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---
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title: Dynamic Compounds
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---
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import {
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defaultTextOptions as opts,
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Examples,
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InlinePs,
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RootsAndStems,
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getVerbInfo,
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} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
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import { KidsSection, VP, KingIcon, ServantIcon, PerfectiveHead, Camera, Video, Complement, BlockTerm, BlocksIcon } from "../../components/terms-links";
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import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
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import Link from "../../components/Link";
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import Formula from "../../components/formula/Formula";
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import EditableVPEx, { EditIcon } from "../../components/phrase-diagram/EditableVPEx";
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import VideoPlayer from "../../components/VideoPlayer";
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import BasicBlocks from "../../components/BasicBlocks";
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import Image from "../../components/Image";
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import helperVerbsSummaryChartDynamic from "./helper-verbs-summary-chart-dynamic.svg";
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Dynamic compounds are actually a lot simpler than <Link to="/compound-verbs/stative-compounds/">stative compounds</Link>. They're just made up of an helper verb--often <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "to do" }} />--and an action (noun) that gets done.
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<BasicBlocks large blocks={[
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{
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bottom: "Noun",
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inside: "Action",
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},
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"plus",
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{
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bottom: "Helper Verb",
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},
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]} />
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For helper verbs, we will use the **dynamic** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawúl", e: "" }} /> / <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کېدل", f: "kedúl", e: "" }} /> verbs, as well as some others.
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<Image src={helperVerbsSummaryChartDynamic} maxWidth="500px" />
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## Transitive Dynamic Compounds
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Most of the time you will see dynamic compounds that are *transitive*. And the great thing about them is that they **bring their own object with them!** The noun that comes along with the compound is always the object of the phrase. For example the dynamic compound verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کار کول", f: "kaar kawul", e: "to work" }} /> is made up of these two parts.
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<BasicBlocks large blocks={[
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{
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bottom: "Noun",
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inside: <div>
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<div>کار</div>
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<div>work</div>
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</div>,
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},
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"+",
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{
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bottom: "Helper Verb",
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inside: <div>
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<div>کول</div>
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<div>to do</div>
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</div>,
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},
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]} />
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Then when we use this in a phrase we see that **the noun in the complement** just **functions as the object of the phrase**.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8044672663678827,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.10318373385739488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812732,"i":9892,"p":"کار کول","f":"kaar kawul","g":"kaarkawul","e":"to work","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527822084,"ec":"work"},"complement":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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There's no strange welding or squishing or any of that business that we saw with stative compounds. All we have is this object that is included in the compound.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.8044672663678827,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.10318373385739488,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812732,"i":9892,"p":"کار کول","f":"kaar kawul","g":"kaarkawul","e":"to work","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527822084,"ec":"work"},"complement":{"ts":1527822084,"i":9890,"p":"کار","f":"kaar","g":"kaar","e":"work, job, business, stuff to do","c":"n. m."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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And now we see that <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul", e: "to do" }} /> takes an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "" }} /> prefix, just like normal verbs. So whenever you see <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "کول", f: "kawul" }} /> with an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "óo", e: "" }} /> prefix, you know it's a dynamic compound.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} length="long">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectiveFuture","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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Remember that with these compounds the **object is always the noun that comes in the compound**, so with the past tense the verb will always agree with this object. (In past tense transitive verbs, <Link to="/phrase-structure/vp/#3-with-past-tense-transitive-verbs-">the object is king</Link> <KingIcon />)
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} length="long">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} length="long">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":5,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} length="long">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.5608245556287987,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.47307113655502064,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527817312,"i":2783,"p":"پوښتنه کول","f":"poxtuna kawul","g":"poxtunakawul","e":"to ask","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527815184,"ec":"ask"},"complement":{"ts":1527815184,"i":2782,"p":"پوښتنه","f":"poxtuna","g":"poxtuna","e":"question","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"i":10058,"ts":1527812752,"g":"","p":"کول","f":"kawul","e":"to do (an action or activity)","c":"v. trans. irreg. dyn. aux.","ssp":"وکړ","ssf":"óokR","prp":"وکړل","prf":"óokRul","pprtp":"کړی","pprtf":"kúRey","diacExcept":true}},"verbTense":"imperfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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### Using other helper verbs
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There are a lot of dynamic compounds that use help verbs like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "وهل", f: "wahúl", e: "to hit" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خوړل", f: "khoRúl", e: "to eat" }} />, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ساتل", f: "saatúl", e: "" }} /> and a bunch of others.
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.2282887799187998,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.09221260732991587,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812939,"i":12830,"p":"منډې وهل","f":"munDe wahul","g":"munDewahul","e":"to run","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527815805,"ec":"run,runs,running,ran,run"},"complement":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","i":12183,"tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu"}},"verbTense":"presentVerb","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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That's literally, "We're hitting (verb) runs (object)"
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts} length="long">{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.2282887799187998,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":6,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.09221260732991587,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812939,"i":12830,"p":"منډې وهل","f":"munDe wahul","g":"munDewahul","e":"to run","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans. sing. or plur.","l":1527815805,"ec":"run,runs,running,ran,run"},"complement":{"ts":1527815805,"i":12827,"p":"منډه","f":"múnDa","g":"munDa","e":"run, running","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","i":12183,"tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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<EditableVPEx opts={opts}>{
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{"blocks":[{"key":0.12190484642898336,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":10,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.4307469889296207,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527819087,"i":11684,"p":"ماته","f":"maata","g":"maata","e":"defeat","c":"n. f."},"gender":"fem","genderCanChange":false,"number":"singular","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"dynamicComplement":true}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527819089,"i":11685,"p":"ماته خوړل","f":"maata khoRul","g":"maatakhoRul","e":"to be defeated, beaten by someone","c":"v. dyn. comp. trans.","l":1527819087,"ec":"be","ep":"defeated"},"complement":{"ts":1527819087,"i":11684,"p":"ماته","f":"maata","g":"maata","e":"defeat","c":"n. f."}},"dynAuxVerb":{"entry":{"ts":1527812790,"p":"خوړل","f":"khoRul","g":"","e":"to eat, to bite","c":"v. trans.","i":4769,"psp":"خور","psf":"khor","tppp":"خوړ","tppf":"khoR"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"basic","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":"dynamic","voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
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}</EditableVPEx>
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Or literally, they ate (verb) defeat (object)
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### Attaching other actors
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We'll notice that these compounds include an object, and in Pashto **there can be one object in a sentence**. So what do we do when we have a verb like <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "خدمت کول", f: "khidmat kawul", e: "to serve" }} /> but we want to say that we're serving *someone* (another object?)
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Well we have to attach the object to the phrase either as a possesor to the noun, or as an AP/Sandwich in the phrase.
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For instance if we want to say "I will serve *the people*" we have to say something like "I will do service *of the people*"
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{
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p: "زه به **د خلکو خدمت** کوم",
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f: "zu ba **du khalko khidmat** kawum",
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e: "I will serve the people",
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sub: "lit. I will do the service (object) of the people",
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},
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])}</Examples>
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If we want to use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پوښتڼه کول", f: "poxtuna kawul", e: "to ask" }} /> say "I asked *you*", well we already have <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "پوښټنه", f: "poxtuna", e: "" }} /> as the object, so we have to say "I did a question (object) *from you* (sandwich)."
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<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
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{
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p: "ما **تا نه** پوښتنه وکړه",
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f: "maa **taa na** poxtuna óokRa",
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e: "I asked you",
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sub: "lit. I did a question (object) **from you**",
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},
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])}</Examples>
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## Intransitive Dynamic Compounds
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🚧 IN PROGRESS 🚧
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