rough beginning intro to participles
This commit is contained in:
lingdocs
parent
ad47bf7777
commit
25dbee760d
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"PS Sententce": {
|
||||
"prefix": "pssentence",
|
||||
"body": [
|
||||
"{",
|
||||
"\tp: \"$1\",",
|
||||
"\tf: \"$2\",",
|
||||
"\te: \"$3\",",
|
||||
"}"
|
||||
],
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Place your Code workspace snippets here. Each snippet is defined under a snippet name and has a scope, prefix, body and
|
||||
// description. Add comma separated ids of the languages where the snippet is applicable in the scope field. If scope
|
||||
// is left empty or omitted, the snippet gets applied to all languages. The prefix is what is
|
||||
// used to trigger the snippet and the body will be expanded and inserted. Possible variables are:
|
||||
// $1, $2 for tab stops, $0 for the final cursor position, and ${1:label}, ${2:another} for placeholders.
|
||||
// Placeholders with the same ids are connected.
|
||||
// Example:
|
||||
// "Print to console": {
|
||||
// "scope": "javascript,typescript",
|
||||
// "prefix": "log",
|
||||
// "body": [
|
||||
// "console.log('$1');",
|
||||
// "$2"
|
||||
// ],
|
||||
// "description": "Log output to console"
|
||||
// }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ import * as rootsAndStems from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./verbs/roots
|
|||
// @ts-ignore
|
||||
import * as sentenceStructure from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./verbs/sentence-structure.mdx";
|
||||
|
||||
// @ts-ignore
|
||||
import * as introToParticiples from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./participles/intro.mdx";
|
||||
|
||||
// @ts-ignore
|
||||
import * as pronounsBasic from "!babel-loader!@lingdocs/mdx-loader!./pronouns/pronouns-basic.mdx";
|
||||
// @ts-ignore
|
||||
|
|
@ -110,32 +113,6 @@ const contentTree = [
|
|||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
},
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// heading: "Nouns",
|
||||
// subdirectory: "nouns",
|
||||
// chapters: [
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// import: nounsGender,
|
||||
// slug: "nouns-gender",
|
||||
// },
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// import: nounsUnisex,
|
||||
// slug: "nouns-unisex",
|
||||
// },
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// import: nounsPlural,
|
||||
// slug: "nouns-plural",
|
||||
// },
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// import: arabicPlurals,
|
||||
// slug: "arabic-plurals",
|
||||
// },
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// import: bundledPlurals,
|
||||
// sluge: "bundled-plurals",
|
||||
// },
|
||||
// ],
|
||||
// },
|
||||
{
|
||||
heading: "Verbs",
|
||||
subdirectory: "verbs",
|
||||
|
|
@ -178,6 +155,16 @@ const contentTree = [
|
|||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
heading: "Participles",
|
||||
subdirectory: "participles",
|
||||
chapters: [
|
||||
{
|
||||
import: introToParticiples,
|
||||
slug: "intro",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
heading: "Pronouns",
|
||||
subdirectory: "pronouns",
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Intro to Participles
|
||||
---
|
||||
import {
|
||||
defaultTextOptions as opts,
|
||||
Examples,
|
||||
InlinePs,
|
||||
} from "@lingdocs/pashto-inflector";
|
||||
import Link from "../../components/Link";
|
||||
import participleMeme from "./participle-meme.jpg";
|
||||
import psmd from "../../lib/psmd";
|
||||
|
||||
Participles words that are **made from verbs** but **act as a noun or adjective**.
|
||||
|
||||
<div className="text-center">
|
||||
<img className="img-fluid mb-4" src={participleMeme} alt="participle meme" style={{ margin: "0 auto" }} />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
There are 3 types of participles.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Root/Infinitive
|
||||
2. <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "-ونکی", f: "-oonkey" }} /> suffix
|
||||
3. Past Participle
|
||||
|
||||
## Root/Infinitive
|
||||
|
||||
This is the easiest to make. It's just the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/">imperfective root</Link>, which is the infinitive or "dictionary form" of a verb. For example, for the verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیکل", f: "leekúl", e: "to write" }} />, it's... <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیکل", f: "leekúl" }} />. That's right, it looks exactly the same, but when it's a participle it functions as a **3rd person plural noun** in the sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's an example where we use <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "لیکل", f: "leekúl" }} /> to describe *the activity or action* of writing. And, as with all these kind of participles, it functions as a **3rd person plural noun**.
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**لیکل** ښه دي",
|
||||
f: "**leekul** xu dee",
|
||||
e: "**Writing** is good",
|
||||
},
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
|
||||
These kinds of participles are used like the "-ing" present particple in English, or like the "to be" infinitives in English.
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "زه **لیکل** غواړم",
|
||||
f: "zu **leekul** ghwaaRum",
|
||||
e: "I want **to write**",
|
||||
},
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
|
||||
### Inflecting the Root/Infinitive Participle
|
||||
|
||||
Just like with other nouns, these participles will <Link to="/inflection/inflection-intro/">inflect</Link> when:
|
||||
|
||||
1. They're in a <Link to="/sandwiches/sandwiches/">sandwich</Link>
|
||||
2. They're the subject of a past tense transitive verb
|
||||
|
||||
And just like with other plural nouns, they are inflected by adding an <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "و", f: "o" }} /> on the end.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Inflecting in a sandwich
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**د لیکلو لپاره** څه نشته",
|
||||
f: "**du leekulo lapaara** tsu nushta",
|
||||
e: "There's nothing to write",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "زه **د پاڅېدلو** توان نه لرم",
|
||||
f: "zu **du patsedulo** twaan nu larum",
|
||||
e: "I don't have the strength to get up",
|
||||
}
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Inflecting as a subject of a past tense transitive verb
|
||||
|
||||
Since these particples are nouns, they can also be the subject of a sentance. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**لیکل** ما ستړی کوي",
|
||||
f: "**leekul** maa stuRey kawee.",
|
||||
e: "Writing makes me tired",
|
||||
sub: "subject of a present tense transitive verb (not inflected)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**لیکلو** زه ستړی کړم",
|
||||
f: "**leekulo** zu stuRey kRum",
|
||||
e: "**Writing** made me tired",
|
||||
sub: "subject of a past tense transitive verb (inflected)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
|
||||
## <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونکی", f: "oonkey" }} /> suffix
|
||||
|
||||
This type of participle is formed by adding <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونکی", f: "oonkey" }} /> to the end of the short version of the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/">imperfective root</Link> of a verb.
|
||||
|
||||
### As an adjective
|
||||
|
||||
This form can be used to transform verbs into adjectives. For example, from the verb <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دردول", f: "dardawul", e: "to hurt, cause pain/sadness" }} />, we can add the <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونکی", f: "óonkey" }} /> suffix and get the adjective <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "دردونکی", f: "dardawóonkey", e: "sad/painful" }} />.
|
||||
|
||||
These "adjectives" will <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">inflect just like any other adjectives ending with an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey" }} /></Link>.
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دا یوه **دردونکې** کیسه ده",
|
||||
f: "daa yawa **dardawóonke** keesa da",
|
||||
e: "That's a sad story",
|
||||
sub: "(fem. sing.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دا یو **دردونکی** ناول دی",
|
||||
f: "daa yo **dardawóonkey** naawul dey",
|
||||
e: "That's a sad novel",
|
||||
sub: "(masc. sing.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "دا **دردونکي** ناولونه دي",
|
||||
f: "daa **dardawóonkee** naawuloona dee",
|
||||
e: "Those are sad novels",
|
||||
sub: "(masc. plural.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
|
||||
### As an agent noun
|
||||
|
||||
This suffix can also be used to make verbs into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_noun#:~:text=In%20linguistics%2C%20an%20agent%20noun,from%20the%20verb%20%22drive%22.">agent nouns</a>. This is like how in English we use "-er" or "-or" suffixes to make nouns like "worker", "player", "cutter", "gamer".
|
||||
|
||||
export const agentNounExamples = [
|
||||
[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "زده کول",
|
||||
f: "zda kawul",
|
||||
e: "to learn",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "زده کوونکی",
|
||||
f: "zda kawóonkey",
|
||||
e: "student/learner",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "ښوول",
|
||||
f: "xowul",
|
||||
e: "to teach",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "ښووونکی",
|
||||
f: "xowóonkey",
|
||||
e: "teacher",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "لیدل",
|
||||
f: "leedul",
|
||||
e: "to see",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "لیدونکی",
|
||||
f: "leedóonkey",
|
||||
e: "viewer",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
[
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "اورېدل",
|
||||
f: "awredul",
|
||||
e: "to hear",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "اورېدونکی",
|
||||
f: "awredoonkey",
|
||||
e: "listener",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
<table className="table table-bordered my-3">
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col">Verb</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col">Agent Noun</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
{agentNounExamples.map(a => (
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{a[0]}</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{a[1]}</Examples>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, these nouns will <Link to="/inflection/inflection-patterns/#2-words-ending-in-an-unstressed-inlineps-optsopts-ps-p-ی-f-ey--">inflect just like any other nounse ending with an unstressed <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ی", f: "ey" }} /></Link>.
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**زده کوونکي** مکتب ته ځي",
|
||||
f: "**zda kawoonkee** maktab to dzee",
|
||||
e: "The **students (male)** are going to school",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**زده کوونکې** مکتب ته ځي",
|
||||
f: "**zda kawoonke** maktab to dzee",
|
||||
e: "The **students (female)** are going to school",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "ګرانو **لیدونکو**، ستړي مه شئ",
|
||||
f: "graano **leedóonko**, stuRee ma sheyy",
|
||||
e: "Hello dear viewers",
|
||||
},
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
|
||||
## Past Participle
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- These are formed by adding a <InlinePs opts={opts} ps={{ p: "ونکی", f: "oonkey" }} /> to the end of the <Link to="/verbs/roots-and-stems/">imperfective root</Link> of a verb. -->
|
||||
|
||||
They work as an adjective... EXPLANATION COMING SOON.
|
||||
|
||||
<Examples opts={opts}>{psmd([
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "د موټړو په ښیښو **لیکې** خبرې",
|
||||
f: "du moTur pu xeexo **leekúle** khabure",
|
||||
e: "Words **written** on car windows",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "کلاس په **ټاکلي** وخت کې پیل شو",
|
||||
f: "klaas pu **Takúlee** wakht peyl sho",
|
||||
e: "Class started at the **appointed** time",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "**راغلي** خلک هلته ناست دي",
|
||||
f: "**raaghúlee** khalk halta naast dee",
|
||||
e: "The people **that came** are sitting there",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
p: "هغوي له **راغلو** خلکو سره مرسته کوي",
|
||||
f: "haghwee la **raaghúlo** khalko sara mrasta kawee",
|
||||
e: "They are helping the people that came.",
|
||||
}
|
||||
])}</Examples>
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 58 KiB |
Loading…
Reference in New Issue