors (f.) 👩⚕️👩⚕️" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
</PluralTable>
|
</PluralTable>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Irregular Plurals
|
## Irregular Plurals
|
||||||
|
|
@ -137,17 +269,44 @@ When a noun is a <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/">unisex noun</Link>, you often a
|
||||||
Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
|
Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<PluralTable>
|
<PluralTable>
|
||||||
{[
|
{[
|
||||||
[{p:"خور", f:"khor", e:"sister"}, {p:"خویندې", f:"khweynde", e:"sisters"}],
|
[
|
||||||
[{p:"ورور", f:"wror", e:"brother"}, {p:"وروڼه", f:"wróoNa", e:"brothers"}],
|
{ p: "خور", f: "khor", e: "sister" },
|
||||||
[{p:"نجلۍ", f:"njuluy", e:"girl"},{p:"نجونې", f:"njoone", e:"girls"}],
|
{ p: "خویندې", f: "khweynde", e: "sisters" },
|
||||||
[{p:"مور", f:"mor", e:"mother"}, {p:"میندې", f:"mende", e:"mothers"}],
|
],
|
||||||
[{p:"زوی", f:"zooy", e:"son"}, {p:"زامن", f:"zaamun", e:"sons"}],
|
[
|
||||||
[{p:"ترور", f:"tror", e:"aunt"}, {p:"تریندې", f:"treynde", e:"aunts"}],
|
{ p: "ورور", f: "wror", e: "brother" },
|
||||||
[{p:"لور", f:"loor", e:"daughter"},{p:"لوڼې", f:"looNe", e:"daughters"}],
|
{ p: "وروڼه", f: "wróoNa", e: "brothers" },
|
||||||
[{p:"یور", f:"yor", e:"wife of a husbands' brother"},{p:"یوڼې", f:"yooNe", e:"wives of a husband's brother"}],
|
],
|
||||||
[{p:"نږور", f:"nGor", e:"daughter-in-law"},{p:"نږیندې", f:"nGeynde", e:"daughter-in-laws"}],
|
[
|
||||||
]}
|
{ p: "نجلۍ", f: "njuluy", e: "girl" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "نجونې", f: "njoone", e: "girls" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "مور", f: "mor", e: "mother" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "میندې", f: "mende", e: "mothers" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "زوی", f: "zooy", e: "son" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "زامن", f: "zaamun", e: "sons" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ترور", f: "tror", e: "aunt" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "تریندې", f: "treynde", e: "aunts" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "لور", f: "loor", e: "daughter" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "لوڼې", f: "looNe", e: "daughters" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "یور", f: "yor", e: "wife of a husbands' brother" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "یوڼې", f: "yooNe", e: "wives of a husband's brother" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "نږور", f: "nGor", e: "daughter-in-law" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "نږیندې", f: "nGeynde", e: "daughter-in-laws" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
</PluralTable>
|
</PluralTable>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Collective Plurals
|
## Collective Plurals
|
||||||
|
|
@ -155,13 +314,50 @@ Some nouns just have completely irregular plural forms.
|
||||||
Some nouns are just always considered plural, often because they are made up of a bunch of individual pieces.
|
Some nouns are just always considered plural, often because they are made up of a bunch of individual pieces.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
<Examples opts={opts}>
|
||||||
{[
|
{[
|
||||||
{ p: "خلک", f: "khalk", e: "people/populace (m. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "خلک", f: "khalk", e: "people/populace (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
{ p: "اوړه", f: "ooRú", e: "flour (m. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "اوړه", f: "ooRú", e: "flour (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
{ p: "برنج", f: "birínj", e: "rice (m. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "برنج", f: "birínj", e: "rice (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
{ p: "اوبه", f: "oobú", e: "water (f. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "اوبه", f: "oobú", e: "water (f. pl.)" },
|
||||||
{ p: "جوار", f: "jawáar", e: "corn (m. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "جوار", f: "jawáar", e: "corn (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
{ p: "زهر", f: "zahur", e: "poison (m. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "زهر", f: "zahur", e: "poison (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
{ p: "سامان", f: "saamáan", e: "stuff, things (m. pl.)" },
|
{ p: "دروغ", f: "darógh", e: "lie, falsehood (m. pl.) " },
|
||||||
]}
|
{ p: "پیاز", f: "piyáaz", e: "onion (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "سامان", f: "saamáan", e: "stuff, things (m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
</Examples>
|
</Examples>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Masculine nouns with feminine plurals
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Above we learned that **masculine nouns** that fit into the <Link to="/nouns/nouns-unisex/#1-basic">#1 basic pattern</Link>, we add the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> ending to make it plural. But there is also another interesting thing that happens in Pashto:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**Masculine nouns ending in a consonant can become feminine for the plural form**. Often you will hear both forms of the plural, the regular masculine form with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونه", f: "óona" }} /> and the feminine form as well.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<PluralTable>
|
||||||
|
{[
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ډز", f: "Duz", e: "gunshot", sub: "(n. m.)" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ډزې", f: "Dúze", e: "gunshots", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ډزونه", f: "Duzóona", e: "gunshots", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ځل", f: "dzal", e: "time", sub: "(n. m.)" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ځلې", f: "dzále", e: "times", sub: "(f. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "ځلونه", f: "dzalóona", e: "times", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "چرک", f: "chakár", e: "stroll", sub: "(n. m.)" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "چکرې", f: "chakáre", e: "strolls", sub: "(n. f.)" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
[
|
||||||
|
{ p: "", f: "", e: "" },
|
||||||
|
{ p: "چکرونه", f: "chakaróona", e: "strolls", sub: "(m. pl.)" },
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
]}
|
||||||
|
</PluralTable>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue