|
|
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
title: Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
title: Perfect Intro
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import {
|
|
|
|
|
defaultTextOptions as opts,
|
|
|
|
|
Examples,
|
|
|
|
|
InlinePs,
|
|
|
|
|
Pashto,
|
|
|
|
|
Phonetics,
|
|
|
|
|
} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
|
|
|
|
|
import { KidsSection, VP, EP, Camera, Video, KingIcon } from "../../components/terms-links";
|
|
|
|
|
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
|
|
|
|
|
@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ With the <Link to="/verbs/past-verbs/#simple-past-i-classnamefas-fa-camera-">sim
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
]}</Examples>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
With a **perfect** tense, we're talking about the **result of an event**. We're saying that something has happened, and therefore there's an affect on the situation.
|
|
|
|
|
With a **perfect** tense, we're talking about the **result of an event**. We're saying that something has happened, and therefore there's an effect on the situation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style={{ maxWidth: "350px", margin: "0 auto 2rem auto" }}>
|
|
|
|
|
<img src={presentPerfect} alt="" className="img-fluid" />
|
|
|
|
|
@ -75,11 +77,11 @@ Well now we're going to do something very crazy. To make the perfect forms we ar
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Formula>
|
|
|
|
|
Verb Past Participle +{` `}
|
|
|
|
|
<Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/#the-past-participle">Verb Past Participle</Link> +{` `}
|
|
|
|
|
Equative = Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
</Formula>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To make the perfect forms we take the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/#the-past-participle">past participle</Link> of the verb and **add an equative block** next to it. For example, with the verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تلل", f: "tlul", e: "to go" }} /> we could have something like:
|
|
|
|
|
To make the perfect forms we take the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/#the-past-participle">past participle</Link> of the verb and **add an equative block** next to it. For example, with the verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تلل", f: "tlul", e: "to go" }} /> we could say:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts} mode="blocks">{
|
|
|
|
|
{"blocks":[{"key":0.9450165572504559,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9846690662896809,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3656,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
|
|
|
|
@ -87,10 +89,69 @@ To make the perfect forms we take the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/#the-past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now instead of one verb block, we have **two blocks** that have to agree with the king <KingIcon /> of the <VP />.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. The **past participle** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تللی", f: "tlúley" }} /> is in the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">masculine uninflected form</Link> because it agrees with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زه", f: "zu", e: "I (m.)" }} /> which is masculine singular.
|
|
|
|
|
2. The **equative** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "یم", f: "yum", e: "" }} /> also agrees with the king <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زه", f: "zu" }} />, because it's a <Link to="/equatives/present-equative/">1st pers. sing. equative</Link>.
|
|
|
|
|
1. The **past participle** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تللی", f: "tlúley" }} />
|
|
|
|
|
2. The **equative** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "یم", f: "yum", e: "" }} />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If a woman says this sentence it will change slightly...
|
|
|
|
|
Both of these need to agree with the king <KingIcon />. To do that we need to:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Inflect the past participle
|
|
|
|
|
2. Choose the right equative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Inflecting the Past Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The past participle will always follow the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">#2 inflection pattern</Link> because it ends with an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey", e: "" }} />. So, depending on what the king <KingIcon /> is you need to choose the right inflection to agree with the gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) of the king.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table class="table">
|
|
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<th scope="col"></th>
|
|
|
|
|
<th scope="col">Masculine</th>
|
|
|
|
|
<th scope="col">Feminine</th>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<th scope="row">Singular / Plain</th>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Pashto opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللی", f: "tlúley" }}</Pashto>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Phonetics opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللی", f: "tlúley" }}</Phonetics>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Pashto opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللې", f: "tlúle" }}</Pashto>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Phonetics opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللې", f: "tlúle" }}</Phonetics>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<th scope="row">Plural / Inflected</th>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Pashto opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللي", f: "tlúlee" }}</Pashto>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Phonetics opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللي", f: "tlúlee" }}</Phonetics>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Pashto opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللې", f: "tlúle" }}</Pashto>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
<Phonetics opts={opts}>{{ p: "تللې", f: "tlúle" }}</Phonetics>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
So this sentence it will change slightly if a woman says it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts} mode="blocks">{
|
|
|
|
|
{"blocks":[{"key":0.9450165572504559,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":1,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9846690662896809,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3656,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
|
|
|
|
@ -101,8 +162,6 @@ In that case the king, <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زه", f: "zu", e: "I" }}
|
|
|
|
|
1. The **past participle** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تللی", f: "tlúley" }} /> will be given the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">feminine form</Link> <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تللې", f: "tlúle", e: "" }} /> because it agrees with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زه", f: "zu", e: "I (f.)" }} /> which is feminine singular.
|
|
|
|
|
2. The **equative** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "یم", f: "yum", e: "" }} /> stays the same.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that <strong>the past participle always follows the <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">#2 inflection pattern</Link></strong> because it ends with an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey", e: "" }} />.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
How would we say "*We* have gone" ? Try to make this sentence by making the two blocks agree with <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "مونږ", f: "moonG" }} />.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Inflect the **past participle** <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "تللی", f: "tluley" }} />
|
|
|
|
|
@ -117,7 +176,7 @@ How would we say "*We* have gone" ? Try to make this sentence by making the two
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</details>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notice how answer changes depending on whether the "we" in masculine or feminine! (Mixed groups are always considered masculine.) Press the <EditIcon /> and adjust it to see how it changes.
|
|
|
|
|
Actually the answer changes depending on whether the "we" in masculine or feminine! (Mixed groups are always considered masculine.) Press the <EditIcon /> above the answer and adjust it to see how it changes when you use a feminine "we."
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Let's look at some examples of other intransitive verbs with all the different persons:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ -176,9 +235,22 @@ With transitive verbs everything works the same, but we follow the <Link to="/ph
|
|
|
|
|
{"blocks":[{"key":0.48107357509198234,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"noun","entry":{"ts":1527812881,"i":11710,"p":"ماشوم","f":"maashoom","g":"maashoom","e":"child, kid","c":"n. m. anim. unisex","ec":"child","ep":"children"},"gender":"masc","genderCanChange":true,"number":"plural","numberCanChange":true,"adjectives":[],"possesor":{"np":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":2,"distance":"far"}},"shrunken":false}}}}},{"key":0.8253773159904139,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815399,"i":14484,"p":"وهل","f":"wahul","g":"wahul","e":"to hit","c":"v. trans.","tppp":"واهه","tppf":"waahu","ec":"hit,hits,hitting,hit,hit"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"transitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":true,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
|
|
|
|
}</EditableVPEx>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Negatives with the perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To make perfect forms negative you add a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "نه", f: "nú", e: "" }} /> block, just as you would with any other verb. But interestingly, **the past participle and equative blocks switch places**.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts} mode="blocks">{
|
|
|
|
|
{"blocks":[{"key":0.9450165572504559,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9846690662896809,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3656,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":false,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
|
|
|
|
}</EditableVPEx>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<EditableVPEx opts={opts} mode="blocks">{
|
|
|
|
|
{"blocks":[{"key":0.9450165572504559,"block":{"type":"subjectSelection","selection":{"type":"NP","selection":{"type":"pronoun","person":0,"distance":"far"}}}},{"key":0.9846690662896809,"block":{"type":"objectSelection","selection":"none"}}],"verb":{"type":"verb","verb":{"entry":{"ts":1527815348,"i":3656,"p":"تلل","f":"tlul","g":"tlul","e":"to go","c":"v. intrans. irreg.","psp":"ځ","psf":"dz","ssp":"لاړ ش","ssf":"láaR sh","prp":"لاړ","prf":"láaR","ec":"go,goes,going,went,gone"}},"verbTense":"perfectivePast","perfectTense":"presentPerfect","imperativeTense":"imperfectiveImperative","tenseCategory":"perfect","transitivity":"intransitive","isCompound":false,"voice":"active","negative":true,"canChangeTransitivity":false,"canChangeVoice":false,"canChangeStatDyn":false},"form":{"removeKing":false,"shrinkServant":false}}
|
|
|
|
|
}</EditableVPEx>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can also say the negative without swapping the order of the past participle and equative, for example <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "زه تللی نه یم", f: "zu tlúley nú yum" }} /> but that makes it more emphatically negative, kind of like if you were to say, "I have **NOT** gone" in a loud voice.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Try editing the <Link to="#examples">examples above</Link> and making them negative. Notice how the different forms <Link to="/phrase-structure/shortening-vps/">are shortened</Link> with the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "نه", f: "nú", e: "" }} /> block in there.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Other forms of perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All of these examples used the <Link to="/equatives/present-equative/">present equative</Link>. So this whole lesson has been about making the "present perfect." But we can actually use any of the <Link to="/equatives/other-equatives/#overview-of-8-equatives">8 equatives</Link> to make perfect tenses with different meanings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
COMING SOON...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
So far we have only made perfect forms using the <Link to="/equatives/present-equative/">present equative</Link>. This form with the present equative is called the **present perfect** because it's talking about things that happened in the past but **have an effect on the present situation**. But actually, we can use any of the <Link to="/equatives/other-equatives/#overview-of-8-equatives">8 equatives</Link> with the perfect which gives a whole new gamut of expressive super-powers. 💪 <Link to="/verbs/all-perfect-verbs/">Read on</Link>...
|
lingdocs